高强度钢代镉铝基涂层耐海洋环境腐蚀性能评价

目的评价高强度结构钢300M上电镀镉-钛、离子镀铝、无水电镀铝三种防护涂层的耐海洋环境腐蚀性能。方法采用中性盐雾试验和海洋环境大气暴露试验进行评价,并在试验后观察涂层宏观、微观形貌,分析腐蚀产物成分。结果离子镀铝涂层表面在盐雾试验96 h出现白色的腐蚀产物、336 h出现红色的腐蚀产物;电镀铝在336 h出现白色的腐蚀产物、500 h出现红色的腐蚀产物。电镀镉-钛盐雾试验1000 h没有白色腐蚀产物。离子镀铝涂层和电镀铝涂层海洋环境大气暴露试验0.5 a出现了白色的腐蚀点、1 a暴露试验后出现红色的腐蚀点,且在划叉区域出现了红色的腐蚀产物,而电镀镉-钛5 a户外暴露试验仅在划叉部分出现了少量的红色的腐蚀产物。离子镀铝涂层和电镀铝两种涂层均易发生铝涂层的点蚀,随着腐蚀时间的延长,点蚀深入,发生基体的腐蚀出现红锈。结论离子镀铝、无水电镀铝两种铝基涂层比电镀镉-钛的耐蚀性稍差,镉-钛镀层对基体有良好的牺牲阳极的作用,保护基体免受腐蚀,而铝涂层对基体的保护作用较弱,划叉部位出现红色的腐蚀。     

利用薄片穿透法确定铝合金最大蚀坑深度

目的研究铝合金最大蚀坑深度与环境试验时间的对应关系,为新型合金服役前的耐蚀性评级和结构件服役过程中的剩余寿命预测提供技术基础。方法利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜分析海洋大气环境中新型铝合金的腐蚀类型,并利用薄片穿透法研究铝合金薄片最大蚀坑深度与试验时间的对应关系。结果经过海洋大气环境暴露试验后,2A97铝合金发生了深入合金内部的严重点蚀,检测薄片试样背面电解液的出现时间,可以确定环境试验中蚀坑穿透薄片试样的时间。通过测量不同厚度薄片试样的穿透时间,可以确定最快生长局部腐蚀点的深度和时间的关系。结论中性盐雾试验环境下,达到相同的最大蚀坑深度,2A97铝合金与AA2024铝合金用时基本相当。     

西沙海洋大气环境中典型材料腐蚀形貌识别

目的获得西沙海洋大气环境中典型材料的表面腐蚀形貌参数,分析其腐蚀规律。方法采用室外大气暴露试验,研究5052铝合金、304不锈钢和EH36低合金钢在西沙海洋大气环境中的腐蚀形貌及腐蚀规律,并采用图像数字处理方法识别试样表面腐蚀特征。结果 EH36钢的大气腐蚀形貌以均匀腐蚀和腐蚀坑为主,而5052铝合金以及304不锈钢以点蚀为主,EH36低合金钢的腐蚀速率明显高于5052铝合金和304不锈钢。三种典型材料腐蚀面积百分比与腐蚀坑面积百分比的变化趋势相同,5052铝合金和EH36低合金钢的腐蚀面积百分比和腐蚀坑面积百分比与二者腐蚀速率变化规律一致,而304不锈钢的腐蚀面积百分比和腐蚀坑面积百分比与其腐蚀速率变化规律相反。5052铝合金和EH36低合金钢1年周期试样的腐蚀坑数目均大于2年周期试样,而对于304不锈钢,1年周期试样的腐蚀坑数目与2年周期试样差别不大。结论西沙大气环境中,三种典型材料的腐蚀速率、腐蚀面积百分比、腐蚀坑面积百分比均有明显不同,对同一种材料,其正面的腐蚀面积百分比、腐蚀坑面积百分比、腐蚀坑数与背面也有较大差别。     

AH36钢在西沙海域不同区带腐蚀行为研究

目的研究AH36钢在西沙海域不同区带的腐蚀行为。方法通过在西沙海域不同区带进行暴露试验,回收后进行腐蚀质量损失、形貌及产物成分分析。结果试样在不同区带的腐蚀质量损失与周期之间遵循幂函数变化规律,飞溅区试样腐蚀速率最快。大气区试样发生较轻的全面腐蚀,飞溅区试样表面可观察到大量明显蚀坑,全浸区试样发生不均匀全面腐蚀。不同区带腐蚀产物均以稳态的α-FeO(OH)以及铁氧化物为主,飞溅区试样腐蚀产物中,稳态物质含量高于大气区,全浸区试样腐蚀产物中含有钙镁沉积物。结论 AH36钢在西沙海域不同区带腐蚀速率快,飞溅区腐蚀最为严重,腐蚀产物生成及转化速度快,腐蚀易趋于稳定。     

高强铝合金海洋大气环境剥层腐蚀研究

通过7B04铝合金海洋大气环境户外和棚下暴露试验,研究了7B04铝合金的宏观/微观腐蚀特征及其对力学性能的影响。结果表明,7B04铝合金在海洋大气环境中的腐蚀表现为点蚀—晶间腐蚀—剥层腐蚀的规律,棚下暴露比户外暴露严重,反面暴露比正面暴露严重。同时,从显微组织、晶间电偶腐蚀、腐蚀产物＂楔入作用＂等方面剖析了7B04铝合金剥层腐蚀的机理。     

2297-T87铝锂合金用于大气腐蚀性的比较

目的利用铝锂合金的大气腐蚀试验结果评价大气腐蚀性。方法对第三代铝锂合金2297-T87在6个自然环境试验站户外暴露后的腐蚀质量损失、腐蚀速率、腐蚀深度、拉伸性能进行分析,综合评价各地区大气腐蚀性。结果2297-T87铝锂合金在团岛、万宁、永兴岛暴露1年后出现显著腐蚀,腐蚀质量损失和腐蚀速率约为江津的2倍、西双版纳的4倍,北京的腐蚀质量损失和腐蚀速率最低。合金最大腐蚀深度的变化趋势与腐蚀质量损失和腐蚀速率的变化趋势一致。观察横截面发现,在万宁、永兴岛、江津暴露后,合金发生严重的点蚀,在腐蚀产物覆盖区域下方形成不规则蚀坑,而在团岛暴露后,合金内部发生晶间腐蚀。合金在江津、永兴岛、万宁、团岛暴露后的拉伸性能仍比较接近,且拉伸强度保持率在90%以上。结论将2297-T87铝锂合金暴露1年后的腐蚀质量损失、腐蚀速率、腐蚀深度作为表征指标,获得各试验站的大气腐蚀性顺序为:北京<西双版纳<江津<永兴岛<万宁<团岛。     

AF1410高强度钢大气腐蚀试验研究

目的研究AF1410高强度铜在北京地区大气环境中腐蚀特点和腐蚀规律。方法通过AF1410高强度铜的自然大气暴露试验,利用质量损失分析、断面分析、表面分析和电化学分析等方法分析试样。结果AF1410高强度钢在北京大气环境中腐蚀速率在腐蚀初期随腐蚀产物厚度的增加而逐步减小;随着暴露时间的延长,腐蚀产物由于厚度增加,以及其它环境因素的综合作用,导致其开裂直至脱落,腐蚀速率增加;之后又随腐蚀产物厚度增加,腐蚀速率减小。试样在暴露5年后,腐蚀产物厚度增加,腐蚀开裂、脱落现象明显加重。结论AF1410高强度钢在北京大气环境中腐蚀速率呈现反复升降的过程。     

锌在辽宁红沿河核电站的大气腐蚀研究

通过锌在红沿河核电站的大气暴露试验,研究了锌在红沿河地区SO2,Cl-含量较高以及高湿的环境条件下的腐蚀规律。试验结果表明锌的腐蚀质量损失与暴露时间呈线性关系。利用扫描电子显微镜、Fourier变换红外光谱仪以及X射线衍射仪对锌表面腐蚀产物进行了分析,进一步分析了腐蚀质量损失与暴露时间呈线性关系的原因,并探讨了锌在SO2,Cl-含量较高以及高湿的环境条件下的腐蚀机理。     

腐蚀环境下典型“钛‒铝”复合耳片腐蚀防护性能研究

目的 研究腐蚀环境下典型“钛–铝”复合耳片的腐蚀防护性能。方法 开展典型“钛–铝”双耳两层结构的加速腐蚀环境试验,共10个周期。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)分析结构的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物,研究“钛–铝”复合耳片结构的腐蚀防护性能。结果 在腐蚀环境下,“钛–铝”复合耳片结构中衬套周围异种金属连接部位的电偶腐蚀敏感性高,其他部位防护体系的耐蚀性较好。经过10个周期的加速试验,衬套周围铝合金结构发生较为严重的点蚀,各蚀坑扩展相连,形成较大蚀坑。在第10周期,典型“钛–铝”复合耳片铜衬套周围铝合金蚀坑处出现裂纹扩展,并发生腐蚀疲劳破坏。结论 增强典型“钛–铝”复合耳片结构的腐蚀防护措施,加强典型“钛–铝”复合耳片异种金属接触部位的日常维护,能有效提高结构的腐蚀防护能力。     

不锈钢波纹管在海洋大气环境下的腐蚀失效分析

目的 研究热带海洋大气环境下06Cr19Ni10不锈钢波纹管的腐蚀失效机理。方法 对失效导管进行宏观形貌分析,确定宏观腐蚀特征。进一步对失效管段进行显微组织以及化学成分的分析。采用体式显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)开展失效管段的微观腐蚀形貌观察和腐蚀产物分析。结果 宏观来看,导管上金属网套和波纹管外面有几处轻微腐蚀,波纹管侧面腐蚀略微严重,内部没有发现腐蚀。金相组织显示,波纹管基体材料为奥氏体晶粒,在U型波纹管顶部有少量马氏体存在,波纹管基体材料化学成分符合国标要求。扫描电镜下,波纹管外表面发生了严重的点蚀,在U型波纹管的顶部和波纹间的平台均有较大的点蚀坑,U型顶部的点蚀更为严重,并且波纹管不同部位发生了明显的晶间腐蚀。点蚀坑处的EDS显示,腐蚀产物多为Fe的氧化物,坑内还发现了少量的Cl^?,并且坑内产物的Cr元素含量明显少于基体。结论 由于波纹管固溶处理不当,导致晶界间贫铬,使材料表面大部分区域产生晶间腐蚀。同时由于波纹管顶部的塑性变形诱导马氏体生成,使得该处更容易发生点蚀,而海洋大气环境中的氯离子进一步促进了这种点蚀的发生,最终导致了波纹管的腐蚀失效,U型顶端发生的点蚀是材料失效的主要原因。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.