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1.
Farming in higher latitudes is generally believed to benefit from a warmer climate due to extended growing season, reduced risk of frost, availability of more productive cultivars, and an opening potential of farming in northern locations. We analyzed the impact of climate change on production of cereals in Russia and found that this general perception of beneficiary effect of a warmer climate is unlikely to hold, primarily due to increasing risk of droughts in the most important agricultural areas of the country. Past impacts of droughts on food security throughout the twentieth century suggest that a number of adaptation options are available to mitigate the increasing risks of crop failure. We analyze the effectiveness of these measures in connection with a set of climate change projections, under two contrasting scenarios of interregional grain trade: “Fortress Market” and “Open Market.” 相似文献
2.
Climate change,sustainable water management and institutional adaptation in rural sub-Saharan Africa
Admire M. Nyamwanza Krasposy K. Kujinga 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2017,19(2):693-706
Much current work on climate adaptation options vis-à-vis water management in rural sub-Saharan Africa has tended to focus more on technological and infrastructural alternatives and less on institutional alternatives. Yet, vulnerability to climate variability and change in these contexts is a function not just of biophysical outcomes but also of institutional factors that can vary significantly at relatively finer scales. This paper seeks to contribute towards closing this gap by examining institutional options for sustainable water management in rural SSA in the context of climate change and variability. It explores challenges for transforming water-related institutions and puts forward institutional alternatives towards adapting to increasingly complex conditions created by climate change and variability. The paper suggests revisiting the Integrated Water Resources Management approach which has dominated water institutional debates and reforms in Africa over the recent past, towards actively adopting resilience and adaptive management lenses in crafting water institutional development initiatives. 相似文献
3.
Climate change and food security: a Sri Lankan perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There is growing concern in Sri Lanka over the impact of climate change, variability and extreme weather events on food production, food security and livelihoods. The link between climate change and food security has been mostly explored in relation to impacts on crop production or food availability aspects of food security, with little focus on other key dimensions, namely food access and food utilization. This review, based on available literature, adopted a food system approach to gain a wider perspective on food security issues in Sri Lanka. It points to several climate-induced issues posing challenges for food security. These issues include declining agriculture productivity, food loss along supply chains, low livelihood resilience of the rural poor and prevalence of high levels of undernourishment and child malnutrition. Our review suggests that achieving food security necessitates action beyond building climate resilient food production systems to a holistic approach that is able to ensure climate resilience of the entire food system while addressing nutritional concerns arising from impacts of climate change. Therefore, there is a pressing need to work towards a climate-smart agriculture system that will address all dimensions of food security. With the exception of productivity of a few crop species, our review demonstrates the dearth of research into climate change impacts on Sri Lanka’s food system. Further research is required to understand how changes in climate may affect other components of the food system including productivity of a wider range of food crops, livestock and fisheries, and shed light on the causal pathways of climate-induced nutritional insecurity. 相似文献
4.
Julius H. Kotir 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(3):587-605
Sub-Saharan Africa has been portrayed as the most vulnerable region to the impacts of global climate change because of its
reliance on agriculture which is highly sensitive to weather and climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and
light and extreme events and low capacity for adaptation. This article reviews evidence on the scope and nature of the climate
change challenge; and assesses the impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. From the
review, it is apparent that the climate in Africa is already exhibiting significant changes, evident by changes in average
temperature, change in amount of rainfall and patterns and the prevalence of frequency and intensity of weather extremes.
The review also revealed that although uncertainties exist with regards to the magnitude of impacts, climate will negatively
affect agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, as result of current and expected climate change, the
area suitable for agriculture, the length of growing seasons and yield potential, particularly along the margins of semi-arid
and arid areas, are expected to decrease. These impacts will affect all components of food security: food availability, food accessibility, food utilisation and food stability and hence increase the risk of hunger in the region. The review thus confirms the general consensus that Sub-Saharan Africa
is the most vulnerable region to climate change. It suggests that, policymakers and development agencies should focus on formulating
and implementing policies and programmes that promote farm level adaptation strategies currently being practiced by farmers
across the region. 相似文献
5.
6.
Abdelkrim Ben Mohamed 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(1):109-117
Analyses of Sahel regional and country-specific rainfall and temperature time series derived from a fixed subset of stations show the well-documented large-scale decreasing trend in rainfall that occurred between 1970 and 2000 and also, an increasing trend in summertime maximum and wintertime minimum temperatures. The evolution of summertime mean maximum temperature is almost opposite to that of rainfall, and a significant correlation is observed between the evolution of this quantity and millet yields, in comparison with correlation with summertime rainfall. It appears that quantifying future vulnerability of the Sahel zone to climate change is rather difficult because climate models have not in general shown yet a satisfactory reproduction of the observed climate variability of this area. 相似文献
7.
John Richard Campbell 《Regional Environmental Change》2015,15(7):1313-1324
8.
Matthew I. England Andrew J. Dougill Lindsay C. Stringer Katharine E. Vincent Joanna Pardoe Felix K. Kalaba David D. Mkwambisi Emilinah Namaganda Stavros Afionis 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(7):2059-2071
To be effective, climate change adaptation needs to be mainstreamed across multiple sectors and greater policy coherence is essential. Using the cases of Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia, this paper investigates the extent of coherence in national policies across the water and agriculture sectors and to climate change adaptation goals outlined in national development plans. A two-pronged qualitative approach is applied using Qualitative Document Analysis of relevant policies and plans, combined with expert interviews from non-government actors in each country. Findings show that sector policies have differing degrees of coherence on climate change adaptation, currently being strongest in Zambia and weakest in Tanzania. We also identify that sectoral policies remain more coherent in addressing immediate-term disaster management issues of floods and droughts rather than longer-term strategies for climate adaptation. Coherence between sector and climate policies and strategies is strongest when the latter has been more recently developed. However to date, this has largely been achieved by repackaging of existing sectoral policy statements into climate policies drafted by external consultants to meet international reporting needs and not by the establishment of new connections between national sectoral planning processes. For more effective mainstreaming of climate change adaptation, governments need to actively embrace longer-term cross-sectoral planning through cross-Ministerial structures, such as initiated through Zambia’s Interim Climate Change Secretariat, to foster greater policy coherence and integrated adaptation planning. 相似文献
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10.
Moushumi Chaudhury Joost Vervoort Patti Kristjanson Polly Ericksen Andrew Ainslie 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(2):389-398
How effective are multi-stakeholder scenarios-building processes to bring diverse actors together and create a policy-making tool to support sustainable development and promote food security in the developing world under climate change? The effectiveness of a participatory scenario development process highlights the importance of “boundary work” that links actors and organizations involved in generating knowledge on the one hand, and practitioners and policymakers who take actions based on that knowledge on the other. This study reports on the application of criteria for effective boundary work to a multi-stakeholder scenarios process in East Africa that brought together a range of regional agriculture and food systems actors. This analysis has enabled us to evaluate the extent to which these scenarios were seen by the different actors as credible, legitimate and salient, and thus more likely to be useful. The analysis has shown gaps and opportunities for improvement on these criteria, such as the quantification of scenarios, attention to translating and communicating the results through various channels and new approaches to enable a more inclusive and diverse group of participants. We conclude that applying boundary work criteria to multi-stakeholder scenarios processes can do much to increase the likelihood of developing sustainable development and food security policies that are more appropriate. 相似文献
11.
Sabine Douxchamps Mark T. Van Wijk Silvia Silvestri Abdoulaye S. Moussa Carlos Quiros Ndèye Yacine B. Ndour Saaka Buah Léopold Somé Mario Herrero Patricia Kristjanson Mathieu Ouedraogo Philip K. Thornton Piet Van Asten Robert Zougmoré Mariana C. Rufino 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1305-1317
Adaptation strategies to reduce smallholder farmers’ vulnerability to climate variability and seasonality are needed given the frequency of extreme weather events predicted to increase during the next decades in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in West Africa. We explored the linkages between selected agricultural adaptation strategies (crop diversity, soil and water conservation, trees on farm, small ruminants, improved crop varieties, fertilizers), food security, farm household characteristics and farm productivity in three contrasting agro-ecological sites in West Africa (Burkina Faso, Ghana and Senegal). Differences in land area per capita and land productivity largely explained the variation in food security across sites. Based on land size and market orientation, four household types were distinguished (subsistence, diversified, extensive, intensified), with contrasting levels of food security and agricultural adaptation strategies. Income increased steadily with land size, and both income and land productivity increased with degree of market orientation. The adoption of agricultural adaptation strategies was widespread, although the intensity of practice varied across household types. Adaptation strategies improve the food security status of some households, but not all. Some strategies had a significant positive impact on land productivity, while others reduced vulnerability resulting in a more stable cash flow throughout the year. Our results show that for different household types, different adaptation strategies may be ‘climate-smart’. The typology developed in this study gives a good entry point to analyse which practices should be targeted to which type of smallholder farmers, and quantifies the effect of adaptation options on household food security. Subsequently, it will be crucial to empower farmers to access, test and modify these adaptation options, if they were to achieve higher levels of food security. 相似文献
12.
Keffing Sissoko Herman van Keulen Jan Verhagen Vera Tekken Antonella Battaglini 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(1):119-125
The West African Sahel is a harsh environment stressed by a fast-growing population and increasing pressure on the scarce natural resources. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood of the majority of the people living in the area. Increases in temperature and/or modifications in rainfall quantities and distribution will substantially impact on the natural resource on which agriculture depends. The vulnerability of livelihoods based on agriculture is increased and most likely exacerbate and accelerate the current ‘downward spiral’ of underdevelopment, poverty and environmental degradation. Notably, droughts, a short rainy season and/or very low rainfall will be felt by current systems. To cope with the difficult climatic situation, farm households have developed a range of strategies including selling of animals and on-farm diversification or specialization. At regional level, early warning systems including an operational agro-meteorological information system already provide farmers with crucial information. Substantial political, institutional and financial efforts at national and international level are indispensable for the sustenance of millions of lives. In terms of development, priority needs to be given to adaptation and implementation of comprehensive programs on water management and irrigation, desertification control, development of alternative sources of energy and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices by farmers. 相似文献
13.
This study attempts to analyze the short- and long-run impacts of the probable change in rainfall and temperature simultaneously on food availability and access to food issues, as the two dimensions of food security, in Malaysia. It uses an integrated method comprising of a stochastic method and a computable general equilibrium model using the latest (2010) input–output table published in 2015. The stochastic method, which relates to the Monte Carlo simulation, provides the probable changes in rainfall and temperature patterns and their probability of occurrence based on historical data of rainfall and temperature and crop productivity. It was found that, simultaneous variation of rainfall and temperature, in both the short- and long-run, contracts the economic performance of Malaysia. Findings also show the negative impact of rainfall–temperature variability, in both time periods, on food availability and access to food due to a reduction in the supply of agricultural products, a commodity inflation pressure and a reduction in household income. Moreover, results suggest that the climate variability shocks lead to a reduction in the consumption and welfare of all household groups, particularly in rural areas. 相似文献
14.
While there are many studies of the impacts of climate change and variability on food production, few studies are devoted
to a comprehensive assessment of impacts on food systems. Results of a survey of food systems and household adaptation strategies
in three communities in the Afram Plains, Ghana, reveal how extreme climatic events affect rural food production, transportation,
processing and storage. Adaptation strategies implemented by the three communities during past droughts serve as a foundation
for planning responses to future climate change. Results of this study suggest that food security in this region—where droughts
and floods are expected to become more severe due to climate change—could be enhanced by increasing farm-based storage facilities;
improving the transportation system, especially feeder roads that link food production areas and major markets; providing
farmers with early warning systems; extending credit to farmers; and the use of supplementary irrigation. This study also
indicates that some cultural practices, particularly those that prohibit the consumption of certain foods, may reduce the
resilience of some individuals and ethnic groups to food system disruptions. Understanding the local context and the responses
of households is critical to the development of effective strategies for reducing the potential adverse impacts of climatic
change on food security in rural Ghana. 相似文献
15.
Mizeck G. G. Chagunda Agnes Mwangwela Chisoni Mumba Filomena Dos Anjos Bettie S. Kawonga Richard Hopkins Linley Chiwona-Kartun 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(8):2257-2267
Smallholder farmers play an important part in the dairy value chain in Sub-Saharan Africa. Three technological approaches have been used to improve productivity. These are through, applying agricultural ecological processes (ecological intensification), utilising modern livestock breeding (genetic intensification), and socio-economic intensification. Ecological intensification includes continuous housing of cows applying a cut-and-carry feeding system, introduction of purpose-bred forages and pastures, and the introduction of agro-forestry within the dairy systems. Genetic intensification strategies include: importation of dairy breeds such as Holstein–Friesian (HF) and cross-breeding of the indigenous breeds with HF. Training and capacity-building activities to create sustainable livelihoods have been initiated for farming and technological practices of animal husbandry, but also to enhance appropriate leadership and corporative-building skills that would create and support an enabling environment for sustainability. These improvements and initiatives in the service delivery have been championed by national governments, development partner institutions, or non-governmental organisations through different programmes. Challenges of intensification include matching management to genetic potential of imported and cross-bred improved dairy breeds, ensuring low post-harvest losses, proper utilisation, and reducing environmental impact. Using examples from Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia, this paper reviews the management and assessment approaches used in fostering smallholder dairy development strategies and dairy’s contribution to sustainable livelihoods in the face of intensification. 相似文献
16.
Perceptions of climate change,multiple stressors and livelihoods on marginal African coasts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Matthew Bunce Sergio Rosendo Katrina Brown 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(3):407-440
Studies of multiple stressors in Africa often focus on vulnerable inland communities. Rising concentrations of the world’s
poor live in coastal rural–urban areas with direct dependencies on marine as well as terrestrial ecosystem goods and services.
Using participatory methods we elicited perceptions of stressors and their sources, impacts and consequences held by coastal
communities in eastern Africa (Mtwara in Tanzania and Maputo in Mozambique). Respondent-informed timelines suggest wars, economic
policies and natural increase have led to natural resource-dependent populations in marginal, previously little-inhabited
lowland coastal areas. Respondents (n = 91) in interviews and focus groups rank climate stressors (temperature rise/erratic rain) highest amongst human/natural
stressors having negative impacts on livelihoods and wellbeing (e.g., cross-scale cost of living increases including food
and fuel prices). Sources of stress and impacts were mixed in time and space, complicating objective identification of causal
chains. Some appeared to be specific to coastal areas. Respondents reported farms failing and rising dependence on stressed
marine resources, food and fuel prices and related dependence on traders and credit shrunk by negative global market trends.
Development in the guise of tourism and conservation projects limited access to land–sea livelihoods and resources in rural–urban
areas (coastal squeeze). Mental modelling clarified resource user perceptions of complex linkages from local to international
levels. We underline risks of the poor in marginal coastal areas facing double or multiple exposures to multiple stressors,
with climate variability suggesting the risks of climate change. 相似文献
17.
Serdeczny Olivia Adams Sophie Baarsch Florent Coumou Dim Robinson Alexander Hare William Schaeffer Michiel Perrette Mahé Reinhardt Julia 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(6):1585-1600
Regional Environmental Change - The repercussions of climate change will be felt in various ways throughout both natural and human systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Climate change projections for this... 相似文献
18.
M. Monirul Qader Mirza 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(1):95-107
South Asia is one of the most flood vulnerable regions in the world. Floods occur often in the region triggered by heavy monsoon precipitation and can cause enormous damages to lives, property, crops and infrastructure. The frequency of extreme floods is on the rise in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Past extreme floods fall within the range of climate variability but frequency, magnitude and extent flooding may increase in South Asia in future due to climate change. Flood risk is sensitive to different levels of warming. For example, in Bangladesh, analysis shows that most of the expected changes in flood depth and extent would occur between 0 and 2°C warming. The three major rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna/Barak will play similar roles in future flooding regimes as they are doing presently. Increases in future flooding can cause extensive damage to rice crops in the monsoon. This may have implications for food security especially of poor women and children. Floods can also impact public health in the flood plains and in the coastal areas. 相似文献
19.
20.
Local-level climate change adaptation decision-making and livelihoods in semi-arid areas in Zimbabwe
There is now overwhelming evidence of climate change and variability impacts in Africa, among them a reduction in agricultural production. This is a cause for concern given that 70 % of the continent’s population derives its livelihoods directly from rain-fed agriculture. There is need for adaptation strategies at all levels from the national to the local level to mitigate these adverse impacts from climate change. It is important to take advantage of and strengthen already existing household and community strategies. This study used both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to explore the role that livelihood dynamics play in local-level decision-making for adaptation to everyday vulnerability. Risk is considered to extend beyond climate to non-climatic stressors, and the notion of climate change as the major shock among many others is downgraded to one that is secondary to other shocks that even pose more danger to household and community livelihoods. The natural capital remains the basis upon which all the other capitals depend as drivers of choice for adaptation practices. A reorientation of capitals and associated activities is inevitable to deal with everyday vulnerability given that livelihood capitals play a key role in adaptation. Choice of household response strategies to shocks is not entirely intrinsic, but rather integral to a context where other players such as the extension operate to influence adaptation choices. This then highlights the need for embeddedness and context in understanding adaptation and livelihood changes. 相似文献