直接抽取式CEMS安装调试中应注意的问题

对火电厂直接抽取式烟气连续监测系统(简称CEMS)应用技术进行综述，系统地介绍了直接抽取式CEMS监测的方法、系统安装调试以及日常维护等方面应注意的技术问题。     

烟气连续监测系统可靠性分析

系统地介绍了200型烟气连续监测系统的对比试验方法，烟气连续监测系统的可靠性等.     

燃煤电厂烟气排放连续监测系统验收测试方法

简述了ISO标准和美国EPA关于烟气排放连续监测系统验收测试的相关规定，并详细介绍了我国燃煤电厂烟气排放连续监测系统验收测试方法。     

烟尘对光谱法烟气在线监测系统的影响分析

介绍了紫外吸收光谱法烟气在线监测的原理和数据处理方法，分析了烟尘对不同光谱数据处理结果的影响及各方法的优缺点，利用紫外光谱法不仅可以进行烟气排放的在线监测，同时能进行烟尘检测，与其他光谱法相比，差分吸收光谱法计算结果受烟尘的干扰最小，比较适合用于烟气排放在线监测系统。     

三维荧光技术在水环境监测中的应用研究进展

介绍了三维荧光技术的测定原理、测定结果的表征方法和数据解析方法（峰值拾取法、荧光区域积分法和平行因子分析法）。讨论了三维荧光典型荧光峰与BOD₅、COD和TOC等水质指标的相关性,证明了三维荧光技术在水环境监测中的应用能力。综述了三维荧光技术在生活污水、工业废水和雨水等水环境监测中应用的研究进展,展望了其发展前景。     

环境质量评价中值得注意的几个问题

本文结合评价及监测实例,重点介绍了采样容器的选择;分析方法的等效性;监测项目的拟定及大气环境质量多种评价方法的应用比较。     

烟气排放连续监测系统存在问题及建议

介绍了烟气排放连续监测系统（CEMS）中气态污染物监测子系统、烟尘监测子系统、烟气排放参数监测子系统的配置现状。针对现场CEMS的安装、运营、环保检查、质控比对监测中常见的问题,进行了研究与分析,对分析、校准、测量等关键单元进行了优化,提出了合理改进建议和对策。     

除尘器效率在线监测系统研究

通过2个电厂安装除尘器效率在线监测系统的实例,阐述了该系统的原理、方法以及广泛的开发应用前景。     

大坝安全监测的现状与发展趋势

阐述了大坝安全监测的内涵及意义。分别从大坝安全监测的内容、思维、分析方法和技术手段四个方面介绍了大坝安全监测的现状和发展趋势,并指出自动化、数字化、一体化、效益化是大坝安全监测的最终发展方向。     

烟气浊度在线监测仪校准中应注意的几个问题

介绍了烟气浊度在线监测仪在烟尘浓度测定中应采用的校准方法以及实际操作中应注意的问题，为适时监测烟尘排放浓度及除尘器除尘效率提供一种快速、可靠的方法。     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Forestry best management practices for timber harvesting and site preparation in the eastern United States: An overview of water quality and productivity research during the past 20 years (1982–2002)

Forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs) were developed to protect water quality. In the eastern US, those BMPs were often expanded to include maintenance of site productivity. Generally, BMPs recommend the use of pre-harvest planning and careful design for construction of roads and other activities that expose bare soil, minimizing trafficking and areas of bare soil, maintaining streamside management zones, ensuring rapid revegetation following harvesting, minimizing soil disturbance, and ameliorating severe trafficking with site preparation. This review of peer-reviewed research from the past 20 years examined the effects of forest harvesting and site preparation on water quality and site productivity in the eastern US. The review was subdivided into areas having relatively similar physiography and land management (New England, Lake States, Appalachian Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Gulf Coastal Plain, and Ouachitas-Ozarks). In general, data from steeper physiographic regions indicated that forest harvesting and site preparation can increase erosion, sediment and nutrient losses to streams. However, the quantities introduced into streams tended to be relatively low, generally below the values that are considered acceptable for alternative land uses. Also most research indicated that water quality recovers within two to five years following forest operation disturbances, particularly if BMPs are employed. Research from the less mountainous and often more poorly drained Lake States and Coastal Plain regions indicated that soil compaction and rutting may or may not cause site productivity effects, depending on soil types, natural ameliorative properties and site preparation. Overall, the research supports the forestry BMPs recommended in the eastern states.     

生物炭修复Cd,Pb污染土壤的研究进展

随着矿产开采、冶炼等工业活动以及污水灌溉、施用污泥和劣质化肥等农业活动的进行,Cd,Pb等有害重金属不断进入农业环境中,对农田、菜地等造成污染。生物炭作为重要的土壤改良剂,在对Cd,Pb污染土壤的修复中表现出巨大的潜力。从生物炭的特性及制备、修复效果及其影响因素、修复机理等方面,对近年来国内外有关生物炭修复Cd,Pb污染土壤的研究成果和现状进行了总结,并对生物炭修复Cd,Pb污染土壤的发展前景和未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Atmospheric Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen on Turf Grassland in Central Japan: Comparison of the Contribution of Wet and Dry Deposition

The atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen on turf grassland in Tsukuba, central Japan, was investigated from July 2003 to December 2004. The target components were ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite ions for wet deposition and gaseous ammonia, nitric and nitrous acids, and particulate ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite for dry deposition. Organic nitrogen was also evaluated by subtracting the amount of inorganic nitrogen from total nitrogen. A wet-only sampler and filter holders were used to collect precipitation and the atmospheric components, respectively. An inferential method was applied to calculate the dry deposition velocity of gases and particles, which involved the effects of surface wetness and ammonia volatilization through stomata on the dry deposition velocity. The mean fraction of the monthly wet to total deposition was different among chemical species; 37, 77, and 1% for ammoniacal, nitrate-, and nitrite-nitrogen, respectively. The annual deposition of inorganic nitrogen in 2004 was 47 and 48 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ for wet and dry deposition, respectively; 51% of atmospheric deposition was contributed by dry deposition. The annual wet deposition in 2004 was 20, 27, and 0.07 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹, and the annual dry deposition in 2004 was 35, 7.4, and 5.4 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ for ammoniacal, nitrate-, and nitrite-nitrogen, respectively. Ammoniacal nitrogen was the most important reactive nitrogen because of its remarkable contribution to both wet and dry deposition. The median ratio of the organic nitrogen concentration to total nitrogen was 9.8, 17, and 15% for precipitation, gases, and particles, respectively.     

我国磷石膏处置现状及绿色发展对策

磷石膏的大量堆存不仅占用土地、浪费资源,存在巨大的环境和安全风险,更与我国无废城市发展理念相违背.本文系统梳理了近年来我国磷石膏产排现状、资源化利用现状和资源化利用途径.分析了磷石膏资源化所面临的问题和挑战,主要包括政策支持不配套、标准体系不完善、技术支撑不足和产品市场竞争力弱等.提出磷石膏绿色发展应从政策扶持、技术突...     

Modelling Change in Ground Vegetation Response to Acid and Nitrogen Pollution, Climate Change and Forest Management at in Sweden 1500–2100 a.d.

The ForSAFE model, designed for modelling biogeochemical cycles (water, acidity, base cation, nitrogen and carbon) in terrestrial ecosystems, was modified with a vegetation response module (VEG), incorporating the effects of: nitrogen pollution, acidification, soil moisture, temperature, wind chill exposure, light and shading by trees, grazing by animals, competition between plants, above ground for light and below ground for water and nutrients. The model calculates the response of number ground vegetation plant groups. The integrated model was tested and validated at integrated level II forest monitoring sites across Sweden, four have been shown here, and used to assess the effect of acidification and nitrogen pollution in relation to factors such as climate change, forest management and changing grazing pressure. The response functions have been derived from single-factor experiments and integrated through the model structure for use on whole systems. The tests with the model suggest that the ground vegetation composition is reasonably well predicted, that much research remains before the model is fully tested and operational, and that the model may serve as a tool for assessing impacts of climate change, acid rain and forest management on plant biodiversity in forested areas.     

百菌清污染土壤生物修复研究进展

针对百菌清具有在土壤中药效稳定、不易分解、代谢周期长、长期大量施加导致土壤严重污染等特点和问题,简要介绍了百菌清的毒性作用机制。总结了降解土壤中百菌清的物理法、化学法和生物法的原理及优缺点。重点阐述了生物修复百菌清污染土壤的主要降解菌株及其效果、降解途径以及降解产物及其毒性,分析了土壤性质、微生物种类、温度、土壤含水率等因素对百菌清降解效果的影响。指出今后的研究重点应为降解中间产物的毒性分析及其进一步的降解与转化问题,而复合菌制剂或多酶复合体系可实现百菌清的彻底降解和无害化。     

生物吸附在染料废水处理中的应用

生物吸附是微生物细胞和其它物质发生的一系列非发酵关联的吸附过程,其主要作用包括物理和化学吸附、静电作用、离子交换、络合、螯合、微量沉淀等。与生物降解相比,生物吸附不会产生有毒的代谢产物,为染料废水的处理和回收提供了一条经济可行的途径。综述了微生物对染料吸附的作用机制及影响因素如pH、温度、染料初始浓度等,介绍了生物吸附的发展现状及前景。     

Urban Metal Flows – A Case Study of Stockholm. Review and Conclusions

Metals have rapidly accumulated in the anthroposphere, especiallyin urban areas, indicating possible environmental and resource problems. Here, Stockholm City was chosen for a case study of urban metal flows, i.e. metal inflow to, metals in the stock of,and metal outflow from the anthroposphere to the biosphere. Themetal stock of Stockholm is large and still growing. The large amounts of metals in the solid waste fraction totally dominatethe outflow from the city. For major parts of the stock, the emissions from goods in use are negligible. There are, however,goods applications corresponding to significant emissions: e.g. the traffic sector (Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb), the tapwater system (Cu), roofs/fronts or other metal surfaces (Cu, Zn). Today's known metal flows from the anthroposphere of Stockholm to the biosphere and sewage sludge are quantitatively dominated by Zn(34 ton y^-1) and Cu (14 ton y^-1). Historical and present emissions have resulted in high metal concentrations insediments (especially Cd, Hg and Pb, but also Cu and Zn), groundwater (Cu, Hg) and in soils (Hg, Cu, Pb). At present theannual median concentrations are below the Swedish limits for metals in sewage sludge, even if the safety margins aresmall for Cd, Hg and to some extent Cu. The flows of Cu and Zn to Stockholm soils are high with a significant accumulationindicating an environmental impact in a longer time perspective.High levels of metals in surface sediments in the waterenvironments reflects an ongoing input where these metals aretransported from known (Cu, Zn) and or partly unknown (Cd, Hg, Pb) sources. In future urban areas, monitoring of metal flows must be performed both in the anthroposphere and the biospherein order to have a pro active approach to urban environmentalproblems and to get prompt answers to measures taken.     

循环经济模式构建探讨（续前）

（接上期）4循环经济模式的实践4.1国外循环经济模式解析由于国情不同、发展阶段不同、科技文化发展水平和传统不同,以及制度、体制、机制不同,所以各国在循环经济认识与实践方面有较大差异。