天然气-汽油双燃料车实际道路排放特性研究

为研究使用天然气对轻型汽车排放的影响,利用便携式排放测试系统（PEMS）,对25辆压缩天然气-汽油双燃料出租车在实际道路上分别使用汽油和天然气时的CO2、CO、NOx和THC排放进行了对比测试.研究结果表明：实际道路上,原装车使用天然气相比汽油时,CO2、CO的排放平均分别降低22%和24%,NOx和THC的排放平均分...     

Vehicular emissions in China in 2006 and 2010

Vehicular emissions in China in 2006 and 2010 were calculated at a high spatial resolution based on the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics, by taking the emission standards into consideration. China's vehicular emissions of carbon monoxide(CO),nitrogen oxides(NO_x), volatile organic compounds(VOCs), ammonia(NH_3), fine particulate matters(PM_(2.5)), inhalable particulate matters(PM_(10)), black carbon(BC), and organic carbon(OC) were 30,113.9, 4593.7, 6838.0, 20.9, 400.2, 430.5, 285.6, and 105.1 Gg, respectively, in 2006 and 34,175.2, 5167.5, 7029.4, 74.0, 386.4, 417.1, 270.9, and 106.2 Gg, respectively, in 2010. CO,VOCs, and NH_3 emissions were mainly from motorcycles and light-duty gasoline vehicles,whereas NO_X, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), and BC emissions were mainly from rural vehicles and heavyduty diesel trucks. OC emissions were mainly from motorcycles and heavy-duty diesel trucks. Vehicles of pre-China Ⅰ(vehicular emission standard of China before phase Ⅰ) and China Ⅰ(vehicular emission standard of China in phase Ⅰ) were the primary contributors to all of the pollutant emissions except NH_3, which was mainly from China Ⅲ and China Ⅳ gasoline vehicles. The total emissions of all the pollutants except NH_3 changed little from2006 to 2010. This finding can be attributed to the implementation of strict emission standards and to improvements in oil quality.     

汽油车技术发展对尾气排放影响研究进展

近年来,汽油车尾气排放已成为城市大气污染的主要来源之一.为减少油耗、温室气体和大气污染物的排放,汽油直喷技术(GDI)、醇类燃料替代以及混合动力系统等新兴技术被应用到汽车产品中,该研究对GDI发动机汽车、醇类燃料车和混合动力车的颗粒物(PM)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、总碳氢化合物(THC)的排放研究进行梳理和总结,综合评估先进动力技术和醇类燃料的环境影响.结果表明:GDI汽油车的PM排放因子为进气道喷射(PFI)汽油车的1.2~5倍,加装汽油颗粒物捕集器(GPF)后GDI汽油车的PM排放大幅下降,同时具备催化能力的GPF可减少NO_x和THC排放.与汽油车相比,乙醇燃料车PM排放量减少了35%~56%,尾气THC排放减少了10%~44%,但挥发性有机物(VOCs)蒸发排放增加了20%~41%,其主要来自于日呼吸损失.各类型车辆的NO_x排放差异较小,比较结果存在一定的不确定性.混合动力车相比传统内燃机汽车污染物减排优势明显,可积极推广其在公共交通和私家车队中的应用.建议今后研究应着重关注以下几个方面:①GDI和混合动力车在实际条件下排放污染物的环境影响;②醇类燃料车VOCs蒸发排放控制技术及相关法规标准的完善;③新兴技术汽油车排放污染物的生成机理及其影响因素.      

Gaseous emissions from compressed natural gas buses in urban road and highway tests in China

The natural gas vehicle market is rapidly developing throughout the world, and the majority of such vehicles operate on compressed natural gas(CNG). However, most studies on the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles rely on laboratory chassis dynamometer measurements, which do not accurately represent actual road driving conditions. To further investigate the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles, two CNG city buses and two CNG coaches were tested on public urban roads and highway sections. Our results show that when speeds of 0–10 km/hr were increased to 10–20 km/hr, the CO_2, CO, nitrogen oxide(NO_x), and total hydrocarbon(THC) emission factors decreased by(71.6 ± 4.3)%,(65.6 ± 9.5)%,(64.9 ± 9.2)% and(67.8 ± 0.3)%, respectively. In this study, The Beijing city buses with stricter emission standards(Euro Ⅳ) did not have lower emission factors than the Chongqing coaches with Euro Ⅱ emission standards. Both the higher emission factors at 0–10 km/hr speeds and the higher percentage of driving in the low-speed regime during the entire road cycle may have contributed to the higher CO_2 and CO emission factors of these city buses. Additionally, compared with the emission factors produced in the urban road tests, the CO emission factors of the CNG buses in highway tests decreased the most(by 83.2%), followed by the THC emission factors, which decreased by 67.1%.     

High NO2/NOx emissions downstream of the catalytic diesel particulate filter: An influencing factor study

Diesel vehicles are responsible for most of the traffic-related nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, including nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). The use of after-treatment devices increases the risk of high NO₂/NO_x emissions from diesel engines. In order to investigate the factors influencing NO₂/NO_x emissions, an emission experiment was carried out on a high pressure common-rail, turbocharged diesel engine with a catalytic diesel particulate filter (CDPF). NO₂ was measured by a non-dispersive ultraviolet analyzer with raw exhaust sampling. The experimental results show that the NO₂/NO_x ratios downstream of the CDPF range around 20%–83%, which are significantly higher than those upstream of the CDPF. The exhaust temperature is a decisive factor influencing the NO₂/NO_x emissions. The maximum NO₂/NO_x emission appears at the exhaust temperature of 350°C. The space velocity, engine-out PM/NO_x ratio (mass based) and CO conversion ratio are secondary factors. At a constant exhaust temperature, the NO₂/NO_x emissions decreased with increasing space velocity and engine-out PM/NO_x ratio. When the CO conversion ratios range from 80% to 90%, the NO₂/NO_x emissions remain at a high level.     

成都市道路移动源排放清单与空间分布特征

以成都市为例开展了路网、交通流、道路行驶工况和机动车保有量等数据的收集工作,运用自下而上的方法,基于实测校正和本地化的IVE模型计算了不同区域机动车在高速路、主干道、次干道和支路的排放因子,应用GIS技术建立了1 km×1 km的成都市高时空分辨率道路移动源排放清单.结果表明,2016年成都市道路移动源CO、VOCs、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(10)和NH_3排放量分别为4.2×10~5、4.5×10~4、7.2×10~4、0.4×10~3、1.1×10~4和6.2×10~3t.CO排放主要贡献车型为小型客车、中型客车和大型客车,VOCs排放主要源于小型客车和摩托车,NOx和SO2排放主要产生于小型客车和重型货车,PM10排放主要贡献车型为重型货车,NH3排放主要由小型客车贡献.污染物排放量空间分布呈现出由城市中心向卫星城市、远郊区递减趋势,中心城区和二圈层区域路网密集,排放呈片状分布,三圈层则呈带状分布.排放清单机动车技术分布数据可靠性较高,而交通流数据和排放因子存在一定不确定性.     

广东省非道路移动机械排放清单及不确定性研究

随着工业源和机动车等重点污染源减排空间的下降,非道路移动机械排放已成为大气污染防治领域的研究热点之一.本研究通过资料收集与实地调研,初步构建了广东省非道路机械基于机型的活动水平数据集、综合排放因子及时空分配因子,采用自下而上的排放因子法,建立了广东省2014年非道路移动机械排放清单.并利用蒙特卡洛方法定量评估清单结果不确定性.结果表明,广东省2014年非道路移动机械的SO_2、NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、VOCs和CO排放总量分别为4.9、61.1、4.8、4.5、11.6 kt和45.1 kt.其中,农业机械排放以四轮农用运输车和小型拖拉机为主,贡献率分别为38.4%和18.0%,主要分布在非珠三角的农村地区;工程机械排放以建筑运输车和挖掘机为主,贡献率分别为40.1%和33.9%,主要分布在珠三角地区.此外,不确定性分析结果显示VOCs和PM_(2.5)排放结果不确定性较大,不确定性范围分别为-25.2%~41.7%和-23.4%~32.8%.NO_x不确定性较小,不确定性范围为-15.2%~17.5%.     

Variation of spatio-temporal distribution of on-road vehicle emissions based on real-time RFID data

High-resolution vehicular emissions inventories are important for managing vehicular pollution and improving urban air quality. This study developed a vehicular emission inventory with high spatio-temporal resolution in the main urban area of Chongqing, based on real-time traffic data from 820 RFID detectors covering 454 roads, and the differences in spatio-temporal emission characteristics between inner and outer districts were analysed. The result showed that the daily vehicular emission intensities of CO, hydrocarbons, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and NOx were 30.24, 3.83, 0.18, 0.20, and 8.65 kg/km per day, respectively, in the study area during 2018. The pollutants emission intensities in inner district were higher than those in outer district. Light passenger cars (LPCs) were the main contributors of all-day CO emissions in the inner and outer districts, from which the contributors of NOx emissions were different. Diesel and natural gas buses were major contributors of daytime NOx emissions in inner districts, accounting for 40.40%, but buses and heavy duty trucks (HDTs) were major contributors in outer districts. At nighttime, due to the lifting of truck restrictions and suspension of buses, HDTs become the main NOx contributor in both inner and outer districts, and its three NOx emission peak hours were found, which are different to the peak hours of total NOx emission by all vehicles. Unlike most other cities, bridges and connecting channels are always emission hotspots due to long-time traffic congestion. This knowledge will help fully understand vehicular emissions characteristics and is useful for policymakers to design precise prevention and control measures.     

On-road emissions of CO, CO2 and NOX from four wheeler and emission estimates for Delhi

This study presents the emission factor of gaseous pollutants(CO, CO_2, and NO X) from on-road tailpipe measurement of 14 passenger cars of different types of fuel and vintage. The trolley equipped with stainless steel duct, vane probe velocity meter, flue gas analyzer, Nondispersive infra red(NDIR) CO_2 analyzer, temperature, and relative humidity(RH) sensors was connected to the vehicle using a towing system. Lower CO and higher NO X emissions were observed from new diesel cars(post 2010) compared to old cars(post 2005), which implied that new technological advancement in diesel fueled passenger cars to reduce CO emission is a successful venture,however, the use of turbo charger in diesel cars to achieve high temperature combustion might have resulted in increased NO X emissions. Based on the measured emission factors(g/kg), and fuel consumption(kg), the average and 95% confidence interval(CI) bound estimates of CO, CO_2,and NO X from four wheeler(4W) in Delhi for the year 2012 were 15.7(1.4–37.1), 6234(386–12,252),and 30.4(0.0–103) Gg/year, respectively. The contribution of diesel, gasoline and compressed natural gas(CNG) to total CO, CO_2 and NO X emissions were 7:84:9, 50:48:2 and 58:41:1respectively. The present work indicated that the age and the maintenance of vehicle both are important factors in emission assessment therefore, more systematic repetitive measurements covering wide range of vehicles of different age groups, engine capacity, and maintenance level is needed for refining the emission factors with CI.     

Optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon compositions for reducing exhaust emissions

Effects of hydrocarbon compositions on raw exhaust emissions and combustion processes were studied on an engine test bench. The optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon composition was discussed. As olefins content increased from 10.0% to 25.0% in volume, the combustion duration was shortened by about 2 degree crank angle ( CA), and the engine-out THC emission was reduced by about 15%. On the other hand, as aromatics content changed from 35.0% to 45.0%, the engine-out NOx emissions increased by 4%. An increment in olefins content resulted in a slight increase in engine-out CO emission, while the aromatics content had little e ect on engine-out total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions. Over the new European driving cycle (NEDC), the THC, NOx and CO emissions of fuel with 25.0% olefins and 35.0% aromatics were about 45%, 21% and 19% lower than those of fuel with 10.0% olefins and 40.0% aromatics, respectively. The optimized gasoline compositions for new engines and new vehicles have low aromatics and high olefins contents.     

基于远程在线监控车载终端的柴油车NOx排放等级诊断研究

远程在线监控车载终端集成了远程通讯模块、卫星定位模块、发动机OBD信息解析模块,能够实时读取车辆排放相关运行信息,但无法直接判断车辆NO_x排放情况.为了快速、准确地评估车辆排放情况,诊断和监测NO_x高排放车,同时为了克服有些重型柴油车监测数据中缺失进气流量、燃油流量、车速等重要的实时信息,无法计算出车辆NO_x排放因子的问题.本文提出了由NO_x浓度分布特征驱动的高排放重型柴油车识别算法,通过远程在线监控车载终端设备获取车辆的发动机信息和SCR系统运行信息,运用NO_x浓度分布计算车辆每天NO_x排放浓度占比,通过系统聚类法对车辆NO_x排放浓度占比进行聚类,结果聚为优、良、中、差4类.利用车辆NO_x排放浓度区间分布及其聚类结果分别作为训练集的输入和输出,选择BP神经网络作为训练算法,训练获得的模型分类准确率为90%,利用训练好的模型判断在用柴油车NO_x排放等级,从而识别及监测NO_x高排放车辆.研究结果可为柴油车NO_x高排放诊断及监测提供依据,有助于监管部门能够快速识别NO_x高排放车辆.     

Vehicle emissions of primary air pollutants from 2009 to 2019 and projection for the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, China

Over the past decade, the emission standards and fuel standards in Beijing have been upgraded twice, and the vehicle structure has been improved by accelerating the elimination of 2.95 million old vehicles. Through the formulation and implementation of these policies, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in 2019 were 147.9, 25.3, 43.4, and 0.91 kton in Beijing, respectively. The emission factor method was adopted to better understand the emissions characteristics of primary air pollutants from combustion engine vehicles and to improve pollution control. In combination with the air quality improvement goals and the status of social and economic development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, different vehicle pollution control scenarios were established, and emissions reductions were projected. The results show that the emissions of four air pollutants (CO, VOCs, NO_x, and PM_2.5) from vehicles in Beijing decreased by an average of 68% in 2019, compared to their levels in 2009. The contribution of NO_x emissions from diesel vehicles increased from 35% in 2009 to 56% in 2019, which indicated that clean and energy-saving diesel vehicle fleets should be further improved. Electric vehicle adoption could be an important measure to reduce pollutant emissions. With the further upgrading of vehicle structure and the adoption of electric vehicles, it is expected that the total emissions of the four vehicle pollutants can be reduced by 20%-41% by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period.     

河南省2016~2019年机动车大气污染物排放清单及特征

基于城市机动车保有量和高速公路交通流量,结合行驶里程和VOCs源谱,采用排放因子法建立了河南省2016~2019年城市和2016年高速公路机动车高分辨率大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,2016年小型客车和普通摩托车等汽油车是CO、VOCs和NH₃的主要贡献源,SO₂、NO_x和PM主要来自重型和轻型柴油货车,国1、国3和国4标准车对污染物排放贡献突出,郑州、周口和南阳的排放量较大;高速公路8~10月的车流量较高,11月最低,城市主干道周变化和日变化分别呈现出明显的周末效应和双峰特征;排放高值区集中在交通网密集、交通流量大的城市中心及市区附近向外辐射的道路上,连霍高速和京港澳高速是高排放道路;轻型汽油车对臭氧生成潜势（OFP）贡献最大,乙烯和丙烯等5个物种对VOCs排放量和OFP贡献均较大;2016~2019年机动车保有量年均增长率为5.7%;与2016年相比,2019年VOCs排放增加2.8%,SO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NH₃、CO和NO_x的降幅分别为76.3%、51.7%、50.3%、43.1%、16.7%和5.9%;2019年各污染物在控制政策下的实际排放量相对基准情景的减排比例在15.6%~82.4%之间.     

City-specific vehicle emission control strategies to achieve stringent emission reduction targets in China's Yangtze River Delta region

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region is one of the most prosperous and densely populated regions in China and is facing tremendous pressure to mitigate vehicle emissions and improve air quality. Our assessment has revealed that mitigating vehicle emissions of NOx would be more difficult than reducing the emissions of other major vehicular pollutants (e.g., CO, HC and PM_2.5) in the YRD region. Even in Shanghai, where the emission control implemented are more stringent than in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, we observed little to no reduction in NOx emissions from 2000 to 2010. Emission–reduction targets for HC, NOx and PM_2.5 are determined using a response surface modeling tool for better air quality. We design city-specific emission control strategies for three vehicle-populated cities in the YRD region: Shanghai and Nanjing and Wuxi in Jiangsu. Our results indicate that even if stringent emission control consisting of the Euro 6/VI standards, the limitation of vehicle population and usage, and the scrappage of older vehicles is applied, Nanjing and Wuxi will not be able to meet the NOx emissions target by 2020. Therefore, additional control measures are proposed for Nanjing and Wuxi to further mitigate NOx emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles.     

轻型柴油车实际道路瞬时排放模拟研究

系统介绍了CMEM模型及其计算原理.以轻型柴油车为研究对象,给出了模型的主要输入参数,并计算了车辆在实际道路上的瞬时排放结果,并根据实测数据对模拟结果进行了验证.测试车辆的CO、THC、NOx和CO2排放因子为0.81、0.61、2.09和193 g·km-1,相同线路模拟所得的排放因子分别为0.75、0.47、2.47和212 g·km-1,相关系数分别达到0.69、0.69、0.75和0.72.通过模拟发现,轻型柴油车在实际道路微观区域内的排放水平随交通条件和行驶状态波动明显,采用CMEM模型能够较好地反映该车排放随行驶工况的瞬时变化趋势.应用CMEM模拟发现,改善典型交叉口区域的交通条件后,轻型柴油车在模拟区域内的CO、THC、NOx和CO2排放量分别削减了50%、47%、45%和44%,排放改善效果显著.从研究结果来看,利用微观尺度模型来分析混合车流在一些典型交通区域的瞬时排放变化是必要的,也是可行的,对于评价道路交通规划的环境效果具有一定的指导意义.     

北京市机动车污染分担率的研究

研究建立了以GIS为平台的北京市机动车排放清单,获得了北京市规划市区内分车型以及分区域的机动车排放分担率.在此基础上,采用修正的ISCST3模型模拟了1995年规划市区CO和NO_x浓度的时空分布情况,并分析了机动车排放对北京市大气浓度的贡献率.结果表明,1995年北京市规划市区CO和NO_x的年排放分担率分别达到了76.8%和40.2%;相应的年浓度分担率则分别为76.5%和68.4%,在城市中心区以及道路边2种污染物的浓度分担率则更高.因此,在北京市对机动车排放污染实施控制是有效削减CO和NO_x的主要途径.     

郑州市公交车队电动化减污降碳环境效益

公交车队电动化是道路交通部门实现减污降碳的重要手段,评估当前公交车队电动化减排成效,对推进大中型城市公交全面电动化具有重要参考意义.基于燃料生命周期法分析了郑州市公交车队电动化前后CO₂和污染物排放特征,并评估了不同电动化情景下的车队排放.结果表明,本轮电动化使公交车队燃料生命周期内CO₂和PM_2.5排放量分别增长32.6%和42.6%,CO、NO_x和VOC排放量下降了28%,34%和25%.优化发电结构对于电动化过程中的CO₂及PM_2.5减排尤为重要,在全面电动化和发电结构优化的最佳情景下,CO₂、CO、NO_x、VOC和PM_2.5减排可达38.7%、80.1%、84.4%、92.2%、30.2%.在全面电动化进程中,应优先对中长里程线路车辆进行电动化替换,此外,插电混动天然气车型的纯电动化替换对减排利弊兼有,同步推进车队替换和电力结构调整进程才能实现减污降碳协同增效.     

基于功基窗口法的国六重型柴油车实际道路排放研究

利用便携式排放测试系统（PEMS）对6辆典型国六重型柴油车开展了实际道路排放试验,并利用功基窗口法分析了重型车实际道路CO、NOx和PN排放特性,结果表明：实际行驶过程中重型柴油车排放后处理装置能有效控制CO和PN排放,但NOx排放存在显著不确定性.现行重型国六排放标准规定的功基窗口法在排放评估过程中最高可剔除46.68%的NOx高比排放窗口,大幅低估了实际道路工况尤其是市区拥堵路况下的重型柴油车NOx实际排放量,建议采用更加科学合理的数据处理方法评价重型车实际道路排放.     

广州市实施I/M简易瞬态工况检测方法的环境效果分析

采用简易瞬态工况法对在用车进行检测,能够更为有效地筛选高排放车辆.2007—2009年广州市轻型汽油车的简易瞬态工况法的初检数据表明,国Ⅰ排放标准实施以前(简称"国Ⅰ前")车辆和国Ⅰ及以后排放标准车辆排放超限值比例分别为20.1%和17.6%.简易瞬态工况法复检数据得到的国Ⅰ前和国Ⅰ及以后车辆经维护后能够达标的比例分别为76.0%和64.7%,且经过有效维护后超标车辆的平均排放水平有较大比例的削减.同时,采用修正的MOBILE5模型对广州市轻型汽油车排放进行模拟.结果发现,广州市2009年轻型汽油车的CO、HC和NO_x排放量分别为24.4×10⁴、3.8×10⁴和1.8×10⁴ t.如果考虑I/M制度实施及实际执行率,复检不达标车辆在全部淘汰情景下,2009年广州市轻型汽油车排放的CO、HC和NO_x分别能削减4.20×10⁴、0.58×10⁴和0.15×10⁴ t,占全部轻型汽油车的削减比例分别为17.2%、15.3%和8.2%;而在全部置换为国Ⅳ新车情景下,3种污染物分别能削减4.12×10⁴、0.57×10⁴和0.14×10⁴ t,削减比例分别为16.9%、15.0%和8.0%.国Ⅰ前及国Ⅰ车辆对CO和HC削减量的贡献达到90%左右,对NO_x削减量的贡献也在85%左右.     

Smog chamber study on the evolution of fume from residential coal combustion

Domestic coal stoves are widely used in countryside and greenbelt residents in China for heating and cooking, and emit considerable pollutants to the atmosphere because of no treatment of their exhaust, which can result in deteriorating local air quality. In this study, a dynamic smog chamber was used to investigate the real-time emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants during the combustion process and a static smog chamber was used to investigate the fume evolution under simulate light irradiation. The real-time emissions revealed that the total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO increased sharply after ignition, and then quickly decreased, indicating volatilization of hydrocarbons with low molecular weight and incomplete combustion at the beginning stage of combustion made great contribution to these pollutants. There was evident shoulder peak around 10 min combustion for both THC and CO, revealing the emissions from vitrinite combustion. Additionally, another broad emission peak of CO after 30 min was also observed, which was ascribed to the incomplete combustion of the inertinite. Compared with THC and CO, there was only one emission peak for NOx, SO₂ and particular matters at the beginning stage of combustion. The fume evolution with static chamber simulation indicated that evident consumption of SO₂ and NOx as well as new particle formation were observed. The consumption rates for SO₂ and NOx were about 3.44% hr^-1 and 3.68% hr^-1, the new particle formation of nuclei particles grew at a rate of 16.03 nm/hr during the first reaction hour, and the increase of the diameter of accumulation mode particles was evident. The addition of isoprene to the diluted mixture of the fume could promote O₃ and secondary particle formation.