Experimental study on simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification based on highly active absorbent

Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO from flue gas by the highly active absorbent prepared from fly ash, lime and a few oxidizing manganese compound additive was studied using a flue gas circulating fluidized bed （CFB） under different experimental conditions. The effects influencing the removal effiencies were discussed. The optimal flue gas temperature, flue gas humidity, gas velocity of CFB and Ca/（S＋N） molar ratio with this process were approximately 110℃, 6%, 1.8 m/s and 1.05, respectively. Removal efficiencies of 92.3% for SO2 and 60.88% for NO were obtained under the optimal experimental conditions. While the spent absorbent appeared in the form of dry powder, the mechanism of removal for SO2 and NO based on the highly active absorbent was investigated by a scanning electron microscope （SEM）, a X-ray energy spectrometer and the chemical analysis methods. The valuable references can be provided for industrial application by the process. The foreground of application will be vast in China and in the world.     

工业燃煤锅炉烟气循环方式下飞灰的汞吸附特性

为探究燃煤锅炉烟气循环方式下飞灰汞的吸附特性,利用固定床汞吸附装置,对立式煤粉沉降炉不同模拟烟气循环工况条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附特性进行了研究,重点考察了烟气循环比例、煤种、关键燃烧气体组分等因素的影响.结果表明:①烟气循环工况条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附能力明显优于非烟气循环工况（空气燃烧）条件下形成的飞灰,并且随烟气循环比例的增加,飞灰汞吸附量呈逐渐增加趋势.褐煤在净烟气循环比例为60%、40%、20%的条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附量分别是非烟气循环条件下的3.0、2.3和1.6倍.②烟气循环引起燃烧气体氛围中ρ（SO₂）与ρ（NO）的变化会影响飞灰的物化特性及其汞吸附性能.随燃烧氛围中ρ（SO₂）的提高,飞灰汞吸附量先增后减.烟气循环比例为40%且燃烧气体氛围中ρ（NO）为803 mg/m3条件下,ρ（SO₂）为2 857 mg/m3时褐煤与烟煤燃烧形成的飞灰汞吸附量较高（分别为0.45和0.75 μg/g）,分别较ρ（SO₂）为1 428和4 286 mg/m3时提高了25%~300%和53%~78%.随燃烧氛围中ρ（NO）的提高,飞灰汞吸附量呈逐渐增加趋势.烟气循环比例为40%且燃烧气体氛围中ρ（SO₂）为2 857 mg/m3条件下,ρ（NO）为1 205 mg/m3时褐煤和烟煤燃烧形成的飞灰汞吸附量较高,分别较ρ（NO）为803和402 mg/m3时提高了1.2~3.6和1.1~1.6倍.③飞灰中UBC（未燃尽碳）、CaO、MgO及Fe₂O₃可促进飞灰对汞的吸附.与褐煤飞灰相比,烟煤飞灰表现出更优的汞吸附性能,与UBC、CaO、MgO及Fe₂O₃在飞灰中的含量存在一定的正相关性.研究显示,烟气循环方式下飞灰汞吸附特性发生明显变化,煤质的合理选择、烟气循环比例、循环气体成分及浓度参数的优化控制可显著改善燃煤锅炉烟气中汞的排放控制效果.      

垃圾焚烧中硫化合物对重金属Pb迁移分布影响

采用管式炉和模拟垃圾对垃圾焚烧中硫化合物(包括S、Na2S、Na2SO3、Na2SO4)、焚烧温度、重金属初始加入浓度以及焚烧停留时间对Pb迁移分布的影响进行了研究.使用ICP-AES分析技术(美国EPA消解方法)对重金属浓度进行测量.结果表明,垃圾焚烧中4种硫化合物的加入均使得Pb在底渣中的分布比例比未加入硫化合物时的分布比例降低.Pb在底渣中的分布比例随加入S和Na2S含量的增加而减少,相应地在飞灰中的分布随S和Na2S加入量的增加而增加,而Pb的迁移分布比例受Na2SO3和Na2SO4含量变化的影响不显著.温度的升高使得Pb向飞灰中的分布比例逐渐增加,整个试验温度范围内Pb在烟气中的分布均为0.初始浓度的增加也使Pb在底渣中的分布比例逐渐升高,飞灰中的分布比例逐渐下降.停留时间的增加会使得Pb在底渣中的分布比例降低,相应地在飞灰中的分布比例会增加.     

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.     

垃圾焚烧炉掺烧陈腐垃圾及其配风优化的数值模拟

以某350 t/d的垃圾焚烧炉为研究对象,采用CFD模拟方法研究了城市生活垃圾掺烧填埋场陈腐垃圾及不同配风方案对燃烧过程、流场分布及NO_x排放规律等影响。结果表明:掺烧陈腐垃圾延后了床层焦炭燃烧过程,有利于挥发分析出,从而使燃烧区及烟道气相燃烧更剧烈,提高了炉膛整体温度,但也加剧了局部超温,同时一烟道出口NO_x浓度从247.85 mg/Nm3降低到198.75 mg/Nm3。工况4增大了上下层二次风,使燃烧区流体充分混燃,且烟道流体湍动度增大,使炉膛内温度更加均匀,有利于缓解一烟道高温腐蚀现象。合适的配风比可极大降低一烟道出口NO_x浓度,使之从198.75 mg/Nm3降至89.80 mg/Nm3,同时也延长了炉膛烟气的停留时间。该研究结果可为垃圾焚烧炉改进陈腐垃圾掺烧比和配风比提供参考。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的污染特性

对我国两种占主导地位的焚烧炉炉型-炉排炉和流化床产生的焚烧飞灰进行分析,包括16个采用炉排炉的主要生活垃圾焚烧厂和部分使用流化床的生活垃圾焚烧厂,对焚烧飞灰从重金属含量,氯、硫、碱含量,二英含量方面对我国生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的性质做比较全面的归纳和总结。统计结果表明炉排炉焚烧飞灰重金属含量要高于流化床焚烧飞灰,Zn的最高含量在10倍以上,均值也在7倍左右,Cu的最高值为7倍,均值为3倍,Cd,Pb,Cr,Ni的均值为7倍,4倍,4倍和1.5倍。Hg的差别最小,高出30%;炉排炉焚烧飞灰的氯、硫、碱含量全面高于流化床焚烧飞灰,炉排炉焚烧飞灰和流化床焚烧飞灰的平均氯含量分别为15.41%,1.71%,SO3的平均含量分别为10.67%,2.875%,焚烧飞灰的K2O和Na2O含量接近,炉排炉焚烧飞灰的平均含量为6.06%,5.325%,流化床焚烧飞灰的平均含量为2.43%,2.63%,两种类型的焚烧飞灰在碱含量上差别没有氯、硫大;焚烧飞灰的二英含量差别巨大,炉排炉和流化床焚烧飞灰二英含量低值比较接近,而高值炉排炉焚烧飞灰要高出流化床焚烧飞灰很多。     

垃圾焚烧烟气中二恶英零排放技术的实践

介绍了绍兴新民热电有限公司煤和垃圾混烧循环流化床技术处理城市生活垃圾,焚烧烟气经活性炭吸附、半干法和布袋除尘器净化工艺处理后,烟气中二恶英接近零排放。     

流化床中RDF焚烧时CO、SO2和HCl的生成

在非均匀布风流化床中进行了垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)与煤的混烧试验，测量了H2O、CO、CO2、NO、N2O、HCl、SO2等污染物质的排放特性．结果表明与单纯燃烧RDF相比，混烧时的CO生成量大大下降；SO2生成浓度较低，而HCl的生成量比单纯烧煤时明显增加．     

煤粉锅炉掺烧石油焦燃烧污染物排放特性的研究

对煤粉锅炉掺烧石油焦的污染物排放特性作了较详细的研究.煤焦粉的细度对燃烧性能影响很大,因而间接地影响NO_x,SO₂排放;煤焦掺混比以及煤、焦各自的含氮、硫量对NO_x,SO₂排放影响明显;烟气中SO2的浓度随过量空气系数α的增大而减少,过量空气系数α在1.3～1.4之间时,烟气中NO_x的浓度最高.现场调试结果与实验室试验结果基本一致.实际应用中应综合考虑煤焦粉细度、煤焦掺混比以及煤焦中含氮、硫量对其燃烧特性以及NO_x,SO₂排放的影响,以确定合适的细度及煤焦掺混比投入生产运行中.      

污泥与煤在循环流化床混烧过程中的汞排放特性

在密相床截面积为0.23m×0.23m、高度为7 00m的循环流化床燃烧试验装置上进行了含汞污泥与煤的混烧试验.测试并分析讨论了污泥与煤混烧过程中汞的分布,探讨了Ca/S摩尔比、脱硫剂种类、过量空气系数等运行参数以及烟气成分对汞在烟气、飞灰和炉渣中形态分布的影响规律.结果表明,大部分汞进入烟气,且元素汞是混烧烟气中的主要存在形态.钙基脱硫剂对烟气中氧化态汞有较强的吸附脱除作用,CaO对汞的脱除效果要好于CaCO3.随着烟气中SO2、NOx浓度的增大,烟气中二价汞所占份额呈上升趋势.过量空气系数对烟气和灰渣中汞的浓度和形态分布有较大的影响.     

65t/h锅炉循环流化床烟气脱硫系统及经济技术分析

介绍 6 5t h锅炉循环流化床烟气脱硫除尘系统工实例 ,对工程成果和工程效益进行了分析。得出循环流化床烟气脱硫技术 ,不仅具有投资省、运行可靠、对SO2 浓度适应性好的优点 ,而且具有高效脱硫、以废治废等显著的环境效益。监测结果表明 :系统脱硫效率大于 90 % ,烟尘排放浓度大大低于排放标准     

城市生活垃圾焚烧系统中二英的生成与质量平衡

基于一机械炉排式垃圾焚烧炉,调查了2种工况条件下二(噁)英(PCDD/F)在烟气、飞灰和底灰中的分布,并且计算了PCDD/F的质量平衡.在锅炉出口,工况1(RUNl)和工况2(RUN2)条件下烟气中PCDD/F的含量分别为2.602 ng·m-3和1.236ng·m-3.在酸气中和塔(SDS)和旋风除尘器(CP),PCDD/F有一明显的低温生成机制(260～180℃).与锅炉出口烟气相比,RUN1和RUN2条件下的CP出口烟气PCDD/F总量分别增加了82.2%和17.6%,并且增加的PCDDIF主要分布于PCDF.在布袋除尘器(BF)部分,约90%的PCDD/F被捕获进入BF灰.锅炉灰、CP灰、BF灰和各部分烟气中PCDD/F同系物的分布模式大致相同.高的烟气O2含量导致了较多的PCDD/F生成,但烟气中PCDD/F同系物的分布模式并不随O2含量的变化而改变.以四氯～八氯取代PCDD/F总量计算,RUN1条件下生成的PCDD/F分别有10.4%、3.2%、9.3%、64.1%和13.0%分配进入底灰、锅炉灰、CP灰、BF灰和排放到空气中的烟气,相应的值对于RUN2分别为8.6%、8.0%、9.4%、66.7%和7.3%.     

Experimental investigation of ash deposits on convection heating surfaces of a circulating fluidized bed municipal solid waste incinerator

Incineration of municipal solid waste(MSW) is a waste treatment method which can be sustainable in terms of waste volume reduction, as well as a source of renewable energy.During MSW combustion, increased formation of deposits on convection heating exchanger surfaces can pose severe operational problems, such as fouling, slagging and corrosion.These problems can cause lower heat transfer efficiency from the hot flue gas to the working fluid inside the tubes. A study was performed where experiments were carried out to examine the ash deposition characteristics in a full-scale MSW circulating fluidized bed(CFB) incinerator, using a newly designed deposit probe that was fitted with six thermocouples and four removable half rings. The influence of probe exposure time and probe surface temperature(500, 560, and 700℃) on ash deposit formation rate was investigated. The results indicate that the deposition mass and collection efficiency achieve a minimum at the probe surface temperature of 560℃. Ash particles are deposited on both the windward and leeward sides of the probe by impacting and thermophoretic/condensation behavior. The major inorganic elements present in the ash deposits are Ca,Al and Si. Compared to ash deposits formed on the leeward side of the probe,windward-side ash deposits contain relatively higher Ca and S concentrations, but lower levels of Al and Si. Among all cases at different surface temperatures, the differences in elemental composition of the ash deposits from the leeward side are insignificant.However, as the surface temperature increases, the concentrations of Al, Si, K and Na in the windward-side ash deposits increase, but the Ca concentration is reduced. Finally,governing mechanisms are proposed on the basis of the experimental data, such as deposit morphology, elemental composition and thermodynamic calculations.     

循环流化床电站排放烟尘特性及痕量重金属分析

对35t h循环流化床电厂电除尘器入口和出口的烟气气溶胶进行分级取样,得到飞灰浓度和粒度分布以及电除尘器的分级脱除效率.电除尘器对PM10、PM2 5的脱除效率分别为94 34%和91 38%,使部分可吸入烟尘颗粒穿透除尘设备而直接排放到大气环境中.同时对不同粒度飞灰中重金属含量进行了测试,得到痕量元素浓度从高到低依次为Ni,Cr,Cu,Cd,Pb,Hg.痕量重金属含量与飞灰粒径有一定依附关系,其分布规律与煤成分、锅炉燃烧方式和痕量元素自身的挥发特性等因素有关.     

基于污泥掺烧的某生活垃圾焚烧厂烟道气、飞灰及炉渣中的二(口恶)英特征

以我国南方某生活垃圾焚烧厂掺烧10%市政污泥的生活垃圾为研究对象,对前/后口废气、飞灰、炉渣及用于掺烧的污泥中17种二(口恶)英的含量进行了测定,并分析了其指纹分布特征.结合焚烧工况及处理设施,从生成机理角度探讨了二(口恶)英的排放特征、毒性当量浓度主成分特征及主要单体的排放因子线性关系.结果表明：掺烧10%的市政污泥后,废气中二(口恶)英的去除率为99.4%,低于国家排放标准;固体废物中二(口恶)英含量为飞灰 > 炉渣 > 污泥.这说明采用高温焚烧和"活性炭喷射+布袋除尘"装置不会影响掺烧10%污泥的达标排放.指纹分布特征表明,前口废气以1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF和OCDD为主,后口废气以OCDD和OCDF为主;飞灰、炉渣及污泥中的主要单体为OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD、OCDF、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF.主成分分析显示,前口废气和飞灰中的二(口恶)英毒性分布特征相似;炉渣和污泥的毒性分布特征相似;后口废气有自身的特征.这说明在相同工况条件下,经同一设施处理的废物中二(口恶)英排放特征相似.排放因子分析表明,2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF和1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF、1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD和1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD与总毒性排放因子具有较强的线性关系,且呋喃类（PCDFs）强于二(口恶)英类（PCDDs）.     

燃煤污染源排放颗粒物采样方法实验室比对研究

为研究适用于我国燃煤污染源排放颗粒物的分级采样标准测试方法,采用民用小煤炉排放装置结合烟气采集系统,对比研究了直接采样法(双级虚拟撞击PM₁₀/PM_2.5采样器、旋风采样器、总烟尘采样器)和稀释采样法(低压荷电撞击器ELPI配备稀释系统)对烟气中不同粒径颗粒物测试结果的稳定性、相关性、仪器可操作性等特点,并分析了煤质对颗粒物分级测试结果的影响. 结果表明:①从决定系数和残差平方和角度分析,稀释采样法测试结果自身拟合性相对直接采样法差,实测数据点相对分散,95%置信带较宽. 直接采样法中,基于本文确定的清洗和收集方式,旋风采样器测试得到的PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度拟合度高达0.999;双级虚拟撞击PM₁₀/PM_2.5采样器测试结果稳定性也较高,其测试得到的PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度拟合度也为0.999. ②不同颗粒物采样器对烟气中PM_2.5、PM₁₀、TSP的浓度测试结果均表明,稀释采样法与直接采样法测试结果相关性较低;而各直接采样法之间呈高度相关,Pearson相关系数在0.993~0.999之间. ③稀释采样法分级测试结果显示,当颗粒物排放浓度较低时,各级滤膜称量误差叠加可导致PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度测试结果误差较大. 因此,针对常温且颗粒物浓度较低的烟气,建议采用直接采样法;针对高温烟气,稀释采样法可捕集稀释降温过程中形成的可凝结颗粒物. ④各采样方法测试结果表明,相对于燃用无烟煤(如蜂窝煤),燃用烟煤产生的烟气中颗粒物浓度相对较高,且PM_2.5占比较高. 研究显示:稀释采样法能模拟燃煤污染源高温烟气排入大气环境中可凝结颗粒物的形成过程,测试结果更接近真实排放情况;对于常温颗粒物浓度较低的烟气,更适宜采用直接采样法.      

用循环流化床焚烧排水污泥时氮氧化物的生成特性

人们已注意到N₂O既是温室气体之一,又是同温层中破坏臭氧的重要物质。N₂O在循环流化床（CFB）燃烧系统中会大量产生,由于近年来作为废物燃烧器的CFB被广泛地应用,因此废物燃烧过程中N₂O生成特性研究已经成为新的焦点。1995年12月,在一小型石英CFB燃烧系统中观察了活性污泥燃烧。试验结果显示:①在850℃时N₂O排放超过1830 mg/m3;②活性污泥中N向NO和N₂O的转换率与煤炭相比低,③N₂O的排放受烟气中O₂浓度的影响。      

垃圾焚烧中氯化物对重金属Cd迁移转化特性的影响

采用管式炉和模拟垃圾对垃圾焚烧中氯化物对重金属Cd迁移转化特性的影响进行了研究,使用ICP-AES(美国EPA消解方法)、SEM、EDS和XRD分析技术对重金属浓度、灰渣表面形貌、成分和灰渣X射线衍射物相等进行了分析.结果表明,氯化物的加入均使得97％以上的Cd分布于飞灰中,且随氯化物含量的增加在飞灰中的分布逐渐增加.有机氯PVC和无机氯NaCl含量的变化对Cd迁移分布的影响没有显著差别.PVC对Cd迁移分布影响受温度影响显著,550℃时Cd在飞灰中分布为80.51%,850℃时Cd在飞灰中的分布上升为97.91%,但在温度超过CdCl₂的熔点568℃后温度的影响较小.NaCl对Cd的迁移分布受温度影响不明显,加入NaCl后550℃时Cd在飞灰中分布为95.02%,1 000℃时在飞灰中的分布为96.58%.氯化物存在下停留时间对Cd迁移分布没有显著影响.底渣和飞灰的SEM/EDS和XRD分析表明,PVC和NaCl对Cd迁移转化作用机理不同.     

商用垃圾流化床焚烧炉多环芳烃排放的环境评价

对流化床垃圾焚烧炉中PAHs的排放特性进行了研究 .结果表明 ,烟囱烟气为流化床垃圾焚烧炉PAHs排放的主要途径 ,日排放量要高于其它途径 1— 2个数量级 ,且以低分子量物质为主 .脱除剂的添加对烟气中PAHs有减少的作用 ,但却增加了循环出口水中PAHs含量 .不同工况时PAHs环境排放毒性有变化 ,垃圾与煤混烧大于全煤 ,添加脱除剂大于未添加工况 ,但少于垃圾比例高的工况 .垃圾比例越高 ,毒性越大     

A steam dried municipal solid waste gasification and melting process

Considering high-moisture municipal solid waste (MSW) of China, a steam dried MSW gasification and melting process was proposed, the feasibility was tested, and the mass and energy balance was analyzed. Preliminary experiments were conducted using a fixed-bed drying apparatus, a 200 kg per day fluidized-bed gasifier, and a swirl melting furnace. Moisture percentage was reduced from 50% to 20% roughly when MSW was dried by slightly superheated steam of 150°C–350°C within 40 min. When the temperature was less than 250°C, no incondensable gas was produced during the drying process. The gasifier ran at 550°C–700°Cwith an air equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.2–0.4. The temperature of the swirl melting furnace reached about 1240°C when the gasification ER was 0.3 and the total ER was 1.1. At these conditions, the fly ash concentration in the flue gas was 1.7 g·(Nm³)⁻¹, which meant over 95% fly ash was trapped in the furnace and discharged as slag. 85% of Ni and Cr were bound in the slag, as well as 60% of Cu. The mass and energy balance analysis indicates that the boiler heat efficiency of an industrial MSW incineration plant reaches 86.97% when MSW is dried by steam of 200°C. The boiler heat efficiency is sensitive to three important parameters, including the temperature of preheated MSW, the moisture percentage of dried MS Wand the fly ash percentage in the total ash.