基于光纤传感探测的直升机修理异常振动源定位研究

目的 针对直升机异常振动故障排除,对振动源进行检测,并分析振源频谱,准确定位异常振动源,指导振动源调整,并对调整情况进行检测,提升直升机异常振动排故效率。方法 结合光纤传感器的振动检测特性应用分析,开发一套基于光纤传感探测的直升机修理异常振动源定位系统,实现直升机的振动源动态监控。结果 识别了直升机的主要振动源,分析统计了振动源频率,梳理了直升机试车、试飞典型振动故障,研究了光纤振动传感器感知被测量的实时调制方法和信号调制的光波解调方法,结合应用需求对市场上成熟的分布式光纤传感系统进行了优化设计,采用深度学习技术,对后端数据处理平台软件进行了重新设计。结论 通过有针对性地创建识别模型库,并对模型库进行实际样本训练,模型准确率可达到66.37%。     

具有零频特性的隔振器设计与减振性能研究

目的 开展零刚度隔振器的结构设计与减振性能试验验证.方法 现有隔振器在超低频下很难具备良好的隔振特性和较宽的隔振频率.在准零刚度技术的基础上,通过仿真计算和试验分析相结合的方法对零刚度隔振器进行了深入研究.结果 首先,建立了零刚度隔振器的物理模型,对其进行了静力学计算,分析了系统的刚度特性,给出了系统的零刚度条件,从而完成了隔振器的结构设计.然后,通过Adams仿真软件对隔振器进行了动力学分析,得出了其在超低频振动环境下具有较好的隔振效果.最后,对零刚度隔振开展了静力压缩试验、正弦振动试验以及随机振动试验,通过试验验证了隔振器的零刚度特性和优良的隔振性能.结论 实现了零刚度隔振器的结构设计,且该隔振器在0.2～2000 Hz范围内都处于减振状态,传递率未出现大于1的情况.     

舱门振动对舱室噪声特性影响研究

目的研究舱门结构振动特性对舱室声场特性的影响与控制方法。方法基于声固耦合分析方法,对典型舱门结构的振动声辐射特性进行仿真分析,研究材料、板厚以及阻尼层对舱门结构声辐射特性的影响规律。建立舱室声学分析模型,分析舱门结构振动对舱室声学环境的影响。结果计算了典型舱门结构的固有频率和声辐射特性,舱门结构在固有频率处容易辐射出较大的噪声能量。通过分析舱室典型位置声压频率响应可知,声压峰值频率以舱室模态频率为主,且响应最大值出现在舱门结构频率和舱室模态频率重合处。仿真分析结果显示,采用在舱门表面增加约束阻尼层的降噪方法,可以有效降低舱室噪声。结论舱门结构振动模态频率与舱室声学模态频率的重合产生较大的共鸣噪声。在舱门上增加约束阻尼层是一种简易且有效的舱室噪声控制措施。     

航天器结构声振耦合问题的有限元-边界元方法数值仿真研究

针对高超声速、结构轻量化带来的航天器复杂结构声振耦合动力学环境难以精准预示问题,提出一种基于有限元-边界元(FEM-BEM)方法的声振耦合问题数值仿真方法。分析国内外求解声振耦合问题的主要数值仿真方法,从影响航天器性能设计的低中频声振耦合动力学特性入手,采用有限元-边界元方法,以航天器典型结构截锥壳为研究对象,开展混响噪声作用下的声振耦合研究。建立了声振耦合模型,获得了主体结构、主要支撑结构及设备的声振耦合响应。提出的数值仿真方法和仿真分析过程,为航天器声振耦合分析提供了理论基础和仿真手段。     

航天器空间ESD干扰单机级试验方法研究

在轨状态下,卫星表面材料与空间环境交互作用,会引起材料表面带电,继而发生静电放电（ESD）,产生的电磁干扰会经由单机电缆耦合进入电子电路中,形成干扰脉冲甚至损毁电子器件。针对卫星用单机产品,给出了一种可行的空间ESD电缆耦合干扰试验方法,通过电缆耦合的方式模拟空间ESD对单机产品的干扰。研究表明该试验方法能够有效暴露产品设计的薄弱环节,为优化设计、提升单机抗扰能力提供依据。     

全复合材料翼面振动主动控制技术研究

目的减小复合材料结构振动响应。方法以全复合材料翼面为研究对象,结合该翼面结构有限元模型,建立带有压电作动器的结构动力学仿真模型。利用PID(Proportional,Integral and Differential)控制理论设计主动控制律,基于Simulink仿真平台设计控制律程序,通过控制律变参分析得出PID控制各参数的设计规律,基于仿真模型进行主动控制仿真试验。以仿真试验结果为基础,在复合材料翼面上进行振动主动控制地面试验。结果有效地控制了复合材料翼面振动响应,振动响应减小了79.74%,验证了模型和控制律设计的有效性。结论以压电作动器作为控制作动器,通过PID控制理论设计控制律,能够有效控制全复合材料翼面振动,使振动减小。     

典型锥形结构两点响应控制试验研究

目的研究小长径比结构进行两点振动响应控制时的可行性,提升地面振动模拟真实性。方法针对一长径比约3:1的短圆锥结构,首先以圆锥表面气动载荷为振动输入载荷,通过数值仿真获得结构在自由状态下内部两点的加速度功率谱密度曲线,再采用激励杆和激励板的形式进行两点激励加载,控制要求的两点加速度响应。将真实响应的控制结果与常用梯形谱的控制结果进行对比,分析控制的有效性及结果的合理性。结果通过对比不同的两点激励加载部位,发现振动控制效果会存在明显差异,以仿真的结构响应作为振动控制谱,具有良好的振动控制效果,实际控制的功率谱密度曲线只在局部"谷"的地方和低频段出现超差,实际均方根值与要求均方根值差异较小。结论以仿真得到的结构内部响应作为振动控制谱,可以提高结构地面振动考核的真实性。当振动激励部位选择合适时,对于小长径比结构,也可以得到良好的控制效果。     

高温环境下薄壁试件随机振动疲劳研究

目的研究高温环境下薄壁试件的随机振动疲劳问题。方法综述国内外随机振动疲劳研究现状,制定有效的研究方案。首先,通过有限元法完成薄壁试件的动力学响应数值仿真计算与分析,基于改进的雨流循环计数法预估薄壁试件的疲劳寿命。然后,开展高温环境下薄壁试件随机振动疲劳试验,获取危险位置动力学响应与疲劳寿命。结果高温强振动环境下,结构的危险位置主要出现在固支边界或形状突变位置,且基频处的动力学响应峰值是结构疲劳寿命的主要影响因素,随温度和振动量级的增加,结构疲劳寿命呈抛物线降低趋势。结论通过仿真与试验的比对,验证了高温环境下薄壁试件随机振动疲劳仿真计算方法的有效性与可靠性。     

昆明地区振动灌注桩工地环境振动的评价

昆明城区位于滇池畔,地基是粘土层。在基础工程中采用振动灌注桩。振动灌注桩是用振动沉管机将钢管沉到预定深度,然后灌注混凝土,振动拔管0.5米,停止拔管,再振动5至10秒。振动沉管机的振动源是由振动箱产生的激振。振动沉管机开动时发出噪声,钢管振动下沉和振动拔管发生振动,这种振动通过地层向环境传递,使附近的建筑物产生振动,建筑物里的人和仪器都会受到振动的影响,振动激烈时,建筑物会受到损害,上述的影     

用于直升机舱内降噪的主减支撑吸振技术研究

目的 通过控制主减速器结构声,进一步实现直升机舱内降噪。方法 在主减支撑结构上进行吸振设计,从根源上抑制齿轮振动向机身传播。基于某直升机,利用传递矩阵法,建立支撑结构/吸振器的动力学模型,进一步结合有限元法建立支撑结构/舱段结构/声场的声振耦合系统动力学模型,验证该技术的中高频减振和降噪性能。在此基础上,分析吸振频率、质量和阻尼对支撑结构振动传递特性的影响规律。根据某直升机的降噪需求,设计得到一组满足需求的样例参数,并开展声振耦合仿真分析。结果 在主减支撑结构上附加总质量为4 kg的吸振器结构,即可实现舱内目标频率降噪超过35 dB。结论 主减支撑结构吸振设计可有效控制舱内中高频主减结构声。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.