污染场地修复技术分类研究与案例分析

污染场地修复是一项复杂的工程实践,包括场地调查、方案筛选、修复施工等多个环节。中国在该领域还处于起步阶段,因此全面了解污染场地修复技术的分类、筛选流程以及应用现状,对于在我国开展污染场地的修复工作具有重要意义。本文详细阐述了污染场地修复的各类技术、筛选程序和现阶段存在的问题,并以某化工厂治理工程为例,介绍土壤淋洗技术的应用现状,以期为该类污染场地修复技术的筛选及工程应用提供参考。     

污染场地修复技术筛选方法及应用

污染场地修复技术的筛选是场地监管中的重要环节,修复技术的适用性直接影响场地修复效果及费用.确定最适修复技术时需综合考虑污染物特征、场地条件、修复费用及时间等多种因素,目前我国在污染场地修复技术筛选时多依赖专家赋值评分,在决策方法的推广上受到限制.本文在国内外相关研究基础上,考虑我国污染场地监管需求,提出土壤修复技术初筛及详细评价方法,并建立了修复技术筛选指标体系.为解决在各指标赋值及评价过程中存在的模糊性问题,利用可拓理论进行修复技术等级划分.以我国某铬渣污染场地为例,开展了土壤修复技术筛选研究,提出了最适的修复技术,研究成果可为我国污染场地监管工作提供科技支撑.     

污染场地修复技术的分类、应用与筛选方法探讨

污染场地修复是污染场地管理的重要环节,目前该领域在我国还处于起步阶段,全面了解污染场地修复技术的分类、适用范围、筛选程序以及应用现状与趋势,对于在我国开展污染场地的修复与管理工作具有重要意义. 系统地论述了污染场地修复技术的分类方法,以美国超级基金场地修复为例,阐述了目前不同污染场地修复技术的应用状况,并对一些常用的污染场地修复技术进行了参数比较. 同时,介绍了美国超级基金污染场地修复技术的筛选方法与技术政策. 通过对数10年来超级基金场地修复技术的选择与应用进行分析,提出我国污染场地修复的对策和建议.      

污染场地修复决策支持系统的设计与实现

在城市化进程中由于企业搬迁产生了大量的污染场地,其潜在的环境风险和再利用问题,已成为城镇管理者和公众关注的焦点。污染场地修复是一项复杂的工程实践,包括场地调查、风险评估、场地修复等多个环节。针对污染场地修复过程中场地信息管理和修复技术决策问题,基于最新颁布的污染场地修复技术导则,采用GIS组件式开发技术与可视化编程语言C#结合SQL Server 2008数据库,设计并开发了污染场地信息管理与修复决策支持系统。系统具有污染场地信息综合管理、场地特征分析和修复技术筛选3项主要功能,并支持在线专家咨询,辅助完成污染场地修复相关报告。系统为污染场地修复工作者提供方便的管理工具和决策参考,在编制污染场地修复技术方案过程中发挥辅助作用。     

基于PROMETHEE Ⅱ法的POPs污染场地修复技术评价体系

随着城市化进程和经济结构调整,许多生产POPs化工厂关停并转或迁出主城区,遗留了许多POPs污染场地。鉴于POPs的长期残留性和高毒性,污染土壤严重影响周围的生态环境,阻碍土地再利用。对POPs污染场地实施修复,可有效阻止对人体健康造成危害、促进土地资源的保护与可持续发展。在江苏省目前开展的POPs污染场地修复工程基础上,整理了目前较为主流化的修复技术,并参照国内外污染场地修复技术筛选的基本方法,梳理了POPs污染场地修复技术选择路线。利用PROMETHEE II评价方法,初步构建POPs污染场地修复技术评价筛选体系。运用该体系评价省内一处已修复的POPs污染场地,得出的评价结果符合实际情况,表明所构建的体系具有可行性和实用性。     

张家口市某机械厂原址电镀污染场地土壤修复工程实践

机械厂电镀加工过程中产生的电镀废水,会造成土壤六价铬和氰化物污染。以长期利用电镀工艺的污染场地修复项目为依托,通过前期场地环境调查和风险评估结果,分析场地土壤污染程度和污染范围,确定修复目标和工程量;综合场地特性和污染特征,进行修复技术筛选,确定以"化学氧化+化学还原-固化/稳定化"为核心的污染土壤修复技术工艺;通过小试和中试,获得最佳修复药剂组成和添加比例,并进行工程实施。结果表明:Cr(Ⅵ)和氰化物复合污染土壤经化学氧化+化学还原-固化/稳定化工艺处理后,最大超标浓度由原来的37.3,186.0 mg/kg,分别降低至对应的标准限值3.0,22 mg/kg以下,Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度<0.5 mg/L,满足修复要求。该修复工程的成功实践,可以为其他复合污染场地修复工程的设计与实施提供参考。     

基于模糊综合评估的污染场地可持续修复效果综合评价方法研究

污染场地修复的目的是消除土壤污染并实现再利用.为防止消极修复和过度修复带来的新的环境影响,本研究基于可持续修复理念,以系统科学地综合分析污染场地修复工程的可持续效果为研究目标,结合理论分析法和频度分析法确定污染场地可持续修复效果评价模型的候选评价指标,采用灰色关联度分析法对评价指标进行系统筛选,并应用AHP-熵权法计算推导出评价指标权重值,利用模糊综合评估(fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,FCE)结合评价标准体系和评价指标权重值构建了污染场地可持续修复综合评价方法,对我国东北地区某化工污染场地修复效果进行了综合评估.结果表明：在污染场地可持续修复综合评价中环境指标组合权重值(0.473 57)最大,其中土壤质量状况改善的权重(0.215 02)最高;健康风险削减和污染场地地价提升分别为社会和经济指标中的重要因素.实例验证中案例污染场地的最终可持续性评分为7.70分,在“良好”的评价区间内,与实际修复情况一致,结果可指导修复方案的优化.研究显示,构建的污染场地可持续修复综合评价方法具有可行性,可对污染场地修复方案的制定、比选以及修复后效果的综合评价提供技术支...     

污染场地修复决策支持系统的几个关键问题探讨

场地土壤和地下水环境污染问题已成为近年来我国环境保护领域关注的焦点和热点.污染场地修复决策支持系统是在场地勘察与风险评估基础上,筛选最佳的修复技术,以制定经济高效的场地污染治理方案.本文探讨与分析修复决策系统的框架、模型、方法等关键环节,评估与总结了国际上现有40多种修复决策软件的模块及功能.针对我国场地污染问题,综合国际前沿的思想与理念,提出适合我国现阶段经济社会发展水平的决策支持系统开发思路.     

上海某工业场地绿化土壤修复工程案例研究

以上海某工业场地的修复工程为例,介绍了对于工业场地绿化土壤的一种高效、廉价、安全和绿色的修复方式.通过添加土壤改良剂和绿化种植,采用土壤修复技术及其工程措施实施修复,取得较好的修复效果.工程实施过程包括施工前的准备、施工工艺、修复后土壤的养护、二次污染防治和工程项目验收等.结果表明:该修复方式不仅可以促进绿化改善,起到很好的绿化景观效果,对现场周围环境干扰较小,还能实现"边生产边修复",可为其他同类工程项目的实施提供借鉴和参考.     

某焦化厂旧址氰化物污染地下水修复工程实例分析

介绍了某焦化厂旧址氰化物污染地下水原位注入修复工程。前期场地调查及风险评估,确定场地污染现状、修复目标及修复工程量。通过修复技术比选,确定适合项目的修复技术路线。小试试验确定适宜的氧化药剂(二氧化氯)及药剂添加范围。现场中试试验,确定单井注入影响半径、注入压力及药剂的最佳投加比。修复施工完成后,由第三方检测机构对修复工程进行采样、检测,根据检测结果评估修复效果。该项修复工程的成功实施能够为其他类似污染场地土壤修复项目提供参考。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.