氯元素对烟气中汞的形态和分布的影响

采用化学热力平衡分析方法研究了在煤燃烧在气化过程中产生的瀵气里痕量元素汞的形态及分布，在一个大气压下，400K－2000K温度范围里，研究了汞－煤系统和汞－煤－氯系统中汞在还原性气氛和氧化性气氛的烟气中的化学形态和分布，着重探讨了煤中的氯元素对汞在烟气中的形态和分布的影响，化学热力平衡分析结果表明，在煤燃烧和气化的最高温度区域里，单质汞是示是主要形式，少量的氯元素可以大大地增强汞元素的蒸发;在气化的还原性气氛烟气中，汞的主要形式是单质汞，在氧化性气氛的燃煤烟气中随着在烟气中温度的降低，单质汞将发生化学反应而生成氯化汞；烟气中氯元素的含量越大，氯化汞作为稳定相的温度范围越宽。     

Release characteristics of mercury in chemical looping combustion of bituminous coal

This study evaluated the release characteristics of mercury from bituminous coal in chemical looping combustion (CLC) using Australian iron ore as the oxygen carrier in a fixed bed reactor. The effects of several parameters, such as temperature in the fuel reactor (FR) and air reactor (AR), gasification medium in the FR, and reaction atmosphere in the AR, on mercury release characteristics, were investigated. The mercury speciation and release amount in the FR and AR under different conditions were further explored. The results indicate that most of the mercury in coal was released in the FR, while the rest of it was released in the AR. Hg⁰ was found to be the major species in the released mercury. The results also indicate that a higher temperature in the FR led to an increase in the total mercury release amount and a decrease in Hg⁰ proportion. However, a higher temperature in the AR resulted in a decrease in the total mercury release amount and Hg⁰ proportion. The increase in the H₂O/CO₂ ratio of gasification mediums in the FR was beneficial for the increase in the total mercury release amount and Hg⁰ proportion. A higher O₂ concentration in reaction atmosphere in AR had a negligible effect on the total mercury release amount, but a positive effect on Hg⁰ oxidization.     

云贵川交界区晚二叠世煤中汞形态分析

通过RA-915测汞仪与程序升温热解仪联用,分析了云贵川交界区晚二叠世煤在氩气、氮气和氧气3种不同气氛下的汞释放规律及煤中汞的存在形态.研究表明,煤在还原环境下热解时,汞的释放范围较广,且由于煤中汞的存在形态不唯一而呈现出明显的阶段性释放特征,在氮气和氩气气氛下煤中汞的释放行为接近一致.在氧气气氛下热解时,HgS和HgSO₄可能以HgSO₄·HgO和HgSO₄·2HgO这种过渡形式而使汞的释放温度范围趋于集中.云贵川交界区晚二叠世煤中的汞以HgS和HgSO₄为主要存在形态,部分煤样中含有一定量的HgO.     

模拟煤环境中几种无机硫的热分解行为

采用活性焦作为构造煤大分子网络的基质,将无机硫(黄铁矿、硫酸亚铁)混合于其上,形成模拟煤的环境.利用程序升温热解-火焰光度检测器或质谱联用(TPD-FPD/MS)技术和X-射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)光谱对比研究了FeS₂、FeSO₄在活性焦上及纯态下热分解过程中硫逸出的动态特征及结构变化.结果表明:担载于活性焦上FeSO₄的分解主要发生在200℃～500℃,而纯态FeSO₄的分解温度范围为450℃～600℃,说明活性焦的存在使其分解温度显著降低,且硫的逸出情况更为复杂.黄铁矿与活性焦的物理混合并没有使FeS₂的分解温度降低,但对其分解程度有一定的影响,并与热解气氛密切相关;温度高于400℃后FeS₂分解的硫开始大量逸出,在550℃左右基本失去结构中与铁配位的第2层硫原子而形成FeS.     

Effects of temperature on pyrolysis products of oil sludge

Temperature is the determining factor of pyrolysis, which is one of the alternative technologies for oil sludge treatment. The effects of final operating temperature ranging from 350 to 550°C on pyrolysis products of oil sludge were studied in an externally-heating fixed bed reactor. With an increase of temperature, the mass fraction of solid residues, liquids, and gases in the final product is 67.00%–56.00%, 25.60%–32.35%, and 7.40%–11.65%, and their corresponding heat values are 34.4–13.8 MJ/kg, 44.41–46.6 MJ/kg, and 23.94–48.23 MJ/Nm³, respectively. The mass and energy tend to shift from solid to liquid and gas phase (especially to liquid phase) during the process, and the optimum temperature for oil sludge pyrolysis is 500°C. The liquid phase is mainly composed of alkane and alkene (C₅–C₂₉), and the gas phase is dominantly HC_S and H₂.     

低阶煤与废弃物共热解的研究进展

简述了低阶煤的利用现状及在煤化工中的应用优势,系统的介绍了低阶煤分别与污水浮藻、废塑料、废润滑油、废矿物油共热解的研究进展及与瓦斯泥、油页岩、焦炉煤气、合成气共热解的探索与开发。提出了利用低阶煤与各类废弃物在热解时的不同协同效应,将提高低阶煤的利用效率与废弃物的再利用有机结合,可望在节能减排,变废为宝的前提下,显著提高热解产物产率,改善热解产物品质。     

黔西南高砷煤热解过程中微量元素释放规律研究

采用高温箱式电阻炉对黔西南海子地区煤样进行热解,研究了在300~1200℃下慢速热解过程中,热解温度、元素赋存状态和灰分对微量元素释放规律的影响.结果表明,热解温度是影响煤失重和微量元素挥发的主要原因. As、Mo在900℃以上挥发较快; Pb热解前期挥发较快,450℃以上挥发缓慢;Sb随热解温度的升高缓慢增大.微量元素的挥发性还与赋存状态关系密切,有机态最为活泼;硫化物态和碳酸盐态在热解后期由于矿物的分解而逐步释放;硅酸盐态最稳定,基本残留在灰分中.灰分越高微量元素越不易挥发.     

舟山枸杞岛大型海藻凋落物分解特征及其影响因素

为探明大型海藻凋落物的分解特征以及调控因素,以枸杞岛海藻场两个优势藻种铜藻（Sargassum horneri）和鼠尾藻（Sargassum thunbergii）作为研究对象,利用分解网袋法,研究了铜藻和鼠尾藻的主干和侧枝凋落物的分解过程。结果表明:（1）海藻的侧枝分解速率大于主干,并且鼠尾藻各部位的分解速率大于铜藻;（2）海藻的N含量在分解过程中有不同程度的固持和释放,C含量在整个分解过程中呈下降趋势,P含量在分解前期有个快速衰减过程,随着分解的进行,衰减逐渐减慢;（3）海藻体内的化学组分含量和环境因素对海藻的分解速率有不同程度的影响,其中,水温对海藻分解率的影响最为显著,呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。     

Catalytic oxidation of gas-phase elemental mercury by nano-Fe2O3

Heterogeneous oxidation of gas-phase Hg0 by nano-Fe2O3 was investigated on a fixed bed reactor, and the e ects of oxygen concentration, bed temperature, water vapour concentration and particle size have been discussed. The results showed that Hg0 could be oxidized by active oxygen atom on the surface of nano-Fe2O3 as well as lattice oxygen in nano-Fe2O3. Among the factors that a ect Hg0 oxidation by nano-Fe2O3, bed temperature plays an important role. More than 40% of total mercury was oxidized at 300°C, however, the test temperature at 400°C could cause sintering of nano-catalyst, which led to a lower e ciency of Hg0 oxidation. The increase of oxygen concentration could promote mercury oxidation and led to higher Hg0 oxidation e ciency. No obvious mercury oxidation was detected in the pure N2 atmosphere, which indicates that oxygen is required in the gas stream for mercury oxidation. The presence of water vapour showed di erent e ects on mercury oxidation depending on its concentration. The lower content of water vapour could promote mercury oxidation, while the higher content of water vapour inhibits mercury oxidation.     

页岩气开发油基钻屑-单组分生物质共热解特性

油基钻屑与生物质热解油分别存在产率低、有害组分含量高的问题,为探究二者共热解是否可以产生协同作用,采用固定床反应器研究了热解温度、终温时间（热解温度保持时间）、升温速率、N₂流量、生物质与油基钻屑混合比例（质量比）等因素对油基钻屑与单组分生物质共热解的影响.结果表明:①油基钻屑与单组分生物质热解效果随热解温度和终温时间的增加而增强、随升温速率的加快而减弱,N₂流量对热解过程影响不大;最佳热解工艺参数为热解温度350℃、终温时间60 min、升温速率10℃/min、N₂流量0.15 L/min.②共热解可产生协同作用,当生物质与油基钻屑混合比例分别为3:7、7:3时,热解灰渣含油量较理论值下降较为明显,降幅分别为21.71%、17.64%.③共热解可减少生物质热解过程中有害物质的生成,提高油基钻屑的液相产率,生物质单独热解时液相产物中有害组分占比高达74.92%;加入适量油基钻屑共热解时有害组分占比明显降低,当油基钻屑与生物质混合比例为7:3、8:2时,有害组分占比可分别降至22.74%、17.57%.研究显示,共热解产生的协同作用可减少有害物质的生成,提高热解油产率,在油基钻屑无害化、资源化利用与生物质开发中具有良好的应用前景.      

硫改性牛粪生物炭对Hg2+的高效吸附及其机理

以牛粪为原料在400,500,600 ℃条件下限氧热解制备牛粪生物炭(BC),然后以不同质量比将升华硫和BC混合共热解制备硫改性牛粪生物炭(BCS)。使用元素分析仪、SEM、FTIR、XPS和BET对制得的BC和BCS进行了表征,并研究了各BC和BCS对Hg2+的吸附特性。结果表明:热解过程使BC和BCS变得粗糙多孔,Hg2+被吸附到生物炭表面和孔道内;BC和BCS的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,BCS对Hg2+的吸附平衡时间仅为30 min,且吸附过程不受pH影响;Langmuir模型可较好地描述BC吸附过程,吸附量随热解温度的升高而降低,BCS吸附过程符合Freundlich模型,吸附能力较BC显著提升,最大拟合吸附量达到407.81 mg/g;BCS的吸附稳定性较高,在各解吸剂中的解吸率均低于5%;BC主要吸附机理为官能团络合,BCS主要吸附机理为HgS沉淀。因此BCS是一种高效稳定的Hg2+吸附材料。     

Transformation of mercury speciation through the SCR system in power plants

Coal-fired utility boilers are now identified as the largest source of mercury in the United States. There is speculation that the installation of selective catalytic reduction （SCR） system for reduction of NOx can also prompt the oxidation and removal of mercury. In this paper, tests at six full-scale power plants with similar type of the SCR systems are conducted to investigate the effect of the SCR on the transformation of mercury speciation. The results show that the SCR system can achieve more than 70%-80% oxidation of elemental mercury and enhance the mercury removal ability in these units. The oxidation of elemental mercury in the SCR system strongly depends on the coal properties and the operation conditions of the SCR systems. The content of chloride in the coal is the key factor for the oxidization process and the maximum oxidation of elemental mercury is found when chloride content changes from 400 to 600 ppm. The sulfur content is no significant impact on oxidation of elemental mercury.     

Pd/activated carbon sorbents for mid-temperature capture of mercury from coal-derived fuel gas

Higher concentrations of Hg can be emitted from coal pyrolysis or gasification than from coal combustion, especially elemental Hg. Highly efficient Hg removal technology from coal-derived fuel gas is thus of great importance. Based on the very excellent Hg removal ability of Pd and the high adsorption abilities of activated carbon（AC） for H2 S and Hg, a series of Pd/AC sorbents was prepared by using pore volume impregnation, and their performance in capturing Hg and H2 S from coal-derived fuel gas was investigated using a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. The effects of loading amount, reaction temperature and reaction atmosphere on Hg removal from coal-derived fuel gas were studied. The sorbents were characterized by N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The results indicated that the efficiency of Hg removal increased with the increasing of Pd loading amount, but the effective utilization rate of the active component Pd decreased significantly at the same time. High temperature had a negative influence on the Hg removal. The efficiency of Hg removal in the N2-H2S-H2-CO-Hg atmosphere（simulated coal gas） was higher than that in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres, which showed that H2 and CO, with their reducing capacity, could benefit promote the removal of Hg. The XPS results suggested that there were two different ways of capturing Hg over sorbents in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres.     

稻壳与聚氯乙烯共热解的特性及动力学

在热重分析仪中进行了稻壳和聚氯乙烯（PVC）的共热解实验,结果显示:在共热解时稻壳开始剧烈热解的温度相比单独热解时大幅度降低,由350℃降至300℃,表明掺入PVC降低了稻壳的热解温度。在升温速率为20℃/min,稻壳和PVC比例为2∶1（质量比）时,混合热解协同效应最明显。3种动力学分析方法均证明共热解现象的存在。利用Coats-Redfern法进行动力学分析,发现共热解活化能普遍较单独热解时低,表明PVC与稻壳共热解有明显的相互作用。利用Ozawa法进行分析,发现转化率为20%~60%阶段下共热解平均活化能值为37.60 kJ/mol,低于稻壳单独热解的平均活化能41.45 kJ/mol。Friedman法分析结果显示对应转化率下共热解活化能均低于稻壳单独热解活化能。稻壳和PVC共热解倾向于反应动力学控制。     

焦煤、塑料和粉尘共热解失重分析

在以N₂载气,其流量为30mL/min、升温速率为5℃/min、热解终温为1000℃的条件下,运用Setaram Lab-sysYM热重分析仪系统分析了塑料、冶金粉尘和焦煤的热解过程以及它们之间的相互影响.不同配比的塑料、冶金粉尘和焦煤混合热解过程分析表明:在低温段,煤和塑料热解产生大量活泼自由基,然后通过自由基内部重排或自由基间相互结合的方式稳定化,其中的硫元素主要形成气态硫化物(如H₂S、COS等),并与粉尘中的金属氧化物作用生成固态金属硫化物而固硫;高温段产生的H₂、CO及粉尘中所含有的C等增强了反应体系的还原性,加剧了粉尘中金属氧化物的还原气化,从而更有利于实现焦炭的有效脱硫可见,运用添加塑料、冶金粉尘到焦煤中的方法可以实现炼焦过程中的焦炭和煤气同时脱硫的双重效果.     

固定床煤热解有机气体析出规律的GC-MS分析

为了研究层燃炉块煤热解时有机气体的析出规律,在自行设计的可移动式-固定床上对神木煤进行了热解实验,煤颗粒尺寸为3~5mm;热解气在炉膛内的停留时间为1.76s,热解温度分别为1100K、1400K和1600K;采用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测试分析了热解气中有机气体的析出规律;离线测试热解气体试样。研究结果显示:随着热解温度的升高,热解气中饱和脂肪烃含量降低,其中2-甲基戊烷和2,2,3-三甲基丁烷降低幅度分别为83.29%和59.66%;芳香烃含量升高,其中甲苯浓度增加了8倍。随着热解温度的升高,热解气CH组分中,碳含量增大,氢含量减小;热解气中的部分饱和脂肪烃经历浓缩、环化和析氢过程形成芳香烃。     

中国燃煤汞排放清单的初步建立

建立中国分省燃煤汞排放清单,对于研究汞的大气化学转化、迁移和沉降,制定中国汞污染控制对策具有重要意义.本研究按经济部门、燃料类型、燃烧方式和污染控制技术将排放源划分为65种不同类型,根据各类型的煤炭消费量、燃料汞含量和汞排放因子计算汞排放量,最终建立了分省燃煤汞排放清单.用2组原煤汞含量数据资料计算的2000年中国燃煤大气汞排放量分别为161.6 t和219.5 t,其中绝大部分汞排放来自工业、电力和生活消费,分别占46%、35%和14%.Hg⁰、Hg²⁺和Hg_p在中国燃煤大气汞排放中所占的比例分别为16%、61%和23%.中国燃煤汞排放在各地区间有较大差异,排放量较大的省份有河南、山西、河北、辽宁和江苏,均超过10t/a.     

酚水及煤气化废水的湿式氧化处理

在二升高压釜中研究了酚水(3540mg酚/L、9278mgCOD/L)和煤气化废水(7866mg酚/L、22928mgCOD/L)的湿式氧化处理,反应温度控制在180—250℃,氧分压为9.8×10~5—34.3×10~5Pa。煤气化废水在温度为190—250℃、氧分压为9.8×10~5Pa,反应90min酚去除60—90％及COD降低35—55％。 酚水和煤气化废水的表观动力学研究表现出快速及慢速反应段,反应速率与COD值呈一次方关系,当温度一定时,反应速率与氧分压为0.25级关系,影响程度明显低于温度。     

Heavy metal removal from aqueous solution using carbonaceous K2S-impregnated adsorbent

A novel carbonaceous adsorbent for heavy metal removal was prepared from raw coal by one-step simple sulfur impregnation using K2S. Raw coal was mixed with K2S powder and then heated at 800°C for 30 min in nitrogen to produce K2S char. The sulfur content and form in K2S char were determined, and the ability of K2S char to adsorb Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ was examined. The K2S impregnation was e ective at impregnating sulfur into coal, especially in the form of elemental, thiophenic and sulfatic sulfur. The sulfur content of K2S char was higher than those of raw coal and pyrolysis char. The Zn2+ removal in 2.4 mmol/L of Zn2+ solution by K2S char was higher than raw coal with the removal rate of 100%. K2S char adsorbed Pb2+ and Cd2+ in 24 mmol/L of Pb2+ and Cd2+ solution with the removal rate of 97% and 35%, respectively. The elution extents of adsorbed Pb2+ and Cd2+ were zero in distilled water and 27% in 0.1 mol/L HCl solution. These results indicated that an e ective adsorbent for heavy metal ions was prepared from coal using K2S sulfur impregnation, and that the adsorbed metals were strongly retained in K2S char.     

荷梗生物炭理化性质及其对水中Cd的吸附机制

为探究HBC（荷梗生物炭）的基本理化性质及其对水中Cd2+的吸附机制,以荷梗为原料,在300~700℃热解温度下制得HBC,通过灰分分析、元素分析、SEM（扫描电镜）分析及FTIR（傅里叶红外光谱）分析初步探明HBC的基本理化性质并确定其最优热解温度,同时利用经典的吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型对HBC吸附水中Cd2+的内在机制进行分析.结果表明:HBC的最优热解温度为400℃,灰分物质显著影响了HBC的pH,进而对其吸附性能产生影响.SEM分析结果显示,HBC具有发达的多孔结构,其中400℃下制备的HBC（记为HBC-400）多孔结构最优.元素分析结果显示,HBC中φ（C）逐渐升高而H/C[φ（H）/φ（C））]、O/C[φ（O）/φ（C）]下降,表明随热解温度升高HBC逐渐失水且炭化程度逐渐增强.FTIR分析表明,HBC表面存在大量羟基、羧基和羰基等含氧官能团,随热解温度升高,HBC芳构化程度增强而表面官能团丰度降低.试验条件下,HBC对Cd2+的平衡吸附量已达39.239 mg/g,吸附平衡时间为600 min.通过对吸附动力学及等温吸附模型拟合结果分析可知,水中Cd2+在HBC上的吸附是发生在多相异构表面的多分子层混合吸附.综合考虑HBC的理化性质及模型拟合结果可以推测Cd2+在HBC上的吸附可分为3个过程:① Cd2+在浓度梯度力作用下由溶液迅速扩散到HBC表面.② Cd2+与HBC表面官能团发生络合、离子交换反应,与金属氧化物、碳酸盐等发生共沉淀反应.③ Cd2+扩散到HBC的多孔结构中,与苯环上普遍存在的π电子结构发生阳离子-π作用.研究显示,HBC具有碱性、发达的多孔结构、丰富的表面官能团和高稳定性等优良性质,HBC对水中Cd2+的吸附是在其多孔介质表面进行的化学主导吸附过程,因此,可为生物炭类环境功能材料的研制提供选材依据.