连环湖牙门气泡沉积物重金属演化和污染研究

2010年8月在牙门气泡的湖心位置采集了柱状沉积岩心.采用HNO3-HClO4-HF联合消解并运用ICP-MS测试了柱状沉积岩心中金属元素Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Fe、Pb、Zn、Cd、Al、Ba、Ca、K、Li、Mg、Na和Sr的含量,结合沉积岩心年代测定,研究了该湖区沉积物重金属元素演化特征及污染历史.应用富集系数法探讨了湖泊重金属的污染特征.结果表明,1950年以前各元素含量变化趋势平稳,1950～1990年间波动较大,1990年以后金属元素Mn、Zn、Cd、Pb、Fe、Ni、Cr、Cu、Ca、Li和Sr浓度明显增加.牙门气泡重金属元素Mn、Zn、Cd、Pb存在轻微污染,而Ni、Cr和Cu无污染.     

Metal release/accumulation during the decomposition of Potamogeton crispus in a shallow macrophytic lake

Changes in metal concentrations in the litter of Potamogeton crispus were monitored during a consecutive 40-day in situ decomposition experiment using the litterbag method.The accumulation index was calculated and used to indicate the changes in the metals in litter.The results showed that the concentrations of Al,Cd,Cr,Fe,Mn,and Pb in litter increased significantly during the decomposition,while Cu and Zn concentrations decreased dramatically.Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of Al,Cr,Fe,and Mn and between Cu and Zn.Moreover,Cu and Zn both negatively correlated with Al and Fe.The remaining dry mass was negatively correlated with Al and Fe concentrations but positively correlated with Cu and Zn concentrations.Generally the accumulation index values of metals other than Al were less than one,indicating that the litter of P.crispus acted as a source of metals to the surrounding water body.Al was the only metal that showed continuous net accumulation in litter.The net accumulation of Fe and Mn in litter during the last 10 days of the experiment may indicate the precipitation of Feand Mn-oxides.It was estimated that 160 g/m~2(dry weight)P.crispus was decomposed in40 days.This was equivalent to releasing the following amounts of metals:0.01 mg Cd,0.03 mg Cr,0.71 mg Cu,0.55 mg Mn,0.02 mg Pb and 13.8 mg Zn into surrounding water,and accumulating 149 mg Al and 11 mg Fe,in a 1 m~2 area.     

Atmospheric coarse particulate concentrations and dry deposition fluxes for ten metals in two urban environments

The atmospheric coarse particle concentrations of ten metals (Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si and Zn) were measured with the Noll Rotary Impactor (NRI) in the Los Angeles Basin (Claremont) California, and in Chicago, Illinois. The dry deposition fluxes were also measured for the ten elements at the Chicago site. An evaluation of the data demonstrates that the coarse particle mass could be divided into two categories: (1) material that was primarily of crustal origin (Al, Ca, Fe and Si) and (2) material that was primarily of anthropogenic origin (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). The mass of crustal material varied between 15 and 50% of the total coarse particle mass, while the mass of anthropogenic material was <1%. The dry deposition fluxes for the crustal material were between 20 (Al) and 200 (Si) ng m⁻² s⁻¹ while the fluxes for the anthropogenic material were between 1 and 7 ng m⁻¹ s⁻¹ for Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn. The cadmium (Cd) flux averaged 0.02 ng m⁻² s⁻¹.     

Elemental content of soil,sorghum and wheat on sludge-injected agricultural land

The objective of this research was to determine the uptake of heavy metals by plants grown on sludge-injected soil. The study took place at the sludge farm owned by the Manhattan, Kansas, sewage treatment plant, where sludge has been injected since 1976. Soil and two crops, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), were sampled in 1980 after a total of 128 t ha^?1 of sludge (dry-weight basis) had been added to the soil (32 t ha^?1 year^?1). The control area, a farm next to the sludge farm, received only inorganic fertilizer. Four non-essential elements were analyzed (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb), as well as nine essential elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn).Soil in sludge-fertilized fields had more N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr and Ni than did soil from the control fields. In general, concentrations of essential elements in plants grown on sludge were similar to concentrations of essential elements in plants grown with inorganic fertilizer. Concentrations of non-essential elements were also similar, except for the following five exceptions, in which the sludge-treated plants had a higher concentration of the element than did the control plants: Cd in stems of sorghum; Cr in roots of wheat; Ni in roots and grain of wheat; and Pb in roots of wheat. Nickel in grain of wheat grown with sludge was within normal concentration ranges. Cadmium was at low levels in all plants, which indicated that, when sludge was layered below the surface of the soil, transfer of Cd from the soil to the plants was small. Sludge-injection appeared to be an effective method for fertilizing plants.     

耕作方式对紫色水稻土团聚体中有机质及重金属的分布特征影响

通过长期定位试验,研究了常规平作(FPF)和水旱轮作(PR)这2种耕作方式下紫色水稻土不同粒径(1~2、0.25~1、0.05~0.25、0.05 mm)团聚体中有机质和重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe和Mn)的含量和分布特征,探讨了不同粒径团聚体中重金属与有机质的关系.结果表明,两种耕作方式下团聚体粒径组成均以0.05~0.25 mm和0.05 mm为主,土壤和各粒径团聚体中有机质含量均为常规平作高于水旱轮作,且随粒径的减小而降低.耕作方式对土壤重金属含量的影响不显著,但相比于PR,FPF有助于团聚体、有机质和重金属在1~2 mm和0.25~1 mm大粒径团聚体中聚集,降低其在0.05 mm和0.05~0.25 mm粒径团聚体中的分布.相关分析表明,土壤团聚体中重金属含量与有机质的含量呈负相关,它们的总量却呈正相关关系.同一耕作方式下,重金属对有机质变化的敏感程度为MnZnPbCuFeCd,而同一重金属元素对有机质变化的反应则为PR较FPF更敏感.     

太湖流域主要粮食作物中19种元素的背景值及其特征

本研究用等离子体发射光谱法、石墨炉原子吸收法、原子荧光法和冷原子吸收法等对太湖地区糙米和小麦中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Mn、Co、Al、Fe、V、Cr、Mo、P、Ca、Mg、K、Na、Hg、As等19种元素进行测定,经统计学检验分别得出其背景值,发现Hg、As、Pb、Cd和Cr 5种有毒元素的含量均低于卫生标准,对人畜无害。分析了糙米、小麦中元素含量的特征,包括不同作物、不同地区、不同土类之间的元素含量差异,土壤pH值和有机质对元素含量的影响和土壤有效态元素与粮食中相应元素的相关性等。     

Tropospheric aerosols above the thermal inversion layer of Santiago,Chile: Size distribution of elemental concentrations

This paper reports on elemental concentration distribution versus size of particulate matter under 10.2μm, above the thermal inversion layer in Santiago, Chile. Forty-eight-hour samples were collected with Andersen and Berner cascade impactors. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry was used to quantify Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd. These last three elements were found under the detection limit of the technique.The concentration of Ca, Fe, Mg and Mn increases as the sizes of particles increase, while the concentration of Pb increases as the sizes of particles decrease.Analysis by enrichment factors using Fe from local soils as reference shows that Mg, Ca and Mn have a natural origin, and Pb and Zn an anthropogenic origin.The principal component analysis indicates that Mg, Ca, Mn and Fe are very probably coming from peripheral soils or dust from unpaved roads and streets; Pb from motor vehicles; and Zn and Cu from industrial emissions.     

石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源

为研究石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源,利用移动式采样法收集石家庄市不同类型铺装道路积尘,使用ICP-MS和ICP-OES分析测定PM_2.5中Cr、Zn、Mn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Sn、As、Sb、Co、Mo、Cd、Al、Mg、Ca、Fe共16种元素的质量分数.结果表明:石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素质量分数之和依次为支路>快速路>主干道>次干道,与车流量、车辆类型、道路类型等影响因素有关,w（Mg）、w（Ca）、w（Cr）、w（Cu）、w（Ni）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）、w（Sn）、w（Sb）、w（Mo）、w（Cd）的平均值均高于当地土壤背景值,是背景值的1.2~40.5倍,其中Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Sn、Sb、Mo、Cd等元素中,除Pb的富集因子（9.38）接近10外,其他均高于10,来源于人为污染.I_geo（地累积指数）评价结果显示,Cr、Sn（I_geo为4~5）达到强-极强污染水平;Cd、Cu（I_geo为3~4）达到强污染水平;Sb、Mo、Zn（I_geo为2~3）为中-强污染水平,Pb（I_geo为1~2）为中污染水平.多元统计分析结果表明,石家庄市冬季道路积尘中金属元素来源可分为四大类:As、Mo、Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb主要来自机动车和大气中的燃煤沉降;Mn、Co、Sb来自于自然来源、机动车尾气的排放和焊接材料及轴承的磨损;Cr、Cu、Sn主要来自于工业排放的沉降和机动车刹车片磨损;Al、Ca、Mg、Fe主要来自绿化带或机动车携带的土壤尘.研究显示,石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素污染严重,主要来源于交通排放.      

铅低积累大豆的筛选及铅对其豆中矿物营养元素的影响

筛选和培育铅低积累作物品种已被用来降低铅流入到人们的食物链中.本实验采用盆栽方法,研究了16个选定的大豆品种在两个铅处理(500和1500 mg·kg-1)下的生长反应,并评估其对铅的耐性.结果表明,在两个铅处理(500和1500 mg·kg-1)下,大豆中Pb含量有显著差异(p0.05),其平均值分别为0.19和0.27 mg·kg-1.在两种Pb梯度处理下富集系数的范围分别为0.003~0.014和0.002~0.012.16种大豆品种的富集系数在两种Pb梯度处理下均小于0.02,且存在显著差异(p0.05),表明大豆吸收的Pb主要积累在根部.大豆品种:垦丰16号、绥农28号、中黄35号和黑河35号被发现符合低铅积累大豆品种的标准.这4个品种的大豆被进一步用于评估Pb和其他矿质营养元素之间的相互作用,如Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn和Zn.土壤中Pb含量会影响大豆对微量矿物营养元素的吸收,表现为土壤中高剂量Pb能抑制大豆对Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg和Zn的吸收,同时增加其对Mn的吸收和积累.     

柄海鞘中矿物元素含量分析

采用微波消解—火焰原子吸收分光光度法对烟台海域柄海鞘中Mg,Fe,Ca,Mn,Zn,Co,Cu,Ni,Pb,Cr,Cd共11种矿物元素的含量进行了测定。方法的相对标准偏差为0.07%～2.85%,回收率95%～103%。柄海鞘的外背囊和内囊中含有人体必需的矿物元素Cu,Zn,Fe,Mn,Co,Ni,Cr,Ca,Mg和少量的有害元素Cd和Pb,它们的含量顺序依次为:Mg>Mn>Fe>Ni>Ca>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Co>Cd。大规格的海鞘中的各种矿物元素含量均高于中、小规格的海鞘。各种元素在外被囊中的含量要高于内囊。     

垦殖方式对小叶章湿地表土团聚体有机碳分布的影响

研究了2种垦殖方式对三江平原小叶章湿地表土团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响.结果表明,垦殖后,粒径>0.25mm的大团聚体呈降低趋势,大豆田中0.053~0.25mm微团聚体增加;水稻田中主要增加的是1mm及0.053~0.25mm团聚体有机碳含量降幅均呈现大豆田大于水稻田,水稻田>大豆田,小叶章湿地>大豆田>水稻田.水稻田比大豆田土壤有机碳储量稍高,但其微团聚体有机碳储量及其占土壤有机碳储量的比例低于大豆田,开垦为大豆田比开垦为水稻田有利于土壤有机碳长期存留.     

模拟酸雨对泉州市交通区表层土壤重金属淋溶的累积释放特征

用模拟酸雨动态淋溶试验方法和改进的BCR四步提取法研究泉州市交通繁忙区表层土壤中重金属的溶出规律及形态变化,用ICP-AES测定浸出液中Ti、Zn、Co、Ni、V、Fe、Mn、Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd和As的含量。结果表明大部分重金属元素(Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb)累积释放量随模拟酸雨pH值的降低而增加。对土壤中金属释放过程进行数学方程拟合后发现,应用双常数速率方程能更好地描述V、Co和Ni的释放规律,抛物线方程则能更好地描述Zn的释放过程,修正Elovich方程能更好地描述Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu和Pb的释放过程,而双常数速率方程和抛物线方程均能很好地描述As、Cd的释放过程。对比淋溶前后重金属形态分布,发现淋溶后土壤中Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb的生物有效态比例有所增加,而V、Cd和As的生物有效态比例略有降低。     

Using geoaccumulation index to study source profiles of soil dust in China

Source apportionment studies of TSP(atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters≤100μm)and PM10(atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters≤10μm)have revealed that soil dust is all important source of these particulates in China In this study, the contamination of soil dust was assessed through the use of a geoaccumulation index(Igeo). The mass concentration profiles ofl7 elements(Na, Mg, AI, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Ba, andPb)were establishedforurban soil dusts. Geochemical cOmpositions of soils from 15 cities were used to represent background urban soil compositions. The results of this Studv indicated that a number of cities are severely polluted by particulates containing Ca, Cr, Ni, and Cu in both size fractions(TSP and PM10). Contamination with Zn, Pb, Co, and Br was moderate to severe(Igeo>2). The AI and Fe concentrations were not high enough for them to be considered contaminants.     

Removal of heavy metals and arsenic from a co-contaminated soil by sieving combined with washing process

Batch experiments were conducted with a heavy metals and arsenic co-contaminated soil from an abandoned mine to evaluate the feasibility of a remediation technology that combines sieving with soil washing.Leaching of the arsenic and heavy metals from the different particle size fractions was found to decrease in the order: 0.1,2–0.1,and 2 mm.With increased contact time,the concentration of heavy metals in the leachate was significantly decreased for small particles,probably because of adsorption by the clay soil component.For the different particle sizes,the removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd were75%–87%,and 61%–77% for Zn and Cu,although the extent of removal was decreased for As and Cr at 45%.The highest efficiency by washing for Pb,Cd,Zn,and As was from the soil particles 2 mm,although good metal removal efficiencies were also achieved in the small particle size fractions.Through SEM-EDS observations and correlation analysis,the leaching regularity of the heavy metals and arsenic was found to be closely related to Fe,Mn,and Ca contents of the soil fractions.The remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil by sieving combined with soil washing was proven to be efficient,and practical remediation parameters were also recommended.     

农业区旱地垂直剖面土壤中重金属赋存形态与生态风险评价

用ICP-OES测定了厦门市农业区某旱地垂直剖面土壤中10种重金属元素的含量,并用改进的BCR四步连续提取法分析了垂直剖面土壤中6种重金属的赋存形态。结果表明,剖面土壤中Cd富集较严重,Pb主要以还原态为主,而Mn、Cu、Fe、V、Zn主要以残渣态存在;重金属生物有效性系数排序为Pb(0.514)Mn(0.398)Cu(0.221)Fe(0.165)V(0.100)Zn(0.059 7),Pb和Mn的生物有效性较高,对环境存在较大的潜在生态危害。次生相与原生相分布比值法对重金属潜在生态风险评价的结果表明,Co、Zn、Fe、V、Cu和Mn处于无污染水平,Pb处于中度污染水平。潜在生态危害指数表明,垂直剖面土壤中潜在生态危害顺序为CdCuPbCrZn,Cd的生态危害系数对多元素综合潜在生态风险的贡献最大,即Cd表现为首要的潜在生态风险因子。     

京津冀地区城市环境空气颗粒物及其元素特征分析

于2013年四个季度,选择京津冀3个主要城市和1个对照点,以及4个全国大气背景站,同步采集环境空气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5样品,采用微波消解ICP-MS法分析样品中的68种元素.结果表明,京津冀3个城市四个季度PM10和PM2.5均超过国家二级标准限值,且采暖季高于非采暖季.全年PM2.5/PM10比值大于0.5,细颗粒物污染占主导.元素在PM2.5中所占比例高于PM10.而背景点颗粒物浓度低于标准限值,远低于城市点,且四个季节变化不大.在检出的57种元素中, Na、Mg、Al、S、K、Ca、Fe、Zn在0.1~10 μg/m3之间,P、Ti、Mn、Ni、Cu、Ba、Pb在10~100ng/m3之间,其他含量较低元素如Cd、Co、Ge、Ga、Zr、Sr、V等在0.01~10ng/m3之间.元素S、Na、K、Al、Fe、Mg、Ca等含量大于1%,P、Zn、Pb、Cu、Ba等其他元素含量介于0.1%~1%.富集因子分析结果提示,K、Ca、Cr、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb等9种元素主要来源于人为污染,采暖季与非采暖季富集因子比值在1.1~3.5之间.因子分析提示,燃煤、工业污染源、燃油等是颗粒物污染的主要贡献因素.     

长期不同耕作方式对紫色水稻土重金属含量及有效性的影响

通过长期定位试验,研究了常规平作、水旱轮作、免耕冬水、垄作免耕和厢作免耕5种耕作方式对紫色水稻土剖面重金属(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)总量、有效量及水稻根、茎叶和糙米重金属含量的影响.结果表明,经过22 a的耕作,5种耕作方式对紫色水稻土剖面Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd总量的剖面分布状况影响不显著,而对土壤Mn的剖面分布状况影响显著,常规平作、水旱轮作及免耕冬水均导致表层土壤Mn向下层淋失.5种耕作方式下土壤Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的有效量均随土层深度的增加呈降低趋势,而常规平作、免耕冬水、垄作免耕及厢作免耕土壤Mn有效量则表现出随土层深度的增加而增高的趋势.5种耕作方式下,表层土壤Fe、Mn有效量以水旱轮作最高,Zn、Pb有效量以常规平作最高,而Cu有效量受耕作方式的影响不显著.相关分析结果表明,表层土壤有效Fe与pH呈极显著的负相关关系,与有机质呈显著的负相关关系,有效Mn与pH和有机质均呈极显著的负相关关系,有效Zn与总Zn呈显著正相关关系.水旱轮作、垄作免耕及厢作免耕条件下水稻根部Fe、Mn含量,茎叶Fe、Mn、Cu、Cd含量,糙米Cu含量均高于常规平作和免耕冬水,水旱轮作能明显降低Cd向糙米的迁移系数,对降低糙米Cd含量有明显的效果,且水旱轮作条件下糙米Cd含量低于国家食品卫生标准.水稻根部Fe含量与pH呈极显著负相关关系,与有效Fe呈极显著正相关关系,根部Mn含量与pH呈极显著负相关关系,与有效Mn呈极显著正相关关系,茎叶中Mn含量与pH呈显著的负相关关系,与总Mn及有效Mn呈显著的正相关关系,茎叶和糙米Cu含量与pH均呈极显著的负相关关系,糙米中Zn含量与pH呈显著负相关关系,与CEC呈极显著正相关关系.结果表明,耕作方式主要通过影响土壤pH而影响土壤重金属的有效量及水稻重金属的含量,水旱轮作可提高表层土壤Fe、Mn活性,降低土壤Zn、Pb和Cd活性,并能在一定程度上降低糙米Pb、Cd含量,但也应注意长期的水旱轮作可能会导致表层土壤Mn过度向下层淋溶.     

天津污灌区菜地土壤团聚体中有机碳和重金属含量特征

以天津某污灌菜地土壤为研究对象,分析干筛法所得不同粒径土壤团聚体颗粒中有机碳及重金属含量特征.结果表明,土壤团聚体粗大颗粒(2 mm)含量最大,约为70%.0.25～0.5 mm粒级团聚体中Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量最高,Cr含量在5～8 mm粒径团聚体中最高,As在不同颗粒中含量差异较小,不同重金属元素含量随土层深度增加而减小.污灌土壤中重金属富集因子表现为Cd Pb Zn Cu Cr As,在0.25～0.5 mm粒级团聚体颗粒中Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb分布因子最高,而5～8 mm粒径团聚体中重金属负载因子最大.土壤有机碳含量整体上随团聚体粒径增加表现为先增加后降低,不同粒径团聚体中Cu、Cd、Pb和As含量与有机碳含量呈显著正相关(p0.05).     

开封市周边地区地表灰尘主要金属元素背景值研究及应用

在开封市周边地区采集96个地表灰尘样品,按照土壤背景值研究方法,探讨了灰尘K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Al和Ti等主要金属元素的背景值,并与研究区表土元素背景值及开封市区灰尘元素平均含量进行了比较。结果表明:地表灰尘Al、Ti、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe和Mn的背景值分别是70.67、4.85、19.56、16.42、23.37、9.21、20.83和0.74 g/kg;与研究区表土元素背景值相比,灰尘K、Mn背景值分别低3.69%和6.33%,而Mg、Na、Fe、Al、Ca和Ti则分别高14.98%、10.42%、10.10%、9.36%、8.40%和4.30%;开封市区灰尘Mn、Ti、Fe、Na、Al和Mg含量分别比其背景值低69.11%、16.67%、14.92%、9.09%、6.63%和0.84%,而Ca和K分别比其背景值高8.94%和4.92%;灰尘粒径大小、矿物组成和人类活动是影响主要金属元素背景值的重要因素。     

水泥工业区内土壤剖面金属元素量特征及其指示意义

为了研究水泥工业区内污染土壤中金属元素含量变化特征,对安徽省凤阳县水泥工业区内一条土壤剖面中金属元素(Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、K、Na、Cr、Ba、Mn、Zn)含量进行了测量。结果显示,土壤剖面分2层,第一层(0～20 cm)为污染层,该层Al、Fe、Mg、Na、Ba、Mn、Cr元素主要来源于自然土壤,没有富集,Ca、K、Zn元素主要来源于水泥粉尘的输入,存在富集,其中0～2 cm土壤的富集因子最大,Ca和Zn含量最高,指示0～2 cm土壤被污染的程度最深。第二层(20 cm以下)为土壤母质层,该层各金属元素含量相对比较稳定。由于0～2 cm土壤中Ca、Zn元素还没有大量向下淋溶,导致第一层土壤中Ca、Zn含量随采样深度的增加而减少。土壤剖面中Ca和Zn的含量能指示水泥粉尘对工业区土壤环境的污染,土壤母质层的Ca、Zn含量可以作为参考的警戒值。