生态承载力水平评价的动态模型及其应用——以洞庭湖生态经济区为例

生态承载力是可持续发展研究的核心.本文基于生态承载力的内涵,从4个方面构建了生态承载力的评价指标体系,并以最大信息熵原理(MIEP)为基础,自组织特征映射神经网络(SOFM)为算法,借助MATLAB数学软件为计算平台,从复杂系统结构演化的角度提出了生态承载力评价模型,并用MIEP模型对洞庭湖生态经济区2008—2012年的生态承载力进行评价,以指导当地生态建设.结果表明,5年间该地区的生态承载力呈总体上升的趋势,其中,2008年和2009年两年生态承载力水平基本一致,2010年呈现较明显的上升,2011年的生态承载力剧烈下降后在2012年呈现大幅回升.ξ值各分量的雷达图揭示出各指标逐年贡献程度的变化,结合准则层面的分析发现,水资源发展状况对该地生态承载力整体水平影响较大.与主成分分析法的比较表明了MIEP模型对生态承载力评价的可行性,同时其能更好地体现生态承载力发展演变的动力学特性,连接权值的获取避免了人为设定的主观性,在评价中有明显优势,且在预测上有一定潜力.     

基于MIEP模型的城市生态安全评价——以宁波市为例

基于城市生态安全内涵,运用PSR(压力-状态-响应)模型建立了宁波市生态安全评价指标体系,并以最大信息熵原理(MIEP)为基础,自组织特征映射神经网络(SOFM)为算法,借助MATLAB数学软件为计算平台,从复杂系统结构演化的角度提出了城市生态安全评价模型.最后,用MIEP模型对宁波市2002—2011年的城市生态安全进行评价.结果表明,2002—2011年宁波市生态安全水平逐年提高,2002—2009年处于临界安全状态,2010、2011年处于较安全状态.由于MIEP模型能较好地体现城市生态安全的时空演变动力学特性,连接权值的获取避免了人为设定的主观性,故在城市生态安全评价中有较明显的优势,且在预测上有一定的潜力.     

低碳经济与生态环境系统的耦合协调度研究:以京津冀三地为例

文章通过构建低碳经济系统和生态环境系统的评价指标体系,运用熵值赋权法对京津冀三地的低碳经济和生态环境两系统的发展水平进行评价,2000-2012年间京津冀三地两系统的发展水平逐年提高,河北的生态环境发展水平相对较低。在此基础上构建了其耦合协调度模型,京津两地的耦合协调度从3级逐渐发展到1级,但是河北耦合协调度仅提高了1个级别,相对较低,原因在于河北的环境水平和环境保护水平较低。基于研究结果提出相关的政策建议。     

城市低碳发展水平评价体系与实例分析研究

基于对现有理论成果的研究与分析,从低碳经济、低碳社会、低碳环境、低碳能源四方面出发,设定22个指标,构建城市低碳发展水平评价体系.再结合实例研究法和层次分析法,对南京市低碳发展水平进行评价,提出政策建议.通过对各个城市各个年份低碳发展水平进行评价,一方面,能为城市相关部门制定低碳城市规划、申报低碳城市试点、监督低碳城市建设进度提供重要依据,另一方面,也为城市之间相互学习相互借鉴指引方向.     

韧性视角下城市综合应灾能力评估与优化

为促进城市灾害韧性建设,提高城市综合应灾能力,首先,选取基础设施韧性、经济韧性、社会韧性、组织韧性、生态韧性5个层面来分析城市灾害韧性,构建韧性城市综合应灾能力评估指标体系;其次,综合应用耦合协调理论与熵值法构建韧性城市应灾能力耦合协调度模型;最后,应用模型定量评估某城市的综合应灾能力,针对评估结果提出城市精准规划、经济结构多元化、建构共意、生态环境建设4个方面灾害韧性建设重心与优化策略。研究表明:某城市于2008—2019年间综合应灾子系统间的耦合度一直处于极高的稳定水平,而耦合协调程度较低,仅为失调发展等级。     

低碳生态城市建设效应评估方法构建及在深圳市的应用

在推进生态文明建设、应对气候变化和解决环境问题的背景下,低碳生态城市已经成为未来城市发展转型的必然趋势.为了指导实现城市有序健康的发展,初步提出了一种低碳生态城市建设效应评估模型.在基于"压力-状态-响应"综合评估模型、系统动力学模拟模型和调控潜力分析的基础上,构建现状水平和未来演变趋势相结合的认知框架,综合考虑当地自然资源安全,定量表达社会活动、低碳经济和生态环境之间的相互依赖、相互制约的关系,确定指标调控方向和潜力.最后,基于该模型对深圳市进行了案例研究,结果表明:深圳市评估指数从2009年"IV级:较低"提升到2013年"III级:中等",在维持现状规模和高速发展速度下,2020年达到"II级:较高"水平(61.7),尽管保持增长趋势,但呈现增长缓慢甚至"饱和"状态.因此,依旧有必要优化调控深圳市低碳生态城市建设中社会经济发展的方向和模式,进一步落实和强化深圳市低碳生态产业结构调整和"海洋强市"等措施.     

海岸带城市多维耦合系统协调发展研究 ——以大连海岸带为例

基于系统耦合与复合生态系统理论,提出了生态文明视阈下的海岸带"社会-经济-资源-环境-生态"多维耦合系统(ESREE)的协调发展问题.将大连海岸带作为实证对象,初步构建了海岸带ESREE多维耦合系统模型和海岸带ESREE多维耦合系统生态文明评价体系.研究表明,大连于2002年进入了海岸带ES-REE多维耦合系统的中度协调耦合状态并保持着相对稳定的发展态势,现正处于向海岸带生态文明型城市转型的关键阶段.最后,提出了政策建议.     

煤炭工业资源—环境—经济耦合协调分析——以榆林市为例

耦合协调发展水平的测度对于研究煤炭工业可持续发展具有重要意义.根据煤炭工业资源—环境—经济系统耦合机制,构建了该系统的评价指标体系,利用熵权法和TOPSIS法计算煤炭工业资源—环境—经济系统以及各子系统的评价值,通过耦合协调度模型计算耦合协调度,评估煤炭工业的资源—环境—经济系统的耦合协调水平.结果表明:2008-20...     

城市低碳发展与城乡一体化耦合协调关系研究——以宁夏回族自治区为例

以宁夏5个地级市为研究对象,选取2010～2017 a基础数据并应用熵值法、综合指数、耦合度与耦合协调度等模型分析宁夏城市低碳发展与城乡一体化的协调关系。结果表明:2010～2017 a宁夏城市低碳发展与城乡一体化总体发展水平平均处于上升的发展态势,但城市低碳发展始终低于城乡一体化发展水平,属于城市低碳发展滞后型;耦合协调度呈现波动趋势,平均耦合度值由0.492 035下降到0.882 17又上升到0.494 82;而耦合协调度由0.480 554下降到0.453 019又上升到0.477 577。从各市耦合类型看,且随着时间推移,耦合协调度呈现出先降后升和趋向块状特征。     

城市综合应灾能力的耦合协调度评估

城市综合应灾能力能否在城市灾害过程中相互协调、互相配合,是衡量一座城市在未来是否能够可持续发展的重要指标。首先,在阐述城市综合应灾能力内部耦合关系的基础上,综合利用熵权法和耦合度理论,建立了能够量化城市综合应灾能力内部关联程度的耦合度模型;其次,利用耦合协调理论,建立了能够评价城市综合应灾能力协调程度的耦合协调度模型;最后,以某一城市为例,对2007—2018年该城市的综合应灾能力进行耦合度和耦合协调度评估。结果表明:2007—2018年该城市的综合应灾能力的耦合度一直处于高水平耦合状态,且其值波动幅度较小,说明该城市综合应灾能力内部各应灾子能力之间的关联程度极强;其耦合协调类型由最初的初级协调型发展成为良好协调型,且呈稳步上升趋势,说明该城市的综合应灾能力呈良好发展态势。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.