负载型纳米TiO2/AC对偶氮染料的光催化降解研究

以钛酸四丁酯和粒状活性炭(AC)为主要原料,采用溶胶-凝胶-浸渍法制备出负载型纳米TiO2/AC催化剂.在流化床反应器中分别对2种典型的偶氮类染料橙黄G、活性艳红X-3B模拟废水进行了光催化降解研究,探讨了pH值、外加氧化剂对光催化降解率的影响,并对催化剂进行了回收再生利用试验.结果表明,TiO2/AC催化剂具有良好的光催化活性、吸附特性及可再生性,60 min后对2种染料反应的光催化降解率分别可达到99.71%和97 12%,反应180 min后的TOC去除率分别达到81.54%和81.99%;反应后TiO2/AC催化剂回收率大于95%,经焙烧再生后对橙黄G反应60 min的光催化降解率仍高达95.93%.     

Al_2O_3光催化降解染料性能研究

液相加热法制备了Al2O3作为光催化剂,研究了不同光源、光照时间、催化剂用量和溶液酸度等条件对常见有机染料光催化降解性能影响。结果表明,用太阳光作为光源照射3h,50mL染料溶液中加入Al2O3 30mg,溶液pH8～10,孔雀石绿,酚藏花红,甲基紫等染料脱色率达93%以上。将使用过的Al2O3经过简单处理,孔雀石绿溶液脱色率仍达到94.1%,催化性能稳定,可以重复利用。通过紫外可见光谱分析,表明染料分子在催化剂和光照条件下发生了降解。     

g-C3N4-P25/光合细菌复合材料降解偶氮染料废水的机理

采用海藻酸钙将g-C3N4-P25和光合细菌进行共固定,合成了光催化-微生物复合材料,并进行了降解模拟偶氮染料废水的研究.结果表明,光催化-微生物复合材料的染料(活性艳红X-3B)脱色率和COD去除率分别为94%和84.7%,远远大于固定光催化剂与固定光合细菌.利用UV-Vis、FT-IR及GC-MS对反应残留物进行表征,根据结果可推测:由光催化产生的自由基和光合细菌共同破坏X-3B的偶氮结构,生成的苯胺类化合物经过一系列的水解、氧化还原作用生成多种具有苯环结构的化合物,然后自由基破坏苯环结构产生长链烷烃,减少芳香烃化合物的累积对光合细菌活性的影响.光合细菌及时利用光催化生成的长链烷烃,产生分子量较小的物质,最后矿化为CO2和H2O.     

BiOAc/BiOX(X＝Cl,Br)复合材料的制备及其对混合染料的去除

铋系半导体光催化剂虽然光响应范围广、催化性能稳定,但光生电子和空穴复合率高、光催化效率低,形成二元异质结是解决该问题的有效途径.该研究在室温下,采用化学沉淀法制备花球状BiOAc,然后通过离子交换法与BiOX(X=Cl,Br)复合形成BiOAc/BiOX二元异质结光催化材料.利用XRD、SEM、TEM、N₂吸附解吸等温线、UV-vis DRS、EIS等技术表征材料的晶体结构、光学性质及光生载流子复合情况.以阳离子混合染料〔罗丹明B(RhB)、亚甲基蓝(MB)〕和阴离子混合染料〔靛红(Isatin)、达旦黄(Titan yellow)〕作为目标污染物评定样品的光催化性能及重复使用性;通过捕获试验对BiOAc/BiOX光催化体系中的反应活性物种进行检测,并对光催化机理进行了推测.结果表明:①通过离子交换过程,BiOAc和BiOX成功地复合在一起形成异质结结构.②BiOAc与BiOX的摩尔比为6∶1时,复合材料具有最佳的光催化性能.③BiOAc/BiOBr比BiOAc/BiOCl对阳离子染料的吸附能力更强,有利于染料的光催化降解.④重复试验表明该方法合成的BiOAc/BiOX复合材料具有较好的稳定性.⑤光催化反应过程中起主要作用的活性物种是·O₂-和h+,光生电子在BiOAc和BiOX导带间的传输抑制了电子空穴对的复合,提高了光催化效率.以上研究结果表明,该BiOAc/BiOX复合材料在染料废水的深度处理方面具有潜在的应用前景.      

Recent advances based on the synergetic effect of adsorption for removal of dyes from waste water using photocatalytic process

The problem of textile dye pollution has been addressed by various methods,mainly physical,chemical,biological,and acoustical.These methods mainly separate and/or remove the dye present in water.Recently,advanced oxidation processes(AOP)have been focused for removal of dye from waste water due to their advantages such as ecofriendly,economic and capable to degrade many dyes or organic pollutant present in water.Photocatalysis is one of the advance oxidation processes,mainly carried out under irradiation of light and suitable photocatalytic materials.The photocatalytic activity of the photocatalytic materials mainly depends on the band gap,surface area,and generation of electron–hole pair for degradation dyes present in water.It has been observed that the surface area plays a major role in photocatalytic degradation of dyes,by providing higher surface area,which leads to the higher adsorption of dye molecule on the surface of photocatalyst and enhances the photocatalytic activity.This present review discusses the synergic effect of adsorption of dyes on the photocatalytic efficiency of various nanostructured high surface area photocatalysts.In addition,it also provides the properties of the water polluting dyes,their mechanism and various photocatalytic materials;and their morphology used for the dye degradation under irradiation of light along with the future prospects of highly adsorptive photocatalytic material and their application in photocatalytic removal of dye from waste water.     

Solar photocatalytic decomposition of two azo dyes on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO2 composites

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO₂ composite photocatalysts with high photoactivity were prepared by sol-gel process and further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and UV-vis absorption spectra. Compared to pure TiO₂, the combination of MWCNTs with titania could cause a significant absorption shift toward the visible region. The photocatalytic performances of the MWCNTs/TiO₂ composite catalysts were evaluated for the decomposition of Reactive light yellow K-6G (K-6G) and Mordant black 7 (MB 7) azo dyes solution under solar light irradiation. The results showed that the addition of MWCNTs enhanced the adsorption and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ for the degradation of azo dyes K-6G and MB 7. The effect of MWCNTs content, catalyst dosage, pH, and initial dye concentration were examined as operational parameters. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of two dyes was found to follow a pseudo-first-order rate law. The photocatalyst was used for seven cycles with photocatalytic degradation efficiency still higher than 98%. A plausible mechanism is also proposed and discussed on the basis of experimental results.     

TiO2光催化降解PFOA的反应动力学及机制研究

全氟辛酸(PFOA)是一种新的持久性有机污染物,其处置技术是研究的热点.以UV254 nm紫外灯为光源,采用商品TiO2(P25)对PFOA进行光催化降解实验,并考察pH、TiO2用量、初始浓度、反应气氛对降解的影响.结果表明,反应符合准一级动力学方程,pH对反应有重要影响,氧气存在下能提高反应效率.在pH为3,TiO2用量为1.5 g·L-1,通入空气条件下反应7 h实现基本降解,速率常数为0.4206 h-1.投加俘获剂实验表明,空穴(h+)是主要的活性物质,其对反应速率贡献率为66.1%;羟基自由基(·OH)也参与PFOA的降解过程;投加NaF实验表明,PFOA在TiO2上吸附是反应发生的首要条件.UPLC-QTOF/MS分析表明,PFOA光催化降解逐级生成短链全氟羧酸(PFCAs).     

超薄硫掺杂石墨相氮化碳纳米片光催化降解双酚A

内分泌干扰物双酚A (BPA)的广泛分布对水环境和人类健康造成了潜在的威胁. 为探究超薄硫掺杂的石墨相氮化碳纳米片(US-CN)对BPA的光催化降解性能及其降解机理,使用US-CN对BPA进行了光催化降解,使用电子顺磁共振(EPR)检测了光降解过程中产生的反应性氧自由基(ROS),通过密度泛函理论(DFT)结合自然布局分析(NPA)计算了BPA的原子电荷值,使用LC-MS检测了BPA光催化降解过程的中间产物. 结果表明:①US-CN在可见光(VL)下(简称“US-CN/VL体系”)100 min内对BPA的去除率可达66.39%,去除率的准一级反应动力学常数约为石墨相氮化碳(CN)的6倍. ②在US-CN/VL体系中添加L-组氨酸后,60 min内BPA的去除率从50.00%降至6.45%,表明单线态氧(1O₂)是导致BPA降解的主要ROS. ③在US-CN/VL体系中,1O₂可能由超氧自由基或溶解氧转化产生. ④基于密度泛函理论计算了BPA分子易被1O₂攻击的富电子原子位点, 并检测出BPA的5种降解中间产物,推测BPA在US-CN/VL体系中可能存在去甲基化和羟基化两种降解路径. 研究显示,US-CN在可见光下能产生以1O₂为主的ROS,攻击BPA的富电子原子,对BPA有良好的光催化效果.      

TiO2-石墨烯（Gn）复合材料光催化降解O3研究

通过改性Hummer法及溶胶凝胶法,制备出TiO2-石墨烯光催化复合材料.经吸附-光催化活性实验选出光催化活性最高的含C量为1.5%(质量分数)的TiO2-石墨烯复合材料,并在自行设计的模拟大型客机环境的气相光催化反应器中,进行O3光催化降解实验研究.结果表明,TiO2-石墨烯复合光催化材料在较短时间内对O3有较高的降解效率,且其光催化活性显著优于纯TiO2材料.初始O3浓度为(0.150～0.200)×10-6时,复合光催化剂受紫外光激发60 min的光催化降解率为66.12%,初始O3浓度为(0.950～1.000)×10-6时,其光催化降解率约为77%,较低浓度时((0.100～0.150)×10-6),O3去除率也能达到45.45%.此外,通过探讨光催化材料的重复使用性能,表明复合光催化剂重复使用4次以内,其对O3的光催化降解率保持基本稳定.     

Degradation of Reactive Yellow 86 with photo-Fenton process driven by solar light

The decolorization of Reactive Yellow 86(RY 86),one of reactive azo dyes,was investigated in the presence of Fenton reagent under solar light irradiation.The decolorization rate was strongly influenced by pH,initial concentrations of H 2 O 2 and Fe(II),and so on.An initial concentration of 40 mg/L was decolored more than 90% after 20 min under optimum conditions.The activation energy of the solar photo-Fenton reaction was 1.50 kJ/mol for RY 86 in the temperature range of 10-60°C.In the kinetic study,the rate constant of RY 86 with OH· radicals could be estimated to be 1.7 × 10 10 L/(mol·sec).The decolorization efficiency of RY 86 under solar light irradiation was comparable to the artificial light irradiation.The decrease of TOC as a result of mineralization of RY 86 was observed during photo-Fenton process.The rate of RY 86 mineralization was about 83% under UV irradiation after 24 hr.The formation of chloride,sulfate,nitrate and ammonium ions as end-products was observed during the photocatalytic process.The decomposition of RY 86 gave two kinds of intermediate products.The degradation mechanism of RY 86 was proposed on the base of the identified intermediates.     

负载型TiO2/蛇纹石光催化降解4BS染料的研究

以蛇纹石为载体,利用TiOSO4为前驱体,采用水解-沉积法将TiO2超细粒子包覆在蛇纹石表面制得TiO2/蛇纹石负载型光催化剂。探讨了pH值、焙烧温度及光催化剂中TiO2与蛇纹石比例对偶氮直接耐酸大红4BS水溶液的光催化脱色降解的影响。结果表明,在pH为2～4,500℃条件下有明显地脱色效果。     

MOFs衍生CuO/ZnO催化剂的制备及其光催化性能的研究

利用Cu₃(BTC)₂为材料模板制备金属氧化物CuO,通过光沉积引入Zn2+煅烧合成双金属氧化物催化剂CuO/ZnO,研究了该催化剂在可见光条件下对罗丹明B的光催化降解性能,确定了罗丹明B在降解过程中的主要活性物种,并利用液相原位红外技术探究其降解机理。结果表明:MOFs衍生物CuO/ZnO催化剂具有优良的光催化降解能力,可见光响应150 min后,对10 mg/L罗丹明B的降解率最高达到67.56%以上,其中发挥主要作用的活性物种是超氧自由基·O₂-;经过5次循环实验后降解率仍在50%以上,证明该材料具有较好的可重复利用性。通过液相原位红外光谱检测,分析推断罗丹明B分子在降解过程中存在乙基、羧基和苯环芳香环结构的破坏以及氨基副产物的释放过程。该研究结果可为高效光催化体系的开发及污染物降解机理的研究提供参考。     

附载TiO2光催化降解咪蚜胺农药

以主波长３６５ｎｍ的黑炽荧光灯为光源,研究了由ＣＭＣ－Ｎａ附载ＴｉＯ２光催化降解咪蚜胺农药的过程。结果表明,咪蚜胺农药在３＊８Ｗ黑炽荧光灯照射下,经附载ＴｉＯ２作用３ｈ后可降解５０％以上,其光解可用假一级动力学方程表示。     

溶液pH及电流浓度对电化学法生成羟基自由基降解机制的影响

用电化学稳态极化曲线分析方法讨论了溶液pH值及电流浓度对染料降解脱色的影响.实验结果表明,pH值将影响着阴极反应的方向、电极电位与染料降解脱色的效果.在酸性溶液中有利于过氧化氢的生成,阴极电位较低,但不利于随后的絮凝步骤;在中性溶液中染料降解脱色的综合效果较好,COD_Cr去除率可达80%以上.文中还讨论了电流浓度对降解脱色效果的影响,当电解槽内电流浓度达0.5 A/L时可取得满意的效果,电流浓度太大时,体系将伴随着析出氢气等的副反应,降解反应的电流效率下降.      

复合材料BiOI/BiOCl的制备及可见光催化降解活性艳红X-3B

以乙二醇为溶剂,利用溶剂热方法制备了不同I/Cl比的BiOI/BiOCl可见光催化材料.同时,采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(DRS)和光致荧光光谱(PL)对所制备材料的晶相、元素价态和光学性质等进行了表征,并以活性艳红X-3B为目标化合物,研究了不同I/Cl比对X-3B光催化降解动力学的影响.分析结果表明,BiOI和BiOCl能够得到很好的复合,在可见光范围内有很好的吸收.降解实验结果表明,I/Cl摩尔比为9∶1时,复合材料对X-3B的可见光降解效率最高,一级反应动力学速率为0.0133 min-1;TOC和COD在3 h内分别降低28%和25%左右,证明能够对所选目标染料在一定程度上实现矿化;在光催化降解活性艳红X-3B过程中起主要作用的为光生空穴.此外,还对复合材料光催化性能提高机理进行了探索与推测.     

水中微量消毒副产物的光催化降解

采用光催化氧化工艺考察了饮用水部分消毒副产物的光催化降解效果.结果表明,TiO₂薄膜催化剂在低压汞灯照射下能明显提高致癌致突变有机物的光降解速率,其中卤代烷烃的光催化降解较光降解提高了3～7倍,而烯烃和芳香类物质的光催化降解较光降解也提高了2～3倍.总地来说,不同物质的降解规律为苯乙烯的降解速率最大,邻甲酚其次,烯烃较烷烃的光催化降解速率有明显提高,芳香烯烃较脂肪烯烃的降解速率高,而氯代烷烃的光催化降解效果非常接近.     

硅胶负载TiO2光催化降解吡啶

以硅胶为载体，钛酸四丁酯为原料，用溶胶-凝胶法制备负载型TiO2，在UV-TiO2体系中对吡啶(PD)进行光催化降解，并研究了降解体系的紫外吸收光谱和pH值对光催化降解体系的影响。结果表明：负载型TiO2光催化剂加入量为60mg／40ml，吡啶的光催化降解反应符合一级动力学方程；吡啶中氮转化成氨氮。碱性条件下的降解率高于酸性条件下的降解率；TiO2负载后利用率提高了6倍左右。     

蒽醌-2-磺酸盐强化电辅助微生物体系对偶氮染料的脱色效果

为了提高微生物对偶氮染料的降解效率,将电辅助引入微生物还原降解过程,对比研究了EAMS（电辅助微生物体系）、ECS（电化学体系）和MS（微生物体系）对偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B的降解效果,并考察了不同摩尔浓度的AQS（蒽醌-2-磺酸盐）对电微生物体系降解染料的强化作用.结果表明:反应24 h时,EAMS对活性艳红X-3B的去除率达到99.8%,比MS（去除率为61.9%）和ECS（去除率为27.1%）二者之和还要大10.8%;EAMS对活性艳红X-3B的降解过程符合一级反应动力学特征.当c（AQS）为0.050 mmol/L时,降解最快,一级动力学常数为1.962 h-1,是未添加AQS（0.2644 h-1）的7.42倍.加入AQS后,体系中电流升高,说明AQS加快了降解过程中电子传递速率.研究显示,AQS的加入实现了电极-远离电极的微生物-染料之间多相反应界面远程电子传递过程,使整个体系的微生物都可以快速发挥作用,达到强化降解偶氮染料.      

Photodegradation mechanism of two dyes: the influence of adsorption behavior on the novel TiO2 particles

The relationship between adsorption behavior and photocatalytic mechanism of the two dyes was investigated. Adsorption isotherms showed that the adsorption of cationic pink FG was Langmuir type behavior, while the reactive brilliant red k-2G was Freundlich type behavior. The increasing pH favored the adsorption of FG but have little effect on the photodegradation. The increasing pH favored the adsorption and the photodegradation of k-2G. The presence of scavenger of hvb^ and OH. radical potassium iodide inhibited the degradation of k-2G, free radicals scavenger tetranitromethane inhibited the photodegradation of FG. These results indicated that the photodegradation of FG mainly via free radicals in solution, and the photodegradation of k-2G was mainly on the catalysts surface or near the interface of solid and solution by react with hvb^ and surface-bound OH.. The different effect of SO4^2- , HCO3^- on the adsorption and photodegradation of two dyes confirmed these results.     

Fe3+、Ce3+掺杂TiO2光催化降解气相二苯并呋喃

以气相二苯并呋喃为研究对象,考察了在TiO2、Ce3+/TiO2和Fe3+/TiO2 3种不同光催化剂作用下,反应物初始浓度、湿度、气体循环速率和光强等因素对间歇式光催化反应速率的影响,并建立了估算和测定二苯并呋喃光催化反应常数和Langmuir吸附常数的数学模型和方法.结果表明,Fe3+和Ce3+掺杂修饰TiO2光催化剂后,提高了对二苯并呋喃的光催化降解活性,其中Fe3+/TiO2光催化活性最高;随着二苯并呋喃初始浓度的增大,其光催化降解速率也随之增大;适量的水蒸气存在可以促进二苯并呋喃的降解,但当水蒸气过量后,反而阻碍二苯并呋喃光催化降解;随着气体循环速率加快和光强的增大,二苯并呋喃光催化降解初始速率也随之增大;TiO2、Ce3+/TiO2和Fe3+/TiO2光催化降解二苯并呋喃反应速率常数k分别为34.54×10-5、36.23×10-5和37.95×10-4mg.(min.m2)-1.