腐殖酸定向修饰Ce-Co铁基生物焦汞吸附机理

使用腐殖酸对铁基改性生物焦进行定向修饰,并借助固定床吸附装置考察改性后生物焦汞吸附性能,探究了不同腐殖酸负载量下的铁基改性生物焦的汞吸附能力.采用BET、XPS、FTIR表征手段,考察了定向修饰后生物焦的孔隙结构、表面元素价态及表面功能基团的组成,通过SEM扫描电镜探究生物焦微观形貌,并利用EDS能谱分析生物焦表面活性金属成分分布.结果表明,使用腐殖酸对铁基改性生物焦定向修饰后的生物焦汞脱除性能大幅提高,使用5%质量分数包裹后的生物焦汞脱除性能最高,3h单位累积汞吸附量为18025ng/g,相较于未被修饰的铁基改性生物焦汞吸附性能提高65%;负载腐殖酸后的生物焦以介孔为主,表面活性金属种类丰富,有利于单质汞的氧化;样品表面羧基、醇羟基等含氧官能团数量增加,定向修饰后生物焦表面出现大量氨基等利于重金属吸附的含氮官能团;定向修饰后的生物焦表面出现团聚现象,包裹量过高会将生物焦表面活性位点完全包裹,阻碍了氧化还原反应的进行,不利于汞的进一步氧化;汞在生物焦表面的吸附过程同时存在化学吸附与物理吸附.     

滤料负载活性焦脱汞的实验研究

通过固定床试验,分别研究了氟美斯、华博特、PPS 3种不同性能滤料负载粉状活性焦脱汞的效率,以及经实验优选得到的HBT滤料负载粉状活性焦脱除汞的实验研究。结果表明:滤料负载粉状活性焦的脱汞效率高于其单独脱汞效率;其中单独活性焦和华博特负载活性焦的脱除效率分别为51%和62%。同时,华博特滤料负载活性焦对汞的联合脱除效率受反应温度、汞蒸气入口浓度、氧气含量等因素的影响,吸附反应温度越高,脱除效率越低;汞蒸气入口浓度的提高并不一定能提高华博特滤料负载活性焦的脱汞效果;在烟气中通入氧气后能大幅度的提升脱除汞的效率,并且随着氧气含量的增加,脱除汞的效率也随之增加。     

载溴竹炭的脱汞特性研究

为获得脱汞性能高的烟气汞吸附剂,采用化学浸渍法对廉价的生物质竹炭进行溴化学改性,并在小型实验台架上考察了载溴竹炭的脱汞性能。对改性前后的样品进行了BET和XPS表征分析以研究表面官能团在改性过程中的转化规律和脱汞机理。结果表明:改性后竹炭具有超强的脱汞能力,特别是在140℃时,其脱汞效率仍保持在100%。改性后竹炭具有更多的利于脱汞的官能团,其主要靠化学吸附脱汞。烟气中低浓度的SO2与NO对汞的脱除有一定的抑制作用,在相同的实验条件下,SO2对吸附剂脱汞的抑制作用更加明显。     

FeCl3改性钢渣脱除燃煤烟气中Hg0的研究

以钢铁厂废弃钢渣为原料,以丙酮溶液为分散剂制备FeCl₃改性材料,在固定床吸附评价装置上考察了钢渣在FeCl₃改性前后对模拟烟气中Hg脱除效果的影响,并结合吸附试验与微观表征对改性催化剂的脱汞性能进行分析.结果表明:氯是FeCl₃改性钢渣吸附剂的主要活性组分,FeCl₃的掺入使钢渣的比表面积由1.06 m2/g提高到1.32 m2/g,进而提高吸附剂的汞吸附容量,经FeCl₃改性后废弃钢渣对汞的脱除效率比未改性前提升了3.2倍.SO₂的存在降低了FeCl₃改性钢渣材料的脱汞性能,持续通入的SO₂与吸附剂接触占据了部分孔道和表面活性位点,使得对单质汞的吸附效率下降,200℃时含有SO₂时的FeCl₃改性钢渣吸附剂吸附量比未通入SO₂气体的改性材料降低了75.57%;在含有HCl气体的烟气体系中,FeCl₃改性钢渣材料对汞的脱除效率从3432.70 ng/g升至10341.10 ng/g,并且随着反应温度的升高零价汞向氧化态汞转化的效率增加.研究显示,SO₂的存在降低了FeCl₃改性钢渣吸附剂的脱汞性能,而HCl气体有效地促进了FeCl₃改性钢渣吸附剂对零价汞（Hg0）的脱除.      

氧化改性竹炭脱除单质汞的特性与机理分析

将可再生的竹子作为活性炭的前驱体制备得到的竹炭,是一种廉价的多孔材料.在小型试验台架上研究了其脱汞性能,同时为强化竹炭对汞的吸附和氧化作用,采用化学浸渍法对原始竹炭进行了氧化改性,着重研究了改性竹炭的的汞吸附性能,并对改性前后的样品进行了元素分析、XPS表征、FT-IR分析、比表面积及孔径分布分析等以研究表面官能团在改性过程中的转化规律和脱汞机理.结果表明:氧化对竹炭的物理结构破坏严重,比表面积和孔容有明显的下降,但是氧化改性明显提高了竹炭的汞脱除性能.     

PTFE复合材料吸附烟气中SO_2和Hg的实验研究

以煤质活性炭为原料、乙醇溶液为分散剂和PTFE(聚四氟乙烯)乳液为粘结剂制备了PTFE复合材料吸附剂,采用KI浸渍负载和HNO3浸渍氧化的方法对复合材料进行了改性以提高其对烟气中SO2和Hg的吸附性能。采用固定床吸附性能评价装置对复合材料的脱硫脱汞性能进行了评价,并对不同改性方法的可能吸附机理进行了分析。结果表明:复合材料的SO2吸附寿命延长了2倍,这可能是由于PTFE的疏水性能造成的。并且复合材料经两种方法改性处理后,脱硫脱汞能力均有了较大地提高,HNO3改性复合材料脱硫效果更好,单位SO2脱除量可增加25mg/g,而KI改性复合材料具有更好的脱汞效果,单位汞吸附量增大1.6倍左右。     

改性褐煤半焦的表面性质及对气态Hg0的吸附特性

以廉价的褐煤为原料制备褐煤原料半焦,通过化学改性研制脱除烟气中气态Hg⁰的改性半焦(MnO_x/褐煤半焦)吸附剂,运用N₂吸附-脱附、SEM(扫描电镜)、XRD(X射线衍射仪)及XPS(X射线光电子能谱)等对吸附剂的表面特性进行表征与分析,利用固定床吸附试验考察2种吸附剂对气态Hg⁰的吸附特性. 结果表明:原料半焦与改性半焦均具有较发达的孔隙结构,并且以2~5 nm的介孔结构为主;经化学改性后,半焦表面石墨化程度有所提高,石墨碳C─C所占比例由51.37%增至76.17%;MnO_x主要以高度分散的无定形状态均匀分布于改性半焦表面. 固定床吸附试验结果表明,温度为140 ℃时,原料半焦对气态Hg⁰的吸附性能较差,而改性半焦则表现良好,其最高吸附效率可达85.6%;初始ρ(Hg⁰)分别为10.1、20.3、30.0、40.6 μg/m³时,改性半焦的吸附性能随初始ρ(Hg⁰)升高而增强;当吸附温度由30 ℃升至140 ℃时,改性半焦的吸附性能也随着吸附温度的升高而增强. 改性半焦对气态Hg⁰的吸附作用应主要为化学吸附,被吸附后的汞主要以氧化态(Hg²⁺)形式存在.     

酸-碘改性壳聚糖-膨润土脱除单质汞特性及机理分析

为探明烟气中酸性气体(SO2,NO,HCl)和H2O对酸-碘改性壳聚糖-膨润土吸附剂脱除单质汞(Hg0)的影响和脱除机理,在小型固定床试验台架上开展了Hg0脱除的实验研究.结果表明:由于SO2与Hg0在吸附剂表面活性位上存在竞争吸附,SO2抑制吸附剂对Hg0的脱除.H2O和较高浓度(1000μg/m3)的NO对脱汞具有明显地促进作用.由于低温下HCl与Hg0较高的反应能垒,HCl对脱汞没有影响.与单一烟气成分影响相比,在SO2、NO、HCl和H2O的联合作用下,吸附剂的长时间脱汞性能得到大幅提高.机理分析表明壳聚糖首先被酸中的H+质子化,之后再吸附酸与KI反应生成的I2,进而有效地吸附Hg0.量子化学计算表明壳聚糖在酸性条件下对I2具有良好的吸附特性,改性壳聚糖吸附剂对Hg0具有较好的吸附能力,其吸附能约为127kJ/mol.     

聚偏氟乙烯共混改性膜对Cu2+吸附性能的研究

应用热诱导聚合和相转移技术,制备了具有离子交换性能的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)共混改性膜,采用XPS、XRD、SEM和FTIR表征了PVDF改性膜的结构和组成,分析了PVDF共混改性膜对水溶液中Cu²⁺的吸附性能,研究了PVDF共混改性膜对Cu²⁺的吸附热力学和吸附动力学 .结果表明,动力学吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,等温吸附过程符合Langmuir模型.吸附过程的平均吸附能为8～16　kJ/mol,表明该吸附过程为离子交换反应.热力学参数ΔG⁰<0、ΔH⁰>0、ΔS0>0,证实了吸附过程为自发的吸热过程.PVDF共混改性膜经吸附/脱附4次循环后,对模拟废水中Cu²⁺和城市污水中Cu²⁺的吸附量分别大于0 .025 mg/cm^２和0 .015 mg/cm^２,脱附率超过95%.PVDF共混改性膜具有优良的吸附/脱附性能、良好的稳定性和潜在的应用前景.     

液化天然气工艺中汞的危害及脱汞吸附材料研究进展

液化天然气(LNG)是一种重要的清洁化石能源。近年来,液化天然气工业得到了极大的发展,但天然气中的汞在液化工艺过程中却带来了诸多问题,因而对天然气中汞进行有效脱除十分必要。天然气中汞的主要脱除技术是吸附法,脱汞吸附剂主要包括改性活性炭、分子筛、金属硫化物和其他近年来开发的一系列新型吸附剂。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.