生物滴滤器净化甲苯废气研究

为探索气态挥发性有机污染物（ＶＯＣｓ）高负荷生物滴滤器（ＢＴＦ）处理的可能性，采用筛选出的纤维附着活性载体材料，用经以甲苯为唯一碳源驯化而得的微生物菌种，进行了甲苯废气的净化实验。结果表明：采用ＡＣＯＦ的ＢＴＦ最大消除能力值可达２８０ｇ／ｍ＾２．ｈ。在甲七小于２８０ｇ／ｍ＾３．ｈ，停留时间１５．７ｓ的条件下，表观气速２３０ｍ／ｈ时间可保持９０％以上的净化效率。闲置恢复实验表明：数地的停运闲置对设备     

厌氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度食品废水的应用

采用由完全混合的厌氧生物反应器和板杠式超滤膜组成的膜生物反应器对高浓度食品放心水进行处理,考察了厌氧膜生物反应器的处理效果及其对负荷、水力停留时间等的稳定性,膜组件装填面积为０．６４ｍ＾２,膜材质为聚醚砚（ＰＥＳ）,膜截贸分子量为２００００。结果表明：ＣＯＤ负荷在２～３ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）时,膜出水ＣＯＤ去除率可达８０％～９０％,当ＣＯＤ负荷超过４．５ｋｇ（ｍ＾３．ｄ）时,混合液ＶＦＡ出现积累,Ｃ     

用高效染料脱色菌和PVA降解菌混合培养液处理印染废水

在厌气－好气－活性碳三级串联工艺系统中，用７株高效染料脱色降解菌在厌气池中接种，在好气池中用聚乙烯醇降解菌富集培养液接种挂膜处理含ＰＶＡ和ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤｃｒ＜０．２的印染废水，经日处理１７ｔ废水的中试表明，当进水ＣＯＤｃｒ，ＢＯＤ５，ＰＶＡ，洗涤剂和色度含量分别为６８０ｐｐｍ，１１０ｐｐｍ，１３４ｐｐｍ，２．９４ｐｐｍ和６５倍时，在厌气池，好气池和活性碳池中的水力负荷分别为３．１７，３．０，１４     

几种化学浸提剂对底泥重金属生物有效部分浸提效果的比较

采用微生态系统生物长期暴露试验,比较５种化学浸提剂对底泥重金属生物有部分的浸提效果。结果表明,０．００５ｍｏｌ／ＬＤＴＰＡ＋０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＴＥＡ＋０．０１ｍｏＬ ＣａＣｌ２,ｐＨ７．３０是一种适合于食腐屑底栖动物的底泥重金属生物有效部分浸提剂;而０．００５ｍｏｌ／ＬＤＴＰＡ＋１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮＨ４ＨＣＯ３．ｐＨ７．６８则一种适合于滤食性动物和水生根系植物底泥重金属生物有效部分浸提剂。     

活性炭-H2O2催化氧化降解对氨基苯酚(PAP)废水

以活性炭作催化剂、Ｈ_２Ｏ_２作氧化剂催化氧化降解对氨基苯酚（ＰＡＰ；结果表明，在Ｈ_２Ｏ_２／CＯＤ_０＝１．０，活性炭／Ｈ_２Ｏ_２＝０．５，ｐＨ＝２的条件下，降解反应可在１８０ｍｉｎ内结束，ＰＡＰ的去除率高于９９％，ＣＯＤ去除率达７４．０％，与Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂法相比较，ＣＯＤ去除率提高１．７５倍．并对降解机理作了初步的探讨．     

聚乙烯醇包埋厌氧活性污泥处理废水的最优化条件研究

研究以聚乙醇为主要包埋材料的混合载体法固定厌氧活性污泥处理有机废水的最优化条件。混合载体由聚乙烯醇（ＰＶＡ）、０．１５％海藻酸钠,２％Ｆｅ粉,０．３％ＣａＣＯ３,４％ＳｉＯ２粉末组成,结果表明,ＰＶＡ８％,初始污泥浓度１５％时最适宜,凝固凝饱和硼ＰＨ对包埋效果有影响,用Ｎａ２ＣＯ３调节硼酸ＰＨ至６．７可使包埋颗粒强度及产ＣＨ４活性提高,混合载体法有效地解决了固定化细胞技术应用于废水处理所面临的成球     

取代芳烃对酵母菌毒性的定量结构－活性相关研究

定量测定了苯胺类、苯甲酸类、卤代苯类、苯腈类、硝基苯类、苯酚类等６类化合物对酵母菌的生长抑制毒性，结果表明化合物的最小产生清晰抑菌圈浓度Ｃ＿（ｍｉｚ）与辛醇－水分配系数及一阶分子连接性价指数有如下关系：ｌｏｇ（１／Ｃ＿（ｍｉｚ））＝０．３８ｌｏｇＫ＿（ｏｗ）＋０．３３￣１Ｘ￣ｖ－０．３８ｒ＝０．９２ｓ＝０．２２ｎ＝７７．在上述６类取代苯类化合物中，它们与酵母菌的反应性大小有如下顺序：卤代苯类≈苯甲酸类＜苯胺类＜苯腈类＜苯酚类＜硝基苯类化合物；用Ｆｒｅｅ－Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ法研究各基团对酵母菌毒性的贡献大小，其顺序为：—Ｂｒ（０．８４）＞—Ｃｌ（０．５４）＞—ＣＨ＿３（０．３９）＞—ＮＯ＿２（０．３５）＞—ＣＯＯＨ（０．１９）≈—ＯＨ（０．１７）≈—ＣＨＯ（０．１７）≈—ＣＮ（０．１４）＞—Ｆ（—０．０３）＞—ＮＨ＿２（—０．０８）．苯胺类、苯腈类、苯酚类、硝基苯类化合物对酵母菌的毒性与化合物的分子连接性指数３Ｘｖ、４Ｘ、３Ｘ有良好的相关性．     

分光光度法测定水样中铬

在ｐＨ４．４ＨＡＣ－ＮａＡｃ缓冲介质及乳化剂ＯＰ存在下，Ｃｒ６＋与二溴羟基苯基荧光酮（ＤＢＨＰＦ）显色反应生成桔红色络合物．该络合物最大吸收位于４８２ｎｍ波长处，表现摩尔吸光系数εｍａｘ＝３．４７×１０４．络合物配位比为Ｃｒ６＋：ＤＢＨＰＦ＝２：３，Ｃｒ６＋在０－１６μｇ／２５ｍＬ范围内遵守比耳定律．方法已用于水样中微量铬的测定，结果满意．     

生物膜厚度对流化床反应器性能影响分析

建立了生物流化床反应器的数学模型,并通过大量试验验证了该模型的可靠性,进而分析了生物膜不同厚度的情况下有机物在其中的分布以及生物膜厚度（δ＝３０－４００μｍ）对生物浓度、效率因子、出水有机物浓度和有机物降解速率的影响。研究结果表明,本试验条件下当进水ＣＯＤ＝５３０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,单位体积生物膜对有机物的最大降解速率为０．５２ｋｇ ＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ）,最佳膜厚为１８０μｍ左右。     

改性PAN基活性碳纤维的SO2吸附性能

为了探索提高聚丙烯腈（ＰＡＮ）活性碳纤维（ＡＣＦ－ＰＡＮ）对ＳＯ２的吸附性能,采用加入不同的活性组分对自制的ＡＣＦ－ＰＡＮ进行改性;研究了ＡＣＦ－ＰＡＮ和经过不同改性后的ＡＣＦ－ＰＡＮ对ＳＯ２的吸附性能。取得性后活性碳纤维为改性前平衡吸附量４ ２倍以上;为活性炭的１０倍左右（ＡＣＦ－ＰＡＮ６２．９ｍｇ／ｇＡＣＦ,ＡＣＦ－ＰＡ（Ⅱ）１－４型１１３．６－１４３．７ｍｇ／ｇＡＣＦ,活性炭１４．９ｍｇ／ｇ     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.