三峡库区消落带农业活动对土壤汞变化的影响

针对三峡库区消落带退水期农业生产是否会对库区环境带来不利影响的问题,以分布面积较大、农业活动较为频繁的重庆市开州区渠口镇消落带为研究区域,选择种植水稻、玉米、蔬菜和未农用的草地4类消落带地块为研究对象,调查了不同利用地块表层土壤汞(Hg)的变化特征.结果表明,研究区域内土壤THg、有效态Hg(Hg-wh)和甲基汞(MeHg)平均含量分别为25.80~68.74、0.44~0.88和0.08~0.85 ng·g-1.未耕作土地表层土壤THg、Hg-wh和MeHg含量均高于耕作土地表层土壤,说明耕作扰动能够加速土壤Hg的流失.未耕作土壤与耕作土地表层土壤MeHg含量随着落干时长的增加均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,峰值大约出现在落干后1~2个月内,约为淹水末期的4倍,之后逐渐降低至相对稳定的水平.MeHg占THg比例(%MeHg)也呈现类似规律,峰值出现在落干后1个月左右,降到稳定水平时与淹水末期含量无显著性差异(P0.05).土壤%MeHg与Hg-wh含量呈显著性正相关关系(r=0.642,P0.01),而与THg含量没有显著相关性(P0.05),说明消落带土壤Hg甲基化主要受生物可利用性Hg形态的影响.     

根际土壤中汞甲基化与去甲基化作用双同位素示踪研究

根际环境特殊的理化性质可能显著促进汞(Hg)的甲基化.为证实上述假设,本研究采集了三峡库区消落带狗牙根根际土和非根际土,分别测定了根际土与非根际土中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)含量及主要理化性质,并采用双同位素示踪法(~(199)Hg~(2+)和Me~(201)Hg)进行室内模拟培养实验,探究其Hg的甲基化与去甲基化速率.结果表明,根际土壤中的Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、有机质含量、过氧化氢酶活性显著高于非根际土(p0.05),MeHg含量、细菌、真菌数极显著大于非根际土(p0.01);根际土壤中MeHg的含量与Mn~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、有机质含量存在显著正相关性(p0.05),与过氧化氢酶活性、细菌、真菌数存在显著正相关性(p0.01);根际土壤中Hg甲基化、去甲基化速率、净甲基化潜力均显著大于非根际土(p0.05),有菌根际土的甲基化与去甲基化速率显著大于无菌根际土(p0.05).本研究证实了根际是Hg发生甲基化的一个活跃区域,其中,微生物在根际土壤中Hg的甲基化与去甲基化过程中均起着主要作用.     

Biochar affects methylmercury production and bioaccumulation in paddy soils: Insights from soil-derived dissolved organic matter

Biochar has been used increasingly as a soil additive to control mercury (Hg) pollution in paddy rice fields. As the most active component of soil organic matter, soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a vital role in the environmental fate of contaminants. However, there are very few studies to determine the impact of biochar on the Hg cycle in rice paddies using insights from DOM. This study used original and modified biochar to investigate their effect on DOM dynamics and their potential impact on methylmercury (MeHg) production and bioaccumulation in rice plants. Porewater DOM was collected to analyze the variations in soil-derived DOM in paddy soils. The results showed that the addition of biochar, whether in original or modified form, significantly reduced the bioaccumulation of MeHg in rice plants, especially in hulls and grains (p<0.05). However, MeHg production in soils was only inhibited by the modified biochar. Biochar addition induced a significant increase in DOM's aromaticity and molecular weight (p<0.05), which decreased Hg bioavailability. Furthermore, enhanced microbial activity was also observed in DOM (p<0.05), further increasing MeHg production in the soil. Thus, the effect of biochar on the fate of Hg cycle involves competition between the two different roles of DOM. This study identified a specific mechanism by which biochar affects Hg behavior in rice paddy soil and contributes to understanding the more general influence of biochar in agriculture and contaminant remediation.     

贵阳市水库中硫酸盐还原菌及铁还原菌对甲基汞分布的影响

微生物在汞的甲基化过程中起着关键作用,但关于野外微生物活动对甲基汞分布的影响研究较为缺乏.通过对贵阳市不同污染类型水库中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、铁还原菌(DIRB)、甲基汞(MeHg)及相应水质参数分布规律研究,探讨了水库中SRB和DIRB活动在汞甲基化及其分布中所起的作用.在水库上覆水体中,SRB与甲基汞呈显著正相关关系(r=0.398,p0.015,n=37),表明在上覆水体中,SRB为主要的汞甲基化细菌.在污染严重且差异明显的沉积物中,两种微生物对甲基汞分布的影响各不相同.在受矿山酸性废水污染的阿哈水库,由于其过高的SRB含量及其硫酸盐还原活动,导致夏季沉积物表层硫离子大量积累,严重抑制了汞的甲基化过程,使得沉积物孔隙水表层甲基汞明显低于其它两个水库,也低于阿哈水库上覆水体甲基汞含量.在红枫水库,沉积物表层适宜的SRB活动促进了汞的甲基化,硫酸盐还原物硫离子和孔隙水甲基汞存在显著相关性(r=0.674,p0.001,n=31);在百花水库,由于沉积物曾受到严重汞污染,甲基汞峰值主要受到沉积物总汞的影响,和两种微生物活动及其产物均未表现出显著相关性.     

Ant colonization increased total mercury but reduced methylmercury contents in boreal mires, Northeast China

Soil macroinvertebrates as ecosystem engineers play significant, but largely ignored, roles in affecting mercury (Hg) cycle by altering soil physical-chemical properties. Ant is likely expanded into boreal mires with climate warming, however, its impacts on Hg cycle remained poorly understood. We compared total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) contents in soils from antmounds (Lasius flavus) and the nearby ambient in a boreal mire in Northeast China. The present work seeks to unravel factors that controlling MeHg levels in case of ant appearance or absence. The average THg was 179 µg/kg in the ant mound and was 106.1 µg/kg in nearby soils, respectively. The average MeHg was 10.9 µg/kg in the ant mound and was 12.9 µg/kg in nearby soils, respectively. The ratios of MeHg to THg (%MeHg) were 7.61% in ant mounds and 16.75% in nearby soils, respectively. Ant colonization caused THg enrichment and MeHg depletion, and this change was obvious in the 10-20 cm depth soil layer where ants mainly inhabited. Spectrometry characteristics of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) exert a stronger control than microorganisms on MeHg variation in soils. A structural equation model revealed that the molecular weight of DOM inhibited MeHg irrespective of ant presence or absence, while humification conducive to MeHg significantly in ant mound soils. Microorganisms mainly affected Hg methylation by altering the molecular weight and humification of DOM. We propose that the effects of ant colonization on MeHg rested on DOM feature variations caused by microorganisms in boreal mires.     

水稻根际土壤中汞的微生物循环过程

甲基汞(MeHg)是一种具有神经毒性的环境污染物。稻田土壤中在微生物作用下由无机汞转化产生的甲基汞,经水稻根系吸收后最终会富集于稻米中,由此造成人体的甲基汞暴露风险。水稻根际土壤在此过程中可能扮演着至关重要的作用。受水稻根系分泌的有机碳及氧气等的影响,根际土壤被视为稻田环境中的特殊生境,其间的微生物群落结构与丰度以及若干关键元素的循环过程与非根际土壤相比存在巨大差异。这一特殊生境会对无机汞(IHg)以及甲基汞在稻田环境中的命运产生重要影响。本文首先简要综述了稻田土壤环境中甲基汞产生与降解的微生物学过程研究进展,并进一步着重分析了水稻根际土壤中Fe、S、C、N和P等关键元素对汞的微生物循环过程的影响。深刻认识这些过程,有助于研究者准确评估汞污染区稻田土壤甲基汞的产生及向水稻体内的转移效率,这对未来选择适当的农业手段降低人体甲基汞暴露风险具有重要意义。文章最后提出了若干值得探索的研究方向,期望能为相关研究提供新思考。     

三峡水库消落带土壤与优势植物淹水后对土-水系统汞形态的影响

三峡库区消落带落干期植被生长茂盛,蓄水后消落带被淹没,土壤-植物系统在长时间淹水情况下,随着体系内物理化学性质的改变,汞形态也会发生变化,从而对库区水生生态系统中汞含量以及形态带来一定的影响.为此,本研究选取三峡库区4种优势植物室内栽培,再进行室内模拟淹水试验,研究淹水后土壤、水体中甲基汞(Me Hg)以及其他形态汞的变化.结果表明,淹水过程中植物的存在有利于土壤Me Hg的生成,同时对上覆水不同形态汞浓度影响显著.狗牙根作为消落带优势种,由于其体内总汞及甲基汞含量较高,淹水后对土壤以及上覆水系统中甲基汞以及其他汞形态的影响最为明显.淹水第90 d,狗牙根+土+江水(B1)处理土壤Me Hg的含量最高,为(1 135.86±113.84)ng·kg~(-1),是不加植物的对照处理土+江水(CK2)中土壤Me Hg含量的2倍左右;上覆水总甲基汞(TMe Hg)、溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)、总汞(THg)、溶解态汞(DHg)和活性汞(RHg)均呈峰值偏左的抛物线状变化,在第30 d时达到峰值,其中B1处理上覆水TMe Hg、THg和DHg最高,分别为(2.88±0.06)、(40.29±2.42)和(35.51±3.77)ng·L~(-1),三者中溶解态汞是其主要存在形式.因此可以推测三峡库区消落带植物淹水后将增加水库汞污染负荷.     

唐山陡河水库沉积物汞的分布、来源及污染评价

为弄清陡河燃煤电厂大气汞沉降对毗邻的陡河水库沉积物中总汞、甲基汞的贡献及其污染程度,于2013年8月对陡河水库沉积物进行了采样,测定了沉积物中总汞、甲基汞、有机质以及孔隙水中溶解态汞含量等参数,运用地累积指数法评价了陡河水库沉积物的汞污染现状和污染程度.结果表明,陡河水库沉积物中总汞含量(dw)范围为19~97 ng·g~(-1),甲基汞含量(dw)范围为0.02~1.27 ng·g~(-1),均表现为表层高于底层,说明陡河水库沉积物的汞含量正逐年升高,外源汞输入对陡河沉积物负荷产生了一定的影响.受电厂大气汞干湿沉降影响,陡河水库周边土壤汞含量(dw)平均值为22 ng·g~(-1),而陡河水库3个沉积物柱库心总汞含量最高,其次为西支,东支最低.结合上游大黑汀水库较高的沉积物汞含量(总汞平均值为176 ng·g~(-1)),以及陡河水库附近较低的土壤汞含量,初步判断陡河水库沉积物中汞的主要来源为大黑汀水库的高汞水源输入,电厂汞沉积输入贡献相对较小.陡河沉积物总汞、甲基汞与有机质之间均呈显著的正相关关系,表明沉积物中有机质具有较好的吸附总汞和甲基汞的能力,并对甲基汞产生具有重要作用.地累积指数Igeo的评价结果表明,陡河水库各点位沉积物的汞污染程度依次为库心西支东支,库心和西支属于中度污染,东支属于轻微污染.大黑汀水库受周边采矿企业影响,两个采样点沉积物的地累积指数污染评价属于中强污染和强污染.     

Structure and function of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial community respond differently to elevated ozone in field-planted wheat

To assess the responses of the soil microbial community to chronic ozone (O₃), wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum Linn.) were planted in the field and exposed to elevated O₃ (eO₃) concentration. Three treatments were employed: (1) Control treatment (CK), AOT40 = 0; (2) O₃-1, AOT40 = 1.59 ppm•h; (3) O₃-2, AOT40 = 9.17 ppm•h. Soil samples were collected for the assessment of microbial biomass C, community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs), and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). EO₃ concentration significantly reduced soil microbial carbon and changed microbial CLPPs in rhizosphere soil, but not in non-rhizosphere soil. The results of the PLFAs showed that eO₃ concentrations had significant effects on soil community structure in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The relative abundances of fungal and actinomycetous indicator PLFAs decreased in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, while those of bacterial PLFAs increased. Thus the results proved that eO₃ concentration significantly changed the soil microbial community function and composition, which would influence the soil nutrient supply and carbon dynamics under O₃ exposure.     

Mercury in sediments and vegetation in a moderately contaminated salt marsh (Tagus Estuary, Portugal)

Depth variations of total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were studied in cores from non-colonized sediments, sediments colonized by Halimione portulacoides, Sarcocornia fruticosa and Spartina maritima and belowground biomass, in a moderately contaminated salt marsh (Tagus Estuary, Portugal). Concentrations in belowground biomass exceeded up to 3 (Hg) and 15 (MeHg) times the levels in sediments, and up to 198 (Hg) and 308 (MeHg) times those found in aboveground parts. Methylmercury in colonized sediments reached 3% of the total Hg, 50 times above the maximum values found in non-colonized sediments. The absence of correlations between total Hg concentrations in sediments and the corresponding MeHg levels suggested that methylation was only dependent on the environmental and microbiological factors. The analysis of belowground biomass at high-depth resolution (2 cm) provided evidence that Hg and MeHg were actively absorbed from sediments, with higher enrichment factors at layers where higher microbial activity was probably occurring. The results obtained in this study indicated that the biotransformation of Hg to the toxic MeHg could increase the toxicity of plant-colonized sediments.     

长寿湖水库垂直剖面不同形态汞的季节变化特征及其影响因素

分别于2013年9月至2014年7月,在三峡库区长寿湖水库设置5个采样点,分季节、分层次对水样和沉积物间隙水进行了采集和分析,考察了水库水体和沉积物间隙水不同形态汞浓度及垂向分布特征,并研究了沉积物中汞向上覆水的扩散通量.结果表明,长寿湖水库水体总汞浓度平均值为(14.77±12.24)ng·L-1,总甲基汞浓度平均值为(0.41±0.47)ng·L-1.夏秋季采样点溶解态甲基汞浓度在表层下4~8 m出现峰值,随之其值降低近湖底部再次跃增.颗粒态甲基汞浓度峰值出现在表层下8~20 m而非在沉积物-水体界面处,主要与上层水体颗粒物吸附甲基汞的沉降有关.长寿湖水库垂直剖面间隙水甲基汞峰值出现在表层下16 cm和28 cm,可能硫酸盐还原细菌活动扩展到更深的区域,从而导致了沉积物深处甲基化率的提高.间隙水溶解态甲基汞在秋季和夏季向上覆水体扩散通量分别为28.2 ng·(m2·d)-1和30.0 ng·(m2·d)-1,远高于冬季3.8ng·(m2·d)-1,这与夏秋两季水温较高有关.夏季、春季水体DMe Hg浓度与DO相关关系(r=-0.482**,P0.05;r=-0.339*,P0.01),秋季和冬季不具有相关性.     

三峡水库消落区土壤、植物汞释放及其在斑马鱼体的富集特征

利用室内模拟试验,探讨了三峡水库消落区淹没后土壤、植物汞释放特征及其在斑马鱼体的富集水平.结果表明,随淹水时间的延长,淹没土壤中总汞(THg)含量下降;水体THg浓度总体明显升高.淹没土壤及水体中甲基汞(MMHg)含量总体明显上升,其中稗草+土壤处理水体中增加尤为明显,淹水21 d后,其浓度是土壤处理的2.52倍.表明消落区土壤、植物是水库水体汞的一个重要来源.供试稗草淹水分解造成水体pH及溶解氧(DO)含量下降、溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量上升,对土壤MMHg含量无明显影响,对水体MMHg影响较大.供试斑马鱼头部、内脏及肌肉中THg含量总体明显上升,与水体中THg浓度具有显著相关性(P<0.01).鱼体头部、内脏及肌肉中均出现不同程度的MMHg富集现象,以头部与肌肉最为明显.淹水21 d后,添加土壤处理的鱼体头部、内脏及肌肉MMHg增加的含量分别是对照的1.75~6.25、3.53~8.38、2.22~3.36倍;稗草+土壤处理的分别是土壤处理的3.57、2.37、1.52倍.可见,淹没土壤是鱼体MMHg增加的重要来源,淹没植物改变原水环境条件影响其向水体释汞过程能提高鱼体中MMHg含量.     

三峡库区消落带沉积物对鱼体富集汞的影响

水体环境中的汞（Hg）容易被鱼体富集.为了研究三峡库区消落带沉积物对鱼体Hg含量的影响,采用不同Hg含量的消落带沉积物进行了为期90 d的模拟淹水实验.结果表明沉积物淹水后,水体总汞（THg）和甲基汞（MeHg）含量显著增加,鱼体肌肉中THg和MeHg含量不断增加,而内脏和头部中THg和MeHg含量前期不断增加,后期则有轻微减小的趋势.肌肉对Hg的富集量大于内脏和头部,后两者的富集量没有显著性差异.与对照组（无沉积物）相比沉积物的存在明显增加了鱼体富集Hg的量,而且当沉积物中Hg含量较高时,鱼体对Hg的富集量也显著增加.鱼体各部位THg和MeHg含量变化曲线高度相似,各部位对MeHg的富集系数（bioaccumulation factors,BCF）在1.93×10⁵~8.89×10⁵之间,对无机Hg的BCF在1.3×10³~12.8×10³之间,表明鱼体所富集的Hg形态上主要为MeHg.鱼体各部位MeHg和THg含量均为极显著相关,线性回归方程表明,在富集Hg的量中,MeHg占THg比例分别为：肌肉80.1%、内脏79.3%、头部66.7%.消落带沉积物再淹水后会发生一定程度的净甲基化现象产生MeHg,由于扩散作用使水体MeHg浓度在一段时间内升高,这导致了鱼体对Hg的富集量增加.因此对三峡库区大面积消落带可能存在的Hg污染风险不可忽视.     

三峡库区淹没消落区土壤氮素形态及分布特征

利用分级浸取分离法对三峡水库腹心地带(巫山-重庆主城区段)淹没消落区土壤中的不同形态氮含量进行了测定,并对各形态氮之间及氮形态与土壤理化特征之间的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:研究区域内,淹没消落区土壤全氮(TN)含量在676.0~1769.7 mg·kg^-1之间,均值为1182.3 mg·kg^-1,TN主要由可转化态氮(TF-N)和非可转化态氮(NTF-N)组成,占TN的百分比分别为46.3%、53.7%;消落区土壤中TF-N组分在适宜的环境条件下会成为水体的二次污染源,其对水体富营养化的影响不容忽视.淹没消落区土壤弱酸可浸取态氮(WAEF-N)、有机态和硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)在TF-N中占的比例较高,分别为47.3%、33.9%,表明WAEF-N和OSF-N直接影响着淹没消落区土壤TF-N的含量;从各形态氮含量及相对含量的变化范围来看,均表现为WAEF-N>OSF-N>铁锰氧化态氮(IMOF-N)>离子交换态氮(IEF-N).相关性分析结果表明,TN与NTF-N的相关性显著(p<0.01),与IMOF-N及OSF-N含量之间也具有显著相关性(p<0.05),表明TN的增加主要来自NTF-N,其次是IMOF-N及OSF-N;TF-N与WAEF-N、OSF-N之间显著正相关(p<0.01), 与IMOF-N也具有显著相关性(p<0.05),表明TF-N的增加主要来源于这3种形态的氮.TN与有机质(SOM)之间显著正相关(p<0.01),TF-N、OSF-N与SOM之间也呈正相关关系(p<0.05),表明它们可能具有相似的来源或SOM的输入对消落区土壤氮形态的分布有一定的影响.     

Structure and function of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial community respond differently to elevated ozone in field-planted wheat

To assess the responses of the soil microbial community to chronic ozone(O_3), wheat seedlings(Triticum aestivum Linn.) were planted in the field and exposed to elevated O_3(e O_3)concentration. Three treatments were employed:(1) Control treatment(CK), AOT40 = 0;(2) O_3-1, AOT40 = 1.59 ppm·h;(3) O_3-2, AOT40 = 9.17 ppm·h. Soil samples were collected for the assessment of microbial biomass C, community-level physiological profiles(CLPPs), and phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs). EO_3 concentration significantly reduced soil microbial carbon and changed microbial CLPPs in rhizosphere soil, but not in non-rhizosphere soil.The results of the PLFAs showed that e O_3 concentrations had significant effects on soil community structure in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The relative abundances of fungal and actinomycetous indicator PLFAs decreased in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, while those of bacterial PLFAs increased. Thus the results proved that e O_3 concentration significantly changed the soil microbial community function and composition, which would influence the soil nutrient supply and carbon dynamics under O_3 exposure.     

Responses of butachlor degradation and microbial properties in a riparian soil to the cultivation of three different plants

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the biodegradation dynamics and related microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition in a riparian soil planted with different plants such as Phragmites australis, Zizania aquatica, and Acorus calamus. The results showed that there were significant differences in microbial degradation dynamics of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils among the three riparian plants. A. calamus displays a significantly higher degradation efficiency of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils, as compared with Z aquatica and P. australis. Half-life time of butachlor degradation in the rhizospheric soils of P. australis, Z aquatica, and A. calamus were 7.5, 9.8 and 5.4 days, respectively. Residual butachlor concentration in A. calamus rhizosphere soil was 35.2% and 21.7% lower than that in Z aquatica and P. australis rhizosphere soils, respectively, indicating that A. calamus showed a greater improvement effect on biodegradation of butachlor in rhizosphere soils than the other two riparian plant. In general, microbial biomass and biochemical activities in rhizosphere soils were depressed by butachlor addition, despite the riparian plant types. However, rhizospheric soil microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition significantly (P < 0.05) differed between riparian plant species. Compared to Z aquatica and P. australis, A. calamus showed significantly larger microbial number, higher enzyme activities and soil respiration rates in the rhizosphere soils. The results indicated that A. calamus have a better alleviative effect on inhibition of microbial growth due to butachlor addition and can be used as a suitable riparian plant for detoxifying and remediating butachlor contamination from agricultural nonpoint pollution.     

Distribution of mercury and methylmercury in river water and sediment of typical manganese mining area

Manganese (Mn) ores contain substantial concentrations of mercury (Hg), and mining and smelting of Mn ores can bring Hg into the surrounding aquatic environment through atmospheric deposition, leaching of electrolytic Mn residue and Mn gangue dump. However, limited is known that how these processes influence the environmental behaviors of Hg in waterbody. Therefore, the seasonal distribution and existing form of Hg in water and sediment in one Mn ore area in Xiushan County, Chongqing were investigated. Our results showed that the mean Hg and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in water (n=35) were 5.8 ± 4.6 ng/L and 0.22 ± 0.14 ng/L, respectively. The mean Hg concentrations in retained riverbed and fluvial bank sediment (n=35) were 0.74 ± 0.26 mg/kg and 0.63 ± 0.27 mg/kg, respectively (the mean MeHg concentrations were 0.64 ± 0.40 µg/kg and 0.51 ± 0.30 µg/kg, respectively). It indicated that the mining and smelting of Mn ores were the main sources of anthropogenic Hg, and Mn may inhibit Hg methylation in rivers in Mn ore areas. Mercury in the bound to iron/ Mn (Fe/Mn) oxides of low crystallinity fraction (Hg-OX) accounted for 4.01% and 5.25% of the total Hg concentrations in the retained riverbed and fluvial bank sediment, respectively. The amount of Hg bound to Fe/Mn oxides in sediment increased significantly due to the manganese mining activities in the investigated area. Therefore, it could be hypothesized that high Hg concentrations in river sediment in Mn mining areas are closely related to high Mn concentration in sediment.     

壳聚糖改性生物炭对水稻土甲基汞生成及其稻米积累的影响

研究发现稻米易富集甲基汞（MeHg）,汞污染区稻米的食用也是人体MeHg暴露的一个重要途径.因此,如何抑制MeHg在稻田中的生成及其在稻米中的富集,是亟需解决的重要问题.为此,本文采用盆栽试验,通过对间隙水、土壤及水稻植株各组织汞含量的分析,探讨了添加壳聚糖改性生物炭对水稻生长期土壤MeHg生成及籽粒MeHg富集的影响.结果表明,添加壳聚糖改性生物炭后能明显降低土壤及间歇水中的总汞（THg）及MeHg含量,与对照相比,土壤中汞的甲基化率降低了51.1%~79.1%;水稻成熟时,添加壳聚糖改性生物炭处理（CMBC）水稻根部MeHg含量比未添加生物炭处理（CK1）低73.1%,比添加未改性生物炭处理（CK2）低62.0%;稻米MeHg含量比CK1低75.8%,比CK2低72.9%;添加生物炭能促进水稻生长,CMBC和CK2处理的植株生物量分别是CK1的1.6倍和1.7倍.盆栽模拟试验结果表明,壳聚糖改性生物炭在促进水稻生长的同时,可以抑制MeHg在稻米中的富集,有一定的推广应用价值.     

Rhizobacteria helps to explain the enhanced efficiency of phytoextraction strengthened by Streptomyces pactum

The ultimate purpose of phytoextraction is not only to remove heavy metals from soil but also to improve soil quality. Here, we evaluated how the joint effect of Streptomyces pactum (strain Act12) and inorganic (Hoagland's solution) and organic (humic acid and peat) nutrients affected the phytoextraction practice of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) by potherb mustard, and the microbial community composition within rhizosphere was also investigated. The results indicated that the nutrients exerted synergistically with Act12, all increasing the plant biomass and Cd/Zn uptakes. The inoculation of Act12 alone significantly increased dehydrogenase activity of rhizosphere soil (P < 0.05), while urease and alkaline phosphatase activities varied in different dosage of Act12. Combined application of microbial strain with nutrients increased enzymatic activities with the elevated dosage of Act12. 16S ribosomal RNA high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Act12 inoculation reduced the diversity of rhizosphere bacteria. The Act12 and nutrients did not change dominant phyla i.e., Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria, but their relative abundance differed among the treatments with: Peat > Act12 > Humic acid > Hoagland's solution. Comparatively, Sphingomonas replaced Thiobacillus as dominant genus after Act12 application. The increase in the Sphingomonas and Flavisolibacter abundances under Act12 and nutrients treatments gave rise to growth-promoting effect on plant. Our results revealed the important role for rhizosphere microbiota in mediating soil biochemical traits and plant growth, and our approach charted a path toward the development of Act12 combined with soil nutrients to enhance soil quality and phytoextraction efficiency in Cd/Zn-contaminated soils.     

三峡澎溪河流域消落区与岸边土壤磷形态特征

选取了落干期澎溪河流域6个消落区点位,分析了消落区土壤磷形态分布特征,并探讨了各形态磷之间的相关性.结果表明,(1)采用SMT法测定了消落区土壤总磷、无机磷和有机磷含量,其总磷TP含量均值为575.29 mg·kg~(-1),有机磷OP含量均值为91.23 mg·kg~(-1).(2)采用Hedley法分析了消落区土壤磷的5种赋存形态,其中WA-Pi、PA-Pi、Fe/Al-Pi等3种易迁移的无机磷形态之和占可提取Pi的11.61%,且低于岸边土壤;WA-Po、PA-Po两种生物可利用性较高的有机磷形态含量之和占可提取Po的22.28%,而中活性有机磷Fe/Al-Po占可提取Po的66.30%,且消落区土壤各形态Po含量均低于岸边土壤,又以Fe/Al-Po含量差异最大.(3)消落区土壤TP与活性较强的WA-Pt、PA-Pt呈显著相关,表明消落区土壤活性磷含量主要受TP影响;各形态磷之间不具有显著相关性,表明不同形态磷的来源可能不同;消落区土壤Fe/Al-Pt与土壤有机质OM呈显著相关,表明土壤有机质的含量可能影响铁铝结合态磷含量.在淹水条件下,消落区土壤磷组分的释放对上覆水体的潜在影响不容忽视.