表面活性剂对苯胺和偶氮苯的增溶作用研究

文章研究了SDS、TX-100和鼠李糖脂等表面活性剂对苯胺和偶氮苯的增溶作用,探讨了不同表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度、胶束热力学参数与增溶动力学方程,并采用~1H NMR分析了苯胺和偶氮苯对SDS和TX-100质子化学位移的影响。结果表明不同表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度受温度影响明显,表面活性剂SDS和鼠李糖脂对苯胺的增溶效果显著,TX-100对偶氮苯的增溶效果明显。正交实验结果表明在313.15 K、pH 7.0、离子浓度20 g/L条件下,鼠李糖脂对苯胺增溶浓度可达20.7 g/(g·L),但在碱性条件下对偶氮苯增溶效果不明显。     

生物源表面活性剂对焦化土壤中多环芳烃增溶效能研究

考察了单一生物源表面活性剂鼠李糖脂、黄腐酸、槐糖脂、烷基糖苷、无患子皂苷及鼠李糖脂与各非离子生物源表面活性剂复配体系对萘和菲的增溶效能,并将优选的淋洗剂体系应用于焦化场地土壤多环芳烃（PAHs）的去除.结果表明：相较其他生物源表面活性剂,鼠李糖脂和黄腐酸对萘的增溶效果更好;对于菲的增溶,槐糖脂的增溶效果更好,这与其较低的临界胶束浓度和多环芳烃的性质有关.生物源表面活性剂复配体系的增溶能力较单一表面活性剂明显增强,以3∶1复配时增溶效果最佳.60 mmol·L^-1的鼠李糖脂-黄腐酸复配体系（3∶1）对土壤中萘的去除率可达96.64%,分别是单一鼠李糖脂和黄腐酸的1.09倍和2.21倍;而对土壤中蒽、苯并（a）蒽和苯并（k）荧蒽的去除率远低于萘,分别为63.31%、42.51%和39.10%,这是由于PAHs与鼠李糖脂-黄腐酸复配体系的相互作用随苯环数的增加而减弱.本研究可为生物源表面活性剂及其复配体系高效修复PAHs污染土壤提供科学依据.     

鼠李糖脂与疏水底物及其降解菌的相互作用

通过鼠李糖脂对假单胞菌GP3A菌株降解芘的增溶和降解实验,研究了在鼠李糖脂作用下,菌体细胞表面疏水性和脂多糖含量的变化、菌体表面基团与生物表面活性剂分子的键合作用以及相应疏水底物的增溶和降解．结果表明,当鼠李糖脂浓度高于其临界胶束浓度（60mg·L^-1）时,能显著增加疏水底物芘的表观溶解度;生物表面活性剂能通过溶出细...     

鼠李糖脂表面活性剂复配体系对芘的增溶特性

该研究采用Tween 80、Triton X-100、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、槐糖脂(SL)、烷基糖苷(AG)6种常用的表面活性剂与鼠李糖脂(RL)进行复配,研究不同复配表面活性剂对芘增溶效率的影响.结果 发现:Triton X-l 00、Tween 80可以显著提高RL对芘的增溶效率;低浓度(＜600 mg/L) SL与RL复配也可促进芘溶解;AG与鼠李糖脂复配对芘增溶效率影响较小;加入SDS和SDBS则抑制RL对芘的增溶效率.通过Clint等模型分析发现,鼠李糖脂与Triton X-100复配后分子间产生协同效应,当两者质量比为9:1时对芘的增溶效率较高并且具有良好的pH稳定性,优于其他复配体系.该研究可为鼠李糖脂在多环芳烃增溶应用中的推广提供理论依据.     

几种表面活性剂对柴油及多环芳烃的增溶作用

研究表面活性剂在多种柴油HOCs(疏水性有机物)组分共存条件下对PAHs(多环芳烃)的增溶作用.选用阴离子表面活性剂LAS(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)和SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠),非离子表面活性剂TX 100(曲拉通X-100)和TW 80(吐温80)及生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂和烷基糖苷,评价表面活性剂对柴油的增溶效果,并筛选出LAS,TX 100和鼠李糖脂,进行柴油中PAHs的增溶试验.结果表明,表面活性剂对柴油增溶作用顺序为鼠李糖脂> TX 100 >烷基糖苷> TW 80> LAS>SDS.在多种柴油组分共存条件下,PAHs的表观溶解度与表面活性剂浓度具有良好的线性关系.表面活性剂对柴油中PAHs的增溶作用顺序为鼠李糖脂> TX 100 > LAS.鼠李糖脂具有较低的临界胶束浓度和较复杂的分子结构,能够形成更多、更大的胶束,有利于柴油及PAHs的增溶.      

逆胶束体系中纤维素酶解特性研究

通过采用几种不同属性类型的表面活性剂构建逆胶束体系,以羧甲基纤维素为底物,研究了纤维素酶解的特性.通过电导率的测量,确定由CTAB、SDS、Tween-80和鼠李糖脂构造的逆胶束体系的最大增溶水量W0(W0=[H2O]/[SA])分别为15.2、20.1、2.3和40.3.在此条件下,考察了不同表面活性剂浓度和不同纤维素酶用量对逆胶束体系酶解行为的影响,并与水溶液体系的酶解反应进行对比.结果表明,单位底物条件下,纤维素酶用量为0.15 FPU/g,CTAB、SDS、Tween-80和鼠李糖脂浓度均为1 cmc时,逆胶束体系酶解产量最高,其中鼠李糖脂体系产量可达198.03 mg,分别比CTAB、SDS和Tween-80体系高了10.89%、31.09%和45.30%.CTAB、SDS、Tween-80和鼠李糖脂浓度为1 cmc时,其逆胶束体系酶解产量比水溶液体系分别高了34.36%、21.24%、11.44%和34.62%.在最佳表面活性剂浓度条件下单位底物酶用量为5 FPU时,逆胶束体系酶解反应从经济和糖产量方面考虑均为最适合.生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂体系的产量高于3种化学表面活性剂体系,说明生物表面活性剂在构建逆胶束体系及增强逆胶束稳定性能上具有特殊的潜力.     

表面活性剂对苏云金芽孢杆菌J-1降解BDE-209的影响

表面活性剂对有机污染物污染的环境有增效修复作用。本文通过考察鼠李糖脂、蔗糖脂肪酸酯和茶皂素对BDE-209的增溶作用、对菌J-1生长的影响及菌J-1对表面活性剂的利用,研究了3种表面活性剂对菌J-1降解BDE-209的影响及机理。结果表明：3种表面活性剂对BDE-209的增溶能力大小为：鼠李糖脂>蔗糖脂肪酸酯>茶皂素。低浓度鼠李糖脂（<100 mg/L ）、蔗糖脂肪酸酯（<50 mg/L）和茶皂素（<50mg/L）都能促进J-1对BDE-209的降解,且促进作用随表面活性剂浓度增加而增强,最高分别可将BDE-209降解率提高23.18%,16.47%和12.64%。3种表面活性剂中、高浓度均对J-1降解BDE-209有抑制作用,当鼠李糖脂、蔗糖脂肪酸酯和茶皂素浓度为1000 mg/L时,J-1对BDE-209的降解率分别降低35.32%、16.54%和27.76％。低浓度表面活性剂的促进作用是增溶和协同代谢的综合效应;中等浓度的蔗糖脂肪酸酯（200-700mg/L）和茶皂素（100-200mg/L）的抑制作用是由于底物竞争或（/和）表面活性剂胶束内裹BDE-209阻碍了菌J-1 与其接触所致;而高浓度表面活性剂的抑制作用是由于表面活性剂对菌J-1的毒害所致。     

用于湿法净化黑烟表面活性剂筛选的数学模型研究

湿法净化燃煤窑炉中的黑烟,关键在于表面活性剂对炭黑的润湿、增溶和降低表面张力作用.根据研究筛选的数学模型,计算AEO-9和SDBS混合表面活性剂溶液的亲水亲油平衡值HLB、临界胶束浓度CMC与胶束形成吉布斯自由能ΔG0mf.通过实验测得不同配比AEO-9和SDBS溶液的CMC和处于该CMC时黑烟的去除效率η,分析混合溶液中HLB、CMC、ΔG0mf与η的关系,建立新的数学模型.结果表明,理论CMC与实测CMC吻合度较好;HLB与ln[CMC]线性相关;ΔG0mf与η存在二次函数关系.降低CMC可以有效增大HLB,增加溶解度,减小形成胶束的吉布斯自由能,降低表面张力,使形成胶束的反应更容易自发进行,有效提高黑烟去除效率.     

柴油微乳体系对生物油增溶性能研究

利用鼠李糖脂(RL)为表面活性剂,不同碳链长度正构醇为助表面活性剂构建柴油逆胶束体系,进而研究了该体系对模拟生物油的增溶性能.以单位柴油逆胶束增溶生物油的量为评价指标,研究了生物油和柴油的体积比B/D、醇的种类、醇与表面活性剂的质量比C/R及表面活性剂的浓度对生物油增溶性能的影响,并对最佳增溶条件下获得的生物油/柴油微乳体系进行了性能分析,包括元素分析、傅里叶红外分析、热稳定性和燃料产品指标分析等.当生物油与柴油的体积比B/D为3:7,RL浓度为15g/L,助表面活性剂选用正庚醇且醇与表面活性剂的质量比C/R为2.0时,柴油微乳体系增溶生物油的量最大,性能较佳.     

反胶束体系中漆酶催化愈创木酚的研究

采用4种不同属性类型的表面活性剂(CTAB,Tween-80, AOT以及鼠李糖脂)构建反胶束体系,以木质素模式物愈创木酚为底物,研究了漆酶在反胶束环境中催化愈创木酚的特性,通过对不同反胶束环境中漆酶酶活的对比,确定在4种反胶束体系中,适合酶解反应的最佳表面活性剂浓度和对应的最佳含水率w0.分别为:CTAB浓度20mmol/L,w0=20;Tween 80浓度50mmol/L,w0=25;AOT浓度30mmol/L,w0=10;鼠李糖脂浓度10mmol/L,w0=30.并考察了表面活性剂类型属性对愈创木酚在反胶束体系中酶解行为的影响和底物动力学.结果表明,最佳表面活性剂浓度以及对应的最适含水率条件下,阴离子表面活性剂AOT和鼠李糖脂的反胶束体系中愈创木酚底物的催化效果较好,鼠李糖脂反胶束体系中底物的催化率最高,反应6h后分别比 CTAB、Tween-80以及AOT反胶束体系中的转化率高44.12%、34.6%、29.43%.     

Emissions of C2 – C12 hydrocarbons in the Hsuehshan tunnel, Taiwan

The concentrations of 56 hydrocarbons from C2 to C12 were measured simultaneously in the southbound bore, the northbound bore and the exhaust air shafts of the Hsuehshan tunnel near Yilan, Taiwan for 12 days during 2007 and 2008. A total of 60 integrated air samples were collected using stainless steel canisters and analyzed using GC/FID and GC/MS. The five most abundant species in all samples were ethylene, acetylene, isopentane, propylene and toluene. The exit/entrance ratios of total non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) concentration were 7.8 and 4.8 for the southbound and northbound bores, respectively. Furthermore, the exhaust from the vertical shafts affects air quality in the neighborhood. The most abundant species of emission rate (ER) was toluene (21.93–42.89 mg/sec), followed by isopentane, ethylene, propylene and 1-butene, with ER ranging from 2.50 to 9.31 mg/sec. The species in the three exhaust air shafts showed that the reactivities of these emissions are similar to those of vehicle emissions. Notably, the control of emissions in the vertical shafts of the vehicle tunnel will be important in the future.     

杭州典型区域C2-12质量浓度变化及臭氧潜势量分析

利用荷兰Synspec公司的GC955-611/811在线气相色谱系统于2006年9月20日—10月11日对杭州市区5个典型区域的ρ(C2-12)进行了自动连续监测. 结果表明:ρ(C2-12)以次干道最高(为189.0 μg/m3),主干道次之(为165.6 μg/m3),云栖清洁对照区最低(为109.9 μg/m3).下沙经济开发区的C2-12主要来自化工企业的排放,云栖清洁对照区主要来自植被排放,其他区域主要来自机动车排放.各区域芳烃以甲苯、乙苯等苯系物为主,均占芳烃总量的90%左右;烷烃中w(正己烷)最高;烯烃中异丁烯,1,3-丁二烯的含量最高;各组分最大臭氧潜势量在5个典型区域中均以异丁烯、甲苯较大.      

Potential bias from non-continuous monitoring of ambient ozone concentrations for characterizing hourly and daily 7- and 12-hour average concentrations

Researchers using chamber experiments to investigate O₃ effects on vegetation do not always monitor O₃ concentrations continuously. Errors introduced because of non-continuous monitoring during experimental treatments may result in the inadequate characterization of hourly average concentrations, with the consequence that summarized exposure indices may provide inaccurate linkages between experimental results and the standard-setting process. We have investigated the uncertainties associated with limited sampling to characterize (1) hourly average and (2) daily 7- and 12-h average O₃ concentrations. As expected, accuracy increased with increased sampling; over- and underestimation of hourly values was directly related to whether the actual concentrations were increasing, decreasing or stable from one hour to the next. When non-continuous sampling was used at sites experiencing small changes from one hour to the next, more than 85 and 60% of the estimated hourly average values were within ±5 and ±2.5 ppb of the actual values, respectively. For a site where average O₃ concentrations changed rapidly from one hour to the next, a greater error was observed. For the daily 7- and 12-h average values, when hourly average concentrations did not change rapidly from one hour to the next, 85% or more of the estimated values agreed within ±2 ppb, independent of sampling frequency. Greater uncertainty was experienced when hourly average concentrations changed at a faster rate. When considering the uncertainties associated with non-continuous sampling, investigators should specify the level of accuracy needed to characterize hourly average concentrations and then select the number of samples per hour required to meet that objective.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) in blood from children (age 9–12) in Taizhou, China

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as ubiquitous persistent organic pollutants have attracted much attention in recent years. Exposure to PBDEs could induce a high health risk for children. The aim of this study was to investigate the PBDEs exposure of children (9–12 years) from Taizhou, China. Fifty-eight blood samples were collected in one school in a mountainous area in Taizhou. The concentrations of Σ9PBDEs (sum of BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, -197 and -209) ranged from 2.66 to 33.9 ng/g lipid wet (lw) with a median of 7.22 ng/g lw. These concentrations were lower than those of children in USA, but close to European and Asian general population levels. The results showed that children in Taizhou countryside were at a low level of PBDEs exposure. The predominant congener was BDE-209, followed by BDE-28, -47, -197 and -153. High abundance of BDE-209 was consistent with the pollution background of PBDEs in China characterized by high brominated congeners as main pollutants.     

最严重的12方面环境问题--摘译自贾里德·戴蒙德《崩溃:社会如何选择失败还是成功》

在我看来。过去和现在社会所面临的最严重的环境问题．可以归纳为12个方面。其中8个过去早已凸显，另外4个只是最近才变得严重即能源、光合作用上限、有毒化学品和大气变化。