灾害风险感知研究现状及趋向

近年来各种自然灾害频发,给人类社会经济发展和生命财产安全带来了极大的负面影响。灾害损失不仅受到致灾因子的影响,也与人们的灾害风险感知及应对行为紧密相关,灾害风险感知研究已成为当前国际灾害风险管理的研究热点和前沿领域之一。在对国内外灾害风险感知研究文献系统分析基础上,从概念界定、研究方法和影响因素等方面对灾害风险感知研究进行了评述。尽管国内外灾害风险感知研究取得了一定的进展,但在研究对象的确定、相关测量范式和具体因素分析等方面依然存在诸多不足,未来相关研究仍有很大的探索空间。最后,提出了未来灾害风险感知研究的重点趋向,包括拓宽风险感知研究领域、完善风险感知测度方法、强化风险感知应对机制等。     

基于透镜效应的灾害风险感知理论框架研究

风险感知研究一直是灾害研究的热点之一，但是其理论研究在风险社会放大框架被提出之后便乏善可陈，急需引入新的理论全面解读风险感知过程。该文借鉴物理学上的透镜成像规律，提出风险感知透镜效应框架。灾害风险感知就是灾害情景信息经过风险驿站接收、处理和传递，形成风险映像的过程。在风险感知的形成过程中，灾害情景和距离是影响风险映像大小的两大关键因素。灾害情景后果越严重，风险驿站感知的风险越大。在同一灾害情景下，随着灾害情景与风险驿站距离的变化，风险映像分别呈现实像与虚像，且距离焦点越近，风险映像越大。受灾者和旁观者视角的风险感知是有区别的，风险感知结果通过风险映像大小来评价。基于透镜效应的灾害风险感知研究，是多学科交叉融合的产物，也是对风险感知研究的理论贡献。     

秦岭山地旅游灾害风险感知及其影响因素分析

山地旅游在全球旅游发展格局中占有十分重要的地位,但是山地旅游目的地面临着严重的游憩风险和游客安全问题。以我国著名的山地旅游目的地秦岭为例,分析游客的灾害风险感知及其影响因素。首先,提出旅游灾害风险感知的三个假设并构建理论模型;然后,通过问卷调研和档案式实证法,验证假设和理论模型;研究认为,游客情感依恋、灾害信息质量两个因素对秦岭山地旅游灾害风险感知具有正向影响作用,同时旅游灾害风险感知与游客行为倾向呈负向影响关系。     

基于心理距离的灾害可接受风险研究

公众对灾害风险的可接受程度既受客观灾害事件的影响,又受主观风险认知的影响,因此可接受风险研究必须将主观与客观风险结合起来。公众对灾害风险的主观判断,主要受心理距离的影响。在现有时间距离、空间距离、概率距离研究的基础上,增加了人际距离、信息距离、情绪距离三个维度,共同组成心理距离体系。公众离心理距离原点越远,灾害风险认知越弱。心理距离影响着灾害风险传输到公众的过程,会使公众感知的主观风险增大或减小,其与公众个体属性、灾害风险情景都会影响公众的可接受风险,但是公众个体属性与可接受风险之间的关系并不十分明确。因此,可以通过心理距离和灾害风险情景的分析来评价公众灾害风险接受性,接受性越小,公众越不能接受灾害风险。     

台风灾害社区韧性感知评估研究

居民感知是检验韧性社区建设的主观但直接的工具。文中在界定台风灾害社区韧性感知内涵的基础上,分析了台风灾害社区韧性感知的路径;进一步从社区韧性“能力—过程—目标”三维度内涵构建台风灾害社区韧性感知评估理论框架。该理论框架包含设施稳定感知、响应效率感知、居民参与感知、灾害程度感知、物质建设感知和组织建设感知6个维度,能全面反映台风灾害下居民对社区韧性的感知。然后,采用专家赋权法确定所识别的28个评价指标的权重,形成台风灾害社区韧性感知评价指标体系。最后,选取浙江温岭3个社区作为研究案例进行了实证研究,并基于感知的评价结果,对台风灾害社区韧性的提升提出针对性的建议。     

山区农民泥石流灾害风险感知和可接受风险研究

基于泥石流灾害可接受风险调查问卷的分析,从泥石流灾害关注程度和类型、可接受性及灾害可接受风险3个方面阐述农民对泥石流灾害可接受风险的感知和态度。研究结果表明：(1)农民普遍关注泥石流灾害,主要关注的灾害后果是财产损失,财产损失中主要关注的是房屋;(2)农民对泥石流灾害可接受性分别是：距离为<5 km、频次为100年1次或更长时间1次、预警时间为<1 h和保险费用为<100元;(3)农民可接受的受灾人数、死亡人数、死亡比例、个人直接经济损失和总直接经济损失分别为≤100人、≤1人、≤5×10^-7/a、≤1 000元和≤10万元;(4)影响农民对泥石流灾害风险感知和风险态度以及可接受风险水平的主要人口特征是36～45岁、女性、受教育程度初中学历以及收入<1 000元/月的群体。     

国家级海洋公园灾害风险评估研究进展

通过梳理近10年国内外相关文献,阐述了国家级海洋公园面临的灾害风险因素,并在灾害风险要素、风险评估指标、风险评估方法以及评估体系运用等几个方面对当前国家级海洋公园灾害风险评估研究现状进行了述评。对今后国家级海洋公园灾害风险评估方法的发展提出思考,提出通过增强国家海洋公园灾害风险的各类影响因子之间的定量分析,构建国家海洋公园灾害风险评估与可持续发展的有效协调,完善国家海洋公园灾害风险相关类的数据库等研究展望,希望能为国家级海洋公园的生态环境研究与灾害风险评估研究提供参考。     

自然灾害风险评估与灾害易损性研究进展

自然灾害风险评估是区域减灾防灾重要的基础工作之一。从风险概念和风险度的表达入手,探讨了自然灾害风险评估的对象及其构建的指标体系,对主要自然灾害风险评估方法进行了综合比较,并对灾害易损性评估研究进行了总结,认为对灾害风险下的生态系统易损性关注不多。因此以区域为研究尺度,构建了生态系统灾害风险评估框架,选择危害风险性指数反映灾害危险程度,选择防灾能力指数、承灾能力指数、恢复力指数等构建了生态系统灾害易损性评估指标体系。在对自然灾害风险评估研究认真梳理的基础上,认为复杂性灾害系统的研究、灾害易损性基础理论及定量方法的探索、自然灾害风险研究体系的时空尺度的扩展、自然灾害风险评估精度和可信度的提高是未来灾害风险评估值得重视的趋势。     

基于情景的自然灾害风险时空差异多维表达框架

时空差异是风险的一种本源特性。自然灾害作为一种自然和社会现象,其风险时空差异的研究有助于微观地认识灾害规律性和风险动态性,为有效防范灾害与规避风险提供强有力的支持。综述了国内外自然灾害风险时空方面的研究,从情景出发构建了具有普适性的自然灾害风险时空差异的多维表达框架,提出了灾害风险时空差异评估技术框架,所提理论和方法可供后续应用研究参考。     

基于监测数据挖掘的高铁气象灾害风险评估方法研究

气象灾害风险评估对高铁气象灾害防御具有重要的指导作用。在分析了影响高铁运行的主要气象要素的基础上,研究了高铁气象灾害风险评估指标体系,包含致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体暴露性、脆弱性和防灾减灾能力等,探讨了高铁多灾种和单一灾种的气象灾害风险评估方法。以大风灾害风险评估为例,建立了大风灾害风险评估指标体系,基于熵权法研究了大风危险性,在此基础上,采用加权综合评价法对大风风险进行了分析。结合具体线路风监测数据,研究了相应线路大风风险,并进行了风险区划。与基于气象部门数据开展的铁路气象灾害风险评估相比,基于铁路气象要素监测数据的气象灾害风险评估对气象要素的时空特性反映更加细致,更能代表铁路沿线气象灾害特征,研究可为高铁气象灾害防治提供参考。     

Natech事件风险评估研究进展

Natech(自然灾害诱发事故灾难)事件在全球大范围内发生,造成了严重的人员伤亡、经济损失和环境破坏,已经成为风险评估领域新的研究热点之一。回顾了Natech事件的相似研究和被单独提出后的研究历程,包括:灾害链和灾害链式理论研究、多米诺效应研究和Natech事件定量风险评估研究。简要评析了目前主要的三类Natech事件研究思路:损失模型、评估指标体系和预警时间指标,并根据Natech风险评估结果,对应对Natech事件提出建议。     

辽西北玉米不同生长阶段干旱灾害风险阈值的确定

以辽宁省西北6个市为研究区,选取玉米为研究对象,将其划分为播种期、苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆成熟期几个重要的生长阶段,综合气象与气候学、自然地理学、灾害科学、作物生态学和自然灾害风险科学等多学科的理论和方法,在充分考虑影响玉米干旱灾害动态风险的自然因素和人为因素的基础上,利用AHP、加权综合评价法、自然灾害指数法建立了玉米干旱灾害动态风险评价指标体系及模型;通过选取典型干旱案例年,运用最优分割理论在综合考虑玉米产量损失的基础上确定了玉米不同生长阶段的干旱灾害风险阈值,并用于玉米不同生长阶段干旱灾害风险值与玉米因旱减产损失的相关分析中。结果表明:辽西北地区玉米因旱减产损失与苗期干旱灾害风险值相关系数最大,玉米受苗期干旱灾害影响最严重;在灌浆成熟期相关性也较显著,受其影响也较大,这与辽西北地区春旱发生频率最高,伏旱时常发生的事实相符合。     

Operationalizing risk perception and preparedness behavior research for a multi-hazard context

Increasingly, citizens are being asked to take a more active role in disaster risk reduction (DRR), as decentralization of hazard governance has shifted greater responsibility for hazard preparedness actions onto individuals. Simultaneously, the taxonomy of hazards considered for DRR has expanded to include medical and social crises alongside natural hazards. Risk perception research emerged to support decision-makers with understanding how people characterize and evaluate different hazards to anticipate behavioral response and guide risk communication. Since its inception, the risk perception concept has been incorporated into many behavioral theories, which have been applied to examine preparedness for numerous hazard types. Behavioral theories have had moderate success in predicting or explaining preparedness behaviors; however, they are typically applied to a single hazard type and there is a gap in understanding which theories (if any) are suited for examining multiple hazard types simultaneously. This paper first reviews meta-analyses of behavioral theories to better understand performance. Universal lessons learnt are summarized for survey design. Second, theoretically based preparedness studies for floods, earthquakes, epidemics, and terrorism are reviewed to assess the conceptual requirements for a ‘multi-hazard’ preparedness approach. The development of an online preparedness self-assessment and learning platform is discussed.     

Exploring the spatial dimension of community-level flood risk perception: a cognitive mapping approach

Environmental perceptions are central to individuals’ behavioural interactions with the environment. Cognitive maps, portraying a spatial representation of an individual’s environmental perception, can be aggregated to gain insight into the collective environmental perception of groups and populations. This paper uses cognitive mapping techniques to examine one aspect of environmental perception, flood risk perception, within a residential population (n?=?305). Flood risk perception was examined for the whole sample and six subgroup pairs. Using subgroups allowed examination of how factors previously shown to influence flood risk perception influence the cognitive map production in this population. We use a novel technique (slope analysis) to examine how the population’s perception of flood risk compares with expert assessments of flood risk, and compare the results of this novel technique with a commonly used cognitive map analysis technique (majority threshold method). Both methods identify areas where there is consensus within the population as to which areas are at risk of flooding. However, slope analysis usefully identifies areas where the population’s perception of flood risk lacks consensus, and is at odds with expert assessments of flood risk, without the loss of information inherent in the majority threshold method. Thus, this technique provides a novel approach to studies of environmental perception that can be widely applied within many fields.     

环境风险感知的心理测量范式研究述评

环境风险感知研究是近年来环境风险领域研究的一个新的热点.该领域的研究反映了公众对环境风险及环境风险管理的偏好和价值观.将该方面的研究纳入环境风险管理的决策过程是有效实施环境风险管理的基础.阐述了环境风险感知的内涵,着重阐述了心理测量范式的假设、流程和因子分析描述,总结了该方法在环境风险感知领域的国内外研究状况及其意义和存在的缺陷,并在此基础上对心理测量范式在环境风险感知领域的研究前景进行了展望,提出了需要进一步研究的问题.     

风暴潮洪水风险图制作研究

在对洪水灾害风险图进行研究和归纳的基础上,根据上海市的地形、沿海提防、洪涝灾害等特点,分析了上海市风暴潮洪水灾害的成因,以及这些因素与洪灾危险程度间的相关关系。借助模糊数学方法,求出危险程度隶属度。在地理信息系统平台上,采用多边形叠置分析和聚类分析等手段,研究洪水灾害危险程度区划的方法,进而绘制成洪水风险图。风险的评估采用了多指标综合评估方法,不仅计算了洪水的自然风险,同时考虑了防洪工程风险的影响。     

Risk transference and related trends: driving forces towards more mega-disasters

Abstract

In recent decades, the global cost of natural disasters has increased substantially. There are several trends in society and nature that suggest this pattern may continue, with more frequent mega-disasters occurring in the future. In particular, risk perception that is at odds with the “reala” risk underlies the process of risk transference which encourages development that increases long-term vulnerability.     

Risk communication and risk perception: lessons from the 2011 floods in Brisbane,Australia

Risk communication and risk perception are critical factors in disaster management. Governments at all levels play a part in communicating risk, whereas the perception of risk entails active roles by community participants, including potential and actual victims of disasters. This paper discusses these matters in relation to the floods in Brisbane, Australia, in 2011. The findings are based on interviews with representatives of households whose dwellings or business premises were fully or partially inundated by the waters. The research shows how important it is to recognise the problems of institutional fragmentation in terms of communication and the active engagement of recipients in understanding and interpreting flood risk information (especially for slow‐onset riverine flooding, such as that suffered by Brisbane). Locally targeted information on risk is of vital importance in avoiding the misinterpretation of warning information in relation to environmental cues and in promoting adequate responses. The paper concludes with some recommendations.     

Compliance with recommended protective actions during an H7N9 emergency: a risk perception perspective

This study investigates the factors determining an individual's response to official recommended protective measures, based on the Health Belief Model and the Protective Action Decision Model, to understand the adoption of protective behaviour during an H7N9 (Avian Influenza A) emergency. A public survey involving 1,375 respondents was conducted in Anhui Province, China, during the 2013 H7N9 outbreak to test the research model and hypotheses. The results indicate that protective, stakeholder, and risk perceptions influence positively an individual's willingness to take recommended actions. Protective and stakeholder perceptions also have a positive bearing on lay people's risk perceptions. A stakeholder perception is a vital determinant of a protective perception. More importantly, the effects of protective and stakeholder perceptions on behavioural responses to recommendations are mediated in part by risk perception. These findings can help public health officials to develop messages to encourage members of the population to protect themselves effectively during an influenza crisis.     

People's risk perception of glacial lake outburst flooding: a case of Tsho Rolpa Lake,Nepal

Previous research indicates that people's perception of risk from a particular hazard positively influences their adoption of effective mitigation strategies and responses. This research investigates the risk perceptions of people living downstream from Tsho Rolpa Glacial Lake of Nepal. Field surveys revealed that people living beneath the Tsho Rolpa glacial lake possess a low risk perception despite the probability of a glacial lake outburst at their location. Further investigation reveals that many individuals have made no adjustments in response to the potential disaster. The low risk perception on the part of the riverine population is chiefly attributed to the cry-wolf effect of the 1997 evacuation that followed an inaccurate prediction of a Tsho Rolpa outburst. Previous remediation structures were kept in place, but appear to have created a false sense of security among those at risk. This overconfidence in the rudimentary efforts employed thus far is illustrated by the fact that many residents have moved their infrastructure even closer to the river channel in recent years. Partial mitigation efforts have muted people's perceptions of the environmental risk and have therefore increased the vulnerability of the communities to a probable outburst flood.