城市通风道规划的基础性研究

针对城市化进程中空气污染、热岛效应等问题,文章系统简述了城市通风道的规划与构建问题。城市通风道,由作用空间、补偿空间和空气引导通道三部分构成。城市通风道要起到较好的通风效果应合理组织城市空间,使其能在密闭空间周边留出适当的空隙,形成大气流通的通道。城市通风道构建要提高作用空间的接纳能力;确保补偿空间的补给能力;空气引导通道应满足最小能耗路径的要求。其规划的过程包括气候状况描述,作用空间、补偿空间和空气引导通道的界定,可行度和有效度评估3个步骤。城市通风道对改善城市气候条件有着非常重要的意义。     

建筑节能与气候条件分析

通过建筑采暖与气象条件、建筑通风气象条件及空调设计与气象条件等的分析,论述了建筑节能与气候条件的关系.分析了内蒙古不同地区冬夏季气候特征,给出冬季采暖度日和寒冷、炎热日数等气象要素参数,提出了不同气候区居住建筑节能设计措施和建议.     

基于数值模拟的城市街区详细规划通风评估研究

高密度城市建筑会导致城市街区内部风速降低并加剧空气污染,因此对城市详细规划进行通风评估十分必要.由于数值模拟具有经济简便的优势,因此以USSM模式为工具,对城市街区详细规划通风评估方法进行了研究.利用汉堡大学CEDVAL风洞实验数据集对USSM模式的准确性进行了验证,表明USSM模式可以较准确地描述建筑对近地层风场的影响.通过36组敏感性数值试验,研究了建筑密度、排列方式和楼高高低错落对街区通风条件的影响,在此基础上得到了一系列关于通风条件优化的详细规划策略,包括:①对于建筑密度较高的街区,应该依主导风向预留通风道;②相同容积率条件下,分散的建筑布局比集中连片的建筑布局更有利于获得通风条件;③略有错落的建筑布局对于获取更好的通风条件有较大帮助;④较矮的建筑物应布设在上风向,而较高的建筑应布设在下风向.最后,以深圳后海地区详细规划方案为例进行了实际案例评价分析,证明即使街区内的容积率不变,按照一定原则对方案进行调整,仍可在一定程度上改善街区内的通风条件.上述研究结果表明,以数值模式为工具进行城市街区详细规划的通风评估,是提高城市街区通风能力的一种经济简便易行的方法,适合在我国内地各城市推广.     

试谈绿化与重庆城市热效应的改善

前言重庆是有名的“热都”。其气候的最大特点之一,是夏季炎热而漫长,为我国长江“三大火炉”城市之冠。重庆城市人口集中,工业发达,能耗数量逐年增大,人为热释放多,使城市的热污染日趋严重,因此就更加剧了重庆市盛夏时节的酷暑炎热,这给重庆市区的生产和人民生活带来诸多不利影响。如何改善重庆城市     

基于数值模拟的城市绿地景观格局优化研究

该研究结合景观生态学原理,在沈阳市设计不同生态功能的绿楔、绿带、绿道、公园及其他类型的绿地,形成了"四带、三环、七楔、网络连接"的城市绿地网络空间结构优化方案。结合遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析技术,基于计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟技术对夏季绿地景观优化格局影响下的大气环境效应进行分析,并提出相应的城市绿地规划优化策略。模拟结果表明:城市风速、SO_2以及温度的空间扩散与城市的空间布局密切相关;城市绿地优化空间布局能有效地缓解城市热岛效应,促进SO_2的空间扩散,更好地形成城市通风廊道,同时,随着高度的增加,城市风速、SO_2以及温度的空间扩散的阻力逐渐降低。基于CFD的城市绿地大气环境效应研究,能有效地对城市绿地系统规划的优化措施和概念性设计进行模拟研究和评估,也为城市绿地系统的量化规划提供了新思路。     

基于城市冠层模式的成都市静稳天气气象场模拟研究

目前城市气象场数值模拟结果与实际情况有一定误差.本文基于Landsat 8高分辨率遥感数据提取采用局地气候分区（LCZ）的城市下垫面,结合WRF模式自带下垫面分类建立了成都市精细分类下垫面,并利用WRF自带的城市冠层模式,设计了7种方案对成都市静稳天气的气象场进行了模拟分析,并结合实际监测数据对模拟结果进行了评估,对比分析了城市冠层模式和精细分类下垫面对成都市静稳天气带来的影响.研究发现：①精细化分类下垫面结合了USGS下垫面和局地气候分区数据的优势,较为准确的反映了成都的下垫面环境;②精细分类下垫面对建筑物的形态特征进行了描述,加大了地表粗糙度,能够模拟出建筑物对风的阻挡作用以及城市风场不连续、随机性强的特性;③城市冠层模式优化了静稳天气过程中城市风、温度和湿度的模拟结果,多层城市冠层模式的模拟结果优于单层城市冠层模式.因此,在成都市对污染物扩散不利的静稳天气使用多层城市冠层模式并结合精细分类下垫面将大大提高模拟精度,进而提高空气质量预报.     

城市污水再生利用规划有关问题的探讨

对城市污水再生利用国内外研究现状、主要用途、规划原则、设施布局方式与处理工艺等方面进行了论述,对现阶段城市再生水利用规划中存在的几个问题进行了探讨,为今后科学合理地进行城市污水再生利用规划提供了有益参考。     

气候适应型城市的规划要素及对我国28个试点方案的综合评价

随着城市适应工作的持续推进,越来越多的城市即将开展相应的适应气候变化行动。如何编制气候适应型城市规划,正成为城市面临的一项现实问题。本文以国内28个气候适应型试点的经验为基础,结合国外多个城市的规划实践,从气候风险评估、适应行动、治理机制三方面总结了气候适应型城市规划的12条基本要素。以此为标准,对我国28个气候适应型城市的试点方案进行了综合评估。结果显示,28个试点地区的适应规划还处于初级阶段,在风险评估方法的科学性,适应行动的多样性、长期性、可测量性,治理手段的多样性等方面还存在较大问题。为了提高城市适应气候变化规划的编制水平,国家应尽快出台气候适应型城市规划指南,为城市编制适应气候变化规划提供技术指导。     

气候干旱和经济发展双重压力下的北京水资源承载力变化情景模拟研究

水资源是人与其他生命系统不可缺少的一种宝贵资源,是社会经济发展的基本支撑条件。通过影响农业生产、工业生产、居民生活和环境质量,水资源影响着城市的社会经济水平。在改革开放以来的30年内,北京经历了快速的国民经济发展,但这也对水资源造成了更大的压力,使得北京成为世界上严重缺水的大城市之一。由于未来的经济和人口发展规划对水资源供给提出更高的要求,因此,本文利用系统动力学（SD）的原理和方法,首先构建了气候干旱和经济发展双重压力下的北京水资源承载力模型,进而在中国北方干旱化大背景和北京城市规划目标的基础上,设计了规划发展情景、气候干旱情景和适应对策情景并进行了模拟分析。1990~2005年的模型检验结果表明该SD模型具有一定的可靠性,能在一定程度上模拟北京水资源的复杂变化过程。2006~2020年的模拟结果显示气候干旱下北京水资源可供应量减少到29.88×108m³,比起2005年减少了7.62%,远低于按规划目标发展下的水资源需求量52.83×10⁸m³。在水资源的约束下,人口和经济发展受到限制,北京可承载农业总产值、工业总产值和人口分别为128.05×10⁸元、3152.69×10⁸元和1167.18×10⁴人,远低于北京城市总体规划设想。比较3种适应对策,开展调水工程对人口承载力影响最大,依靠科技进步对经济发展影响最大,产业结构调整的作用比较小。综合各种适应对策和气候干旱作用之后,水资源可供应量、人口和经济发展承载量接近或超过规划目标要求。     

石油化工装置夏季安全生产技术对策初探

鹰山石油化工厂是国内最大的己内酰胺单体和绵纶 6浸胶帘子布生产基地 ,生产具有高温高压、易燃易爆、有毒有害的特点。为最大限度地消除夏季气候条件对安全生产的影响 ,预防、避免事故的发生 ,该厂针对南方夏季气候炎热、干燥、暴雨 ,且持续时间长的特点 ,从“五防”入手 ,对一系列夏季安全生产措施对策进行了探索 ,收到了良好的效果。1　安全管理职责1各单位必须认真分析、研究本单位安全生产的特点 ,制定相应的夏季安全生产措施和对策 ,责任落实到人 ;2各生产单位领导要对本单位夏季安全生产的重点做到心中有数 ,要亲自检查、督促、落实…     

Indicators of urban climate resilience: A contextual approach

As urban populations grow and climate exposure increases, more cities are introducing formal planning processes to adapt to climate change. This paper explains the process applied to eight cities in the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) for developing indicators for planning and monitoring local climate resilience. This process relied on transferring a common conceptual framework for climate resilience, together with a locally led iterative and collaborative process that engaged technical and planning authorities and vulnerable groups. The process varied slightly between cities and generated indicators that were chosen for their contextual fit and availability of data. The main benefit of developing resilience indicators in this way was the local capacity that the process built, in terms of understanding resilience, shared understanding of concepts and measurement and establishment of a common platform for future planning and monitoring of climate adaptation interventions at the city level.     

基于WRF-CFD耦合的复杂城市形态街道通风性能模拟研究

目的研究静稳天气下复杂城市形态街道的通风性能。方法用WRF中尺度气象模式耦合CFD流体模型,通过选取冬季一次静稳天气过程,对南京市不同城市形态的街区通风性能进行分析,评价不同形态街区的通风性能,给出现有城市通风性能的状态,并对城市规划提供合理的意见。结果静稳天气条件下,人口密集居住的住宅区,通风性能严重不足,大部分街区风速只有0.3m/s,不利于居民的健康生活。局部区域的通风性能主要由街道的交叉口位置和街道与主导风向的位置关系决定,此次静稳天气综合型切片的中心区域通风性能明显优于中心区和住宅区。在迎风向的街谷或道路的通风性能明显,在静稳天气下能够达到2～3m/s,很好地起到了城市通风走廊的作用。结论合理的城市设计和建筑布局能够有效地增加局部区域,尤其是高密度地区的通风性能,有利于污染物等的扩散以及居民的健康。     

Mountain communities and climate change adaptation: barriers to planning and hurdles to implementation in the Southern Rocky Mountain Region of North America

Geographic factors make mountain communities around the world vulnerable to the direct effects of climate change, and reliance on recreation and tourism can increase vulnerability to the secondary economic impacts.The goal of this research was to investigate the current state of community adaptation planning in the Southern Rocky Mountain region of North America. Using original survey data this paper discusses the challenges that community and county officials currently face, the perceived effects of future climate change in this region, and the perceived barriers to adaptation planning and hurdles to adaptation implementation. Results show lack of resources, information and political will are the most commonly reported barriers to adaptation. This paper also examines the connectivity between mountain communities and the surrounding federal public lands. Fifty one percent of respondents report that decisions made on nearby public lands frequently or always affect planning and decision making in their community. Collaborative efforts between these entities are proposed as a way to reduce the resource burden of adaptation planning for both entities. Finally, this paper discusses how attitudes and beliefs about climate change affect responses to questions about adaptation planning. On average, respondents who report higher levels of concern about and belief in climate change and those who are better informed about climate change report higher levels of adaptation planning. Elected officials in this sample have, on average, lower concern about and belief in climate change than bureaucratic respondents. Thus changes in elected official composition or improved leadership on climate change planning by incumbent officials could facilitate progress on adaptation     

Maximising synergies between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: Potential enablers for improved planning outcomes

Recent extreme weather events worldwide have highlighted the vulnerability of many urban settlements to future climatic change. These events are expected to increase in frequency and intensity under climate change scenarios. Although the climatic change may be unavoidable, effective planning and response can reduce its impacts. Drawing on empirical data from a 3-year multi-sectoral study of climate change adaptation for human settlements in the South East Queensland region, Australia, this paper draws on multi-sectoral perspectives to propose enablers for maximising synergies between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation to achieve improved planning outcomes. Multi-sectoral perspectives are discussed under four groups of identified enablers: spatial planning; cross-sectoral planning; social/community planning; and strategic/long term planning. Based on the findings, a framework is proposed to guide planning systems to maximise synergies between the fields of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation to minimise the vulnerability of communities to extreme weather events in highly urbanised areas.     

城市噪声地图的发展和应用研究

作为一种国外被广泛用来评估噪声对居民的影响以及制定未来改善的工具,城市噪声地图在中国尚属于起步阶段,本文介绍了国外噪声地图发展和应用的情况以及如何建立噪声地图的有关技术,同时提出了一些关于发展噪声地图研究的建议,噪声地图的研究,不仅为城市规划和城市声环境控制提供了决策支持,同时也提供了一种与其他学科结合的途径,因此具有十分重要的意义。     

Urban heat indicator map for climate adaptation planning

By 2050, 75 % of the world’s population will live in cities and the occurrence of heat wave events might have doubled. Mapping the climate and land use change impact for urban heat events should set the agenda for adaptation planning at the local scale. Literature on urban heat mapping does not reveal a clear indicator to visualise the urban heat impacts that includes consequences of land use and climate changes for planning purposes. This paper introduces a stepwise approach to develop a single complex indicator to map the urban heat impact for local climate adaptation planning processes. Information on climatic drivers and land use characteristics are combined and projected for future land use and climate change impacts. Next, several visualisation techniques are developed to investigate which techniques are most effective to visualise complex information with multiple variables in one visualisation. A usability test is performed to investigate how indicator and map meet the information and communication needs of policy makers. Our findings reveal that it is important to add information on future impacts to set the agenda for adaptation planning at the local scale. Applying cartographic techniques in a map series presentation has proven to be effective to map complex information in a single image and fulfil most of the identified information needs. Based on our finding, we introduce the information enrichment chain as a promising approach to support local adaptation planning.     

Coastal climate hazards and urban planning: how planning responses can lead to maladaptation

Urban planning has the potential to be a powerful tool for facilitating efficient and equitable adaptation to climate change-related coastal hazards (‘coastal climate hazards’). However, if urban planning measures are poorly designed or implemented, it can increase costs and vulnerability, and unfairly affect the interests of particular groups. Through a case study on the coastal climate hazard planning framework in Victoria, Australia, this paper aims to illustrate how urban planning measures can lead to maladaptation and draw lessons for the future design and implementation of planning responses. Five main policy lessons are drawn from the case study. First, planning frameworks should encourage the adoption of robust approaches that are as insensitive to the uncertainties associated with coastal climate hazards as possible. Secondly, policy makers need to be mindful of the opportunity costs and equity implications of planning responses. Thirdly, to be sustainable, planning responses must be robust to social and political factors, something that can be achieved through the use of flexible approaches that allow continued use and development of land but on conditions that protect the interests of governments and communities. Fourthly, policy makers need to be mindful of transaction costs. Finally, when devolving planning responsibilities to lower levels of government, policy makers need to ensure that the objectives of planning frameworks are clear, there is minimal ambiguity in decision guidelines, and that the resourcing and capacity constraints of planning bodies are appropriately considered.     

浅议城市发展规划中环境与经济的协调

针对当前城市的经济规划和环境规划是相互独立的两个规划，环境规划在城市发展规划中未能反映出春应有的地位，以可持续发展理论为基础，描述了城市发展规划中应引入的新观念，并较为系统地介绍了可持续发展模式的城市经济与环境相互协调发展的规划体系。     

The high climatic quality city of the future

In the future most of the world's population will live in urban areas and there also most economic activities will be concentrated. This will lead to enormous environmental and climatological problems, unless urban planners and architects develop a new urban planning strategy and building design methods, which will enable the continuation of the growth of urban areas and also enable its population to live and work in a good climatic environment. To achieve this goal this article presents a new comprehensive climatological and environmental urban planning concept. This concept includes the new term of “climate quality”, which is no less important in the urban space than is air quality. The combination of using alternative energy sources together with integrating climatological factors in all urban planning levels will lead to an expected improved climatic and environmental quality of the urban area.