氧化氨解预处理对稻草秸秆还田肥效的影响

采用氧化氨解方法预处理稻草秸秆,加速难降解物质的分解,同时提高产物氮含量,增加其腐殖化程度,从而实现稻草秸秆快速还田增肥。结果表明,经单因素实验和正交实验优化,氧化氨解预处理稻草秸秆的最佳条件为氨水(质量分数25%~28%)用量15.0mL、双氧水(质量分数30%)用量25.0 mL、反应时间150 min、初始固液比1g∶1 mL,产物全氮质量分数达到3.06%,黄腐酸质量分数达到0.32%。反应机理主要是双氧水和氨水与木质素及半纤维素发生反应,最主要的是氮元素嫁接到木质素中成为氨化木质素,在土壤微生物作用下缓慢释放有机氮。     

造纸黑液酸析法回收木质素

研究了加酸沉淀回收碱法草浆黑液中木质素的工艺,探讨了酸浓度,温度,ｐＨ值及加酸速度对木质素回收量的影响,得出的最佳条件是：硫酸浓度为５０％,温度为４０℃￣５０℃,ｐＨ值为３．０左右,加酸速度以控制不使产生大量泡沫为准。在上述条件下,木质素的回收效果最佳。     

脱木素工艺处理造纸废水的实践与机理

脱木素工艺为中小制浆企业的黑液治理提供了新的方法。系统中酸化纤维污泥减小碱木素胶粒间的斥力 ,吸附废水中已析出的木质素和细小纤维 ;酸破坏了系统中胶体的水化膜 ,增大了胶体的粒径 ;混凝剂中和胶体表面电荷 ,增加颗粒间的接触机会 ,同时发挥了絮凝沉降的作用。该工艺与传统工艺相比 ,减少了酸及混凝剂的用量 ,木素沉降速度快。当试验废水pH =5、绝干纤维污泥与进水CODCr质量之比为 1.1、硫酸铝投加量为 160mg/L时 ,CODCr去除率高于 63 %。     

脱木素工艺处理造纸废水的实践与机理

脱木素工艺为中小制浆企业的黑液治理提供了新的方法。系统中酸化纤维污泥减小碱木素胶粒间的斥力，吸附废水中已析出的木质素和细小纤维；酸破坏了系统中胶体的水化膜，增大了胶体的粒径；混凝剂中和胶体表面电荷，增加颗粒间的接触机会，同时发挥了絮凝沉降的作用。该工艺与传统工艺相比，减少了酸及混凝剂的用量。木素沉降速度快。当试验废水pH=5，绝干纤维污泥与进水CODCr质量之比为1.1，硫酸铝投加量为160mg/L时，CODCr去除率高于63%。     

造纸黑液木质素用于制备人造板胶粘剂的研究

分别采用硫酸、硝酸和盐酸从造纸黑液中提取木质素,以此替代部分苯酚.制备改性人造板用酚醛树脂胶粘剂,并测定其固体含量、动力黏度(40℃)、游离甲醛含量和胶合强度等性能;考察了3种酸析木质素掺入量、催化剂(氧氧化钠)加入量和苯酚与甲醛摩尔比(简称酚醛比)对木质素酚醛树脂胶粘剂性能的影响.结果表明,当硫酸、硝酸木质素掺入量为苯酚用量的20%(质量分数,下同)时,获得的胶粘剂性能较好;以硝酸木质素掺入量为苯酚用量的20%为例,当氢氧化钠加入量为苯酚用量的0.6%(质量分数)、酚醛比为1.0:1.5时.制备的硝酸木质素酚醛树脂胶粘剂胶合性能较好.用木质素替代部分苯酚,不仅可以降低产品成本,而且减少了苯酚的用量,更环保.     

造纸制浆集中生产及其碱回收与综合废水治理工艺设计

本文介绍了滑县锦华纸业集团新建漂白草浆集中制浆工艺、碱回收及全厂综合废水治理工艺设计。     

造纸制浆集中生产及其碱回收与综合废水治理工艺设计

本文介绍了滑县锦华纸业集团新建漂白草浆集中制浆工艺、碱回收及全厂综合废水治理工艺设计。     

介质阻挡放电氧化降解木质素磺酸钠的动力学研究

为了有效地处理难生物降解的造纸废水,采用气相介质阻挡放电产生氧化性物质,对木质素磺酸钠进行了氧化降解研究。在不同操作条件下,对其降解动力学及矿化程度进行了研究。结果表明,介质阻挡放电能有效地降解木质素磺酸钠,其氧化降解反应遵循准一级动力学反应。当峰值电压为20 kV,被水蒸气饱和的空气为气源,流量为7 L/min时,氧化处理60 min后,木质素磺酸钠降解率达到70％。其速率常数K随峰值电压、气源、气体流量和木质素磺酸钠的初始浓度的变化而不同。气体流量越大,木质素磺酸钠的初始浓度越低,速率常数K越大,降解效果越好。随着处理时间的增加,氧化性物质能将部分木质素磺酸钠矿化使溶液TOC降低,当被水蒸气饱和的空气作为气源时,氧化处理120min,21.38%的TOC被去除。     

造纸黑液处理与多糖资源分级利用研究——分离条件对多糖含量的影响

草浆造纸黑液中含有丰富的聚糖资源,对其中低聚糖进行提取与纯化也是获得功能性低聚糖经济、有效的途径.本文提出了在分离木素的同时,最大限度回收多糖资源的工艺路线,并探讨了pH值、温度、陈放时间等对分离液中多糖含量的影响规律.在酸析黑液pH为4.0～5.0,65～70 ℃并陈化3～4 h的条件下,可从黑液固含量为49.87 g/L的麦草浆中回收多糖7.43 g/L;稻草浆中回收多糖4.91 g/L.这可为草浆造纸黑液的资源多级利用提供技术支撑.     

草浆中段水的处理设计及运行

通过实际工程事例,介绍了低氧好氧生物处理－混凝气碱法草浆中段水。研究表明,该工艺可靠,运行效果稳定。同时也提出了工程中存在的问题。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.