Pollution sources of atmospheric fine particles and secondary aerosol characteristics in Beijing

To investigate the secondary formation and pollution sources of atmospheric particles in urban Beijing,PM_2.5 and its chemical components were collected and determined by URG-9000 D ambient ion monitor(AIM) from March 2016 to January 2017.Among water-soluble ions(WSIs), NO_3-,SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺(SNA) had the largest proportion(77.8%) with the total concentration of 23.8 μg/m³.Moreover,as fine particle pollution wors...     

Seasonal variations and size distributions of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Beijing, 2012

The characteristics of water-soluble ions in airborne particulate matter in Beijing were investigated using ion chromatography. The results showed that the total concentrations of ions were 83.7 ± 48.9 μg/m³ in spring, 54.0 ± 17.0 μg/m³ in summer, 54.1 ± 42.9 μg/m³ in autumn, and 88.8 ± 47.7 μg/m³ in winter, respectively. Furthermore, out of all the ions, NO₃⁻, SO₄^2 − and NH₄⁺ accounted for 81.2% in spring, 78.5% in summer, 74.6% in autumn, and 76.3% in winter. Mg^2 + and Ca^2 + were mainly associated with coarse particles, with a peak that ranged from 5.8 to 9.0 μm. Na⁺, NH₄⁺ and Cl⁻ had a multi-mode distribution with peaks that ranged from 0.43 to 1.1 μm and 4.7 to 9.0 μm. K⁺, NO₃⁻, and SO₄^2 − were mainly associated with fine particles, with a peak that ranged from 0.65 to 2.1 μm. The concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Mg^2 +, Ca^2 +, NH₄⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻ and SO₄^2 − were 2.69, 2.32, 1.01, 4.84, 16.9, 11.8, 42.0, and 44.1 μg/m³ in particulate matter (PM) on foggy days, respectively, which were 1.4 to 7.3 times higher than those on clear days. The concentrations of these ions were 2.40, 1.66, 0.92, 4.95, 17.5, 7.00, 32.6, and 34.7 μg/m³ in PM on hazy days, respectively, which were 1.2–5.7 times higher than those on clear days.     

Characteristics of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in urban area of Beijing: Variations, photochemical reactivity and source apportionment

Atmospheric volatile organic compounds(VOCs) were observed by an on-line gas chromatography-flame ionization detector monitoring system from November 2016 to August 2017 in Beijing.The average concentrations were winter(40.27±25.25 μg/m³)> autumn(34.25±19.90 μg/m3)> summer(32.53±17.39 μg/m³)> spring(24.72±17.22 μg/m³).Although benzene(15.70%),propane(11.02%),ethane(9.32%) and n-butane(6.77%) were the most abundant species,ethylene(14.07%) and propene(11....     

Size distribution and chemical characteristics of particles from crop residue open burning in North China

Crop residue open burning is an important emission source of ambient particles in China. This study analyzed the particle emission characteristics of crop residue open burning through combustion experiments with a novel open combustion simulation device using three typical crop straws in north China (corn, wheat, and rice). Particle samples size ranging from 0.006–9.890 µm were collected by an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor plus, a high size-resolution instrument capable of dividing particles into 14 size stages. The size distributions of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions, and elements were analyzed, and source chemical profiles were constructed for PM_0.1, PM₁, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀. The number concentration of particles was concentrated in the Aiken nuclei mode (0.006–0.054 µm), accounting for 75% of the total number, whereas the mass concentration was concentrated in the accumulation mode (0.054–0.949 µm), accounting for 85.43% of the mass loading. OC, EC, Cl^?, and K(include total K and water-soluble K) were the major chemical components of the particles, whose mass percentage distributions differed from those of other components. These five main components exhibited a bell-shaped size distribution in the 0.006–9.890 µm range, whereas the other components exhibited a U-shaped distribution. Among the chemical profiles for PM_0.1–PM₁₀, OC was the most important component at 10–30%, followed by EC at 2%–8%. The proportions of K⁺, Cl^?, and K varied substantially in different experimental groups, ranging from 0–15%, and K⁺ and Cl^? were significantly correlated (r = 0.878, α = 0.000).     

Modeling iron release from cast iron pipes in an urban water distribution system caused by source water switch

Significant iron release from cast iron pipes in water distribution systems (WDSs), which usually occurs during the source water switch period, is a great concern of water utilities because of the potential occurrence of “red water” and customer complaints. This study developed a new method which combined in-situ water stagnation experiments with mathematical models and numerical simulations to predict the iron release caused by source water switch. In-situ water stagnation experiments were conducted to determine the total iron accumulation in nine cast iron pipes in-service in Beijing when switching the local water to treated Danjiangkou Reservior water. Results showed that the difference in the concentration increment of total iron in 24 hr (ΔCI_TI,24), i.e. short-term iron release, caused by source water switch was mainly dependent on the difference in the key quality parameters (pH, hardness, nitrate, Larson Ratio and dissolved oxygen (DO)) between the two source waters. The iron release rate (R_Fe) after switch, i.e. long-term iron release, was closely related to the pipe properties as well as the DO and total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations. Mathematical models of ΔCI_TI,24 and R_Fe were developed to quantitatively reveal the relationship between iron release and the key quality parameters. The R_Fe model could successfully combine with EPANET-MSX, a numerical simulator of water quality for WDSs to extend the iron release modeling from pipe level to network level. The new method is applicable to predicting iron release during source water switch, thus facilitating water utilities to take preventive actions to avoid “red water”.     

Distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic in different sized atmospheric particulate matters

The distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic (As) in different sized atmospheric particulate matters (PMs), including total suspended particles (TSP), PM₁₀, and PM_2.5, collected from Baoding, China were analyzed. The average total mass concentrations of As in TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 were 31.5, 35.3, and 54.1 µg/g, respectively, with an order of PM_2.5 >PM ₁₀ > TSP, revealing that As is prone to accumulate on fine particles. Due to the divergent toxicities of different As species, speciation analysis of As in PMs is further conducted. Most of previous studies mainly focused on inorganic arsenite (iAs^III), inorganic arsenate (iAs^V), monomethylarsonate (MMA), and dimethylarsinate (DMA) in PMs, while the identification and sensitive quantification of trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) were rarely reported. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system was optimized for As speciation including TMAO in PMs. An anion exchange column was used to separate MMA, DMA and iAs^V, while a cation exchange column to separate TMAO and iAs^III. Results showed that iAs^V was the dominate component in all the samples, corresponding to a portion of 79.2% ± 9.3% of the total extractable species, while iAs^III, TMAO and DMA made up the remaining 21%. Our study demonstrated that iAs^III accounted for about 14.4% ± 11.4% of the total extracted species, with an average concentration of 1.7 ± 1.6 ng/m³. It is worth noting that TMAO was widely present in the samples (84 out of 97 samples), which supported the assumption that TMAO was ubiquitous in atmospheric particles.     

Evidence of temperature-controlled dissolved inorganic nitrogen distribution in a shallow lake

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems as an available source of nitrogen (N). Despite recent advances in our understanding of the effects of climate change on DIN in coastal waters, shallow high-latitude lakes exposed to large seasonal temperature differences have received limited research attention. Therefore, in the present study, Baiyangdian Lake (BYDL) was selected as the study area, as a typical high latitude shallow lake in North China. Based on water and sediment samples collected in spring, summer and winter seasons, DIN accumulation in sedimentary pore water and DIN diffusion fluxes at the sediment-water interface were quantified under different temperature conditions. Correlation analysis was used to establish the effects of temperature on DIN concentration and diffusion in different media. Results show that the diffusion of DIN at the lake sediment-water interface exhibited a strongly positive relationship with temperature, suggesting that high temperature conditions lead to greater DIN release from sediments. Cold temperatures cause DIN accumulation in sedimentary pore water, providing sufficient substrate for N-related bacteria in the sediment under cold temperature conditions. Temperature controls the vertical distribution of DIN by affecting its migratory diffusion and transformation at the sediment-water interface. These findings are valuable for understanding the impact of climate change on the distribution of N in inland shallow lakes, especially in high latitude shallow lakes subjected to large seasonal temperature differences throughout the year.     

Chemical formation and source apportionment of PM2.5 at an urban site at the southern foot of the Taihang mountains

The region along the Taihang Mountains in the North China Plain (NCP) is characterized by serious fine particle pollution. To clarify the formation mechanism and controlling factors, an observational study was conducted to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the fine particulate matter in Jiaozuo city, China. Mass concentrations of the water-soluble ions (WSIs) in PM_2.5 and gaseous pollutant precursors were measured on an hourly basis from December 1, 2017, to February 27, 2018. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) model were employed to identify the sources of PM_2.5. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_2.5 was 111 μg/m³ during the observation period. Among the major WSIs, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) constituted 62% of the total PM_2.5 mass, and NO₃^? ranked the highest with an average contribution of 24.6%. NH₄⁺ was abundant in most cases in Jiaozuo. According to chemical balance analysis, SO₄^2?, NO₃^?, and Cl^? might be present in the form of (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, NH₄Cl, and KCl. The liquid-phase oxidation of SO₂ and NO₂ was severe during the haze period. The relative humidity and pH were the key factors influencing SO₄^2- formation. We found that NO₃^? mainly stemmed from homogeneous gas-phase reactions in the daytime and originated from the hydrolysis of N₂O₅ in the nighttime, which was inconsistent with previous studies. The PMF model identified five sources of PM_2.5: secondary origin (37.8%), vehicular emissions (34.7%), biomass burning (11.5%), coal combustion (9.4%), and crustal dust (6.6%).     

北京市延庆区PM2.5中主要水溶性无机离子特征及来源解析

对2017年6月—2018年5月北京市延庆区大气PM2.5样本进行采集,分析了PM2.5中9种水溶性无机离子的污染特征,并利用SPSS软件进行来源解析。结果表明:延庆区大气PM2.5中总水溶性无机离子平均浓度为28.0 μg∕m 3,其中,S O 4 2 - 、N O 3 - 和N H 4 + 是最主要的水溶性无机离子,合计占比为82.1%。受天气影响,N O 3 - 和S O 4 2 - 浓度均表现为秋高冬低,N H 4 + 浓度为秋高夏低;受冬季气象条件和施工影响,Ca 2+、Mg 2+、Na +浓度冬季最高。根据电荷平衡分析,春季PM2.5中阴、阳离子基本达到平衡状态,夏、秋季呈弱酸性,冬季呈弱碱性;PM2.5中硫氧化率(SOR)、氮氧化率(NOR)的均值分别为0.53和0.27,大气中存在明显的二次转化过程;N O 3 - ∕S O 4 2 - 为1.66,说明机动车尾气排放源对PM2.5中水溶性无机离子贡献较大;根据N H 4 + 与S O 4 2 - 、N O 3 - 、Cl -的相关性分析,PM2.5中N O 3 - 和S O 4 2 - 以(NH4)2SO4、NH4HSO4、NH4NO3以及HNO3形式存在。利用SPSS软件进行皮尔森相关性分析,PM2.5中N O 3 - 、S O 4 2 - 、N H 4 + 两两相关性强,说明二次反应显著;Ca 2+、Mg 2+、Na + 两两相关性强,说明其污染来源可能相同;Cl -与K +相关性强,说明大气中Cl -主要以KCl的形式存在。利用因子分析模块进行主成分分析,发现延庆区主要污染源为生物质燃烧、扬尘污染和机动车尾气排放。     

青岛大气气溶胶水溶性无机离子的粒径分布特征

为了解大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的来源及环境效应,利用安德森采样器连续采集青岛近海2008年1~12月大气颗粒物分级样品,用离子色谱法分析其中主要的水溶性离子,并讨论其粒径分布特征.结果表明, NH4+、K+、Cl-、NO3-、PO43-、SO42-主要存在于粒径小于2.1μm的细粒子中,Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-则主要存在于粒径大于2.1μm的粗粒子中.各离子的粒径分布存在明显的季节变化.NH4+、K+和SO42-四季均主要分布于细粒子中,而Mg2+和Ca2+则主要分布在粗粒子中,两者均在3.3~4.7μm出现峰值;Na+在春、夏、秋3个季节主要存在于粗粒子中,集中分布在3.3~7.0μm粒径范围内,而在冬季则集中分布于0.43~1.1μm且细粒子含量高于粗粒子;春季Cl-在粗粒子中分布较多,尤以2.1~3.3μm范围内的最为突出,而其他3个季节均是细粒子比例明显偏高;NO3-春、夏两季在粗、细粒子中的含量各占50%,秋、冬季节均为细粒子占多数;PO43-夏季只出现在0.65~1.1μm以及>11μm的粒径范围内,粗粒子占95%,其他3个季节则是细粒子含量较高;春季F-在3.3~4.7μm出现峰值,夏季各粒径均未检出,而秋、冬两季粗、细粒子各占50%.K+、NH4+、F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-和PO43-受供暖期燃煤取暖的影响较大.K+和NH4+在供暖期和非供暖期峰值均出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径范围;F-供暖期在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm粒径段出现峰值;供暖期Cl-的峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而在非供暖期,则出现在2.1~3.3μm的粗粒径段;SO42-和NO3-在供暖期和非供暖期的峰值均出现在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm粒径段;供暖期PO43-的最大峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而在非供暖期其最大峰值出现在3.3~4.7μm粒径段.     

Long-term winter observation of nitrous acid in the urban area of Beijing

The particulate matter (PM) pollution has been significantly improved by carrying out various valid emission control strategies since 2013 in China. Meanwhile the variation trend of nitrous acid (HONO) is worthy to investigate due to its vital role in the atmospheric oxidation process. In this study, field observation in the winter is conducted to investigate the concentration of HONO in an urban area of Beijing. In the winter of 2019, the mean HONO concentration is 1.38 ppbV during the whole winter. Photo-enhanced NO₂ heterogeneous reactions on the ground and aerosol surfaces were found as the possible daytime sources of HONO. Compared to O₃, photolysis of HONO dominates the primary OH sources during the winter time. To understand the HONO pollution patterns by years variation, multi-year data is summarized and finds that primary pollutants including CO and NO decreased, but secondary pollutants i.e., HONO (mostly generated via secondary process) increased. Our study highlights the requirement to mitigate secondary pollution by control HONO concentration.     

上海大气颗粒物中无机离子的粒径分布及其季节变化

为深入理解上海大气颗粒物的污染特征和来源,于2016年8月—2017年4月使用微孔撞击式采样器(MOUDI)采集了上海市不同季节18μm以下11个不同粒径段的大气颗粒物样品44套,采用双通道离子色谱对颗粒物中Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等无机离子组分进行了定量分析,研究了主要离子的浓度、粒径分布及其季节变化特征.结果表明,1.8μm的细颗粒中离子总浓度平均值在春、夏、秋、冬季采样期间分别为13.46、4.97、6.72和16.54μg·m-3,存在显著的季节变化,1.8μm的粗颗粒中离子总浓度平均值分别为4.65、3.78、5.90和4.14μg·m-3,季节变化不明显.上海大气颗粒物中SO2-4和NH+4呈单峰型粒径分布,峰值粒径由夏季的0.32～0.56μm逐渐转变为冬季的0.56～1.0μm,说明夏季时SO2-4的形成方式以气相/非均相反应为主,而冬季时以云过程为主;冬、春季时NO-3以细颗粒态为主,而夏、秋季时在3.2～5.6μm的粗颗粒出现峰值,夏、秋季较高的大气温度使得硝酸铵的气-粒平衡更偏向于气态,细颗粒态硝酸铵的浓度较低,硝酸气体与碳酸盐或海盐反应生成的粗颗粒态硝酸盐的比例因而大幅增加; K+主要存在于细颗粒中,峰值粒径为0.32～0.56μm,夏、秋季时3.2～5.6μm的粗颗粒中有较高浓度; Cl-以粗颗粒态为主,而冬、春季时在0.32～0.56μm和0.56～1.0μm的颗粒物中出现峰值,燃煤等人为过程为其主要来源.阴、阳离子平衡分析表明,除夏季外,上海的大气颗粒物呈现微弱的酸性,但0.056～0.32μm细颗粒中阴离子有明显的缺失,未定量的有机酸及浓度过低时离子色谱响应的非线性可能是导致0.056～0.32μm细颗粒中离子平衡发生显著改变的原因.研究结果可为上海大气颗粒物来源及形成机理研究提供重要的信息.     

广州雾霾期间气溶胶水溶性离子的日变化特征及形成机制

为研究雾霾天气下SO42-、NO3-和NH4+的形成机制,2013年4月18~23日,使用6级Anderson大流量采样器采集了不同粒径段的气溶胶样品,并利用离子色谱对其中的水溶性无机离子进行了分析.结果表明,广州雾霾期间PM3和PM10中总水溶性无机离子平均浓度分别为(32.7±13.3)μg/m3和(39.4±15.7)μg/m3.SO42-、NO3-和NH4+是最主要的水溶性离子,它们在PM3和PM10中占总离子质量分数分别为76%和71%.3种离子主要集中在0.49~1.5μm的液滴模态,该模态中NH4+主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在,而凝聚模态的NH4+则主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4HSO4的形式存在.液滴模态的SO42-主要来自雾内或颗粒表面的液相氧化反应,NO3-主要来自夜间N2O5在颗粒表面的水解反应,NH4+主要来自NH3在颗粒上进行的非均相中和反应,而这3种离子在该模态的日变化特征则很好的反映了以上的形成机制.受太阳辐射的影响,3种离子的浓度在凝聚模态均表现为白天高于夜晚.     

Characterization of precipitation in the background of atmospheric pollutants reduction in Guilin: Temporal variation and source apportionment

Rainfall samples were collected from three observation sites in Guilin from 2013 to 2017, and the chemical composition characteristics of precipitation and the contribution made by different ion sources were analyzed when atmospheric pollutants levels were reduced. The results showed that acid gas emissions and atmospheric pollutant concentrations continued to decline during the study period. However, the change in the volume-weighted mean p H at the three sites suggested that acid rain pollutio...     

Size distribution of atmospheric aerosols and their source identification using factor analysis in Bombay,India

In situ measurements of mass concentration of size-distributed aerosols were made using a quartz crystal microbalance cascade impactor. Aerosol samples were also collected by the conventional high-volume sampler for comparison and analysed for size distribution using a centrifugal analyser system and an image analyser system. The number concentrations were calculated for different sizes and these were subjected to factor analysis which gave four factors representing various source types of particulates. A power-function fit was applied to the size-distribution curves for the four size ranges grouped by factor analysis. Generally, size-distribution ranges are either selected according to the change of the slope of the curves or depending upon the measurement size ranges. The use of factor analysis makes the size-distribution groupings source dependent and also avoids the possible errors arising from averaging negative and positive slopes.     

北京市气溶胶的时间变化与空间分布特征

以MODIS气溶胶遥感数据与同期AERONET监测数据为基础,应用统计分析、对比分析、时间序列分析等技术手段,研究了北京地区气溶胶的时间变化和空间分布特征.结果表明,气溶胶MODIS遥感反演数据和同期AERONET监测数据吻合较好,Pearson积矩相关系数为0 789,误差为ΔAOT550 = -0.077AOT 0.03.北京地区气溶胶550 nm光学厚度AOT和细粒比η的时间变化规律性明显:夏季以城市污染气溶胶为主,光学厚度最高,且具细粒特征;春季城市污染气溶胶和春季沙尘共存,光学厚度比较高,且粗粒占一定比例;冬季以采暖燃煤气溶胶为主,光学厚度不高,但是粗粒占较大比例;秋季大气清澈,气溶胶平均光学厚度仅为0.34.空间分布方面,主要受植被覆盖和产业结构等因素影响,位于西部北部山区的延庆、密云、怀柔和门头沟区气溶胶的光学厚度低,位于东南部平原地区的昌平、顺义、通县、大兴和房山区气溶胶光学厚度总体较高.     

An integrated chemical mass balance and source emission inventory model for the source apportionment of PM2.5 in typical coastal areas

The source apportionment of PM_2.5 is essential for pollution prevention.In view of the weaknesses of individual models,we proposed an integrated chemical mass balancesource emission inventory(CMB-SEI) model to acquire more accurate results.First,the SEI of secondary component precursors(SO₂,NO_x,NH₃,and VOCs) was compiled to acquire the emission ratios of these sources for the precursors.Then,a regular CMB simulation was executed to obtain the contribut...     

Formation mechanisms of nitrous acid (HONO) during the haze and non-haze periods in Beijing, China

As an important precursor of hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrous acid (HONO) plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry. Here, an observation of HONO and relevant air pollutants in an urban site of Beijing from 14 to 28 April, 2017 was performed. Two distinct peaks of HONO concentrations occurred during the observation. In contrast, the concentration of particulate matter in the first period (period Ⅰ) was significantly higher than that in the second period (period Ⅱ). Comparing to HONO sources in the two periods, we found that the direct vehicle emission was an essential source of the ambient HONO during both periods at night, especially in period Ⅱ. The heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ was the dominant source in period Ⅰ, while the homogeneous reaction of NO with OH was more critical source at night in period Ⅱ. In the daytime, the heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ was a significant source and was confirmed by the good correlation coefficients (R²) between the unknown sources (P_unknown) with NO₂, PM_2.5, NO₂ × PM_2.5 in period Ⅰ. Moreover, when solar radiation and OH radicals were considered to explore unknown sources in the daytime, the enhanced correlation of P_unknown with photolysis rate of NO₂ and OH ($J_{{\mathrm{NO}}_2}$ × OH) were 0.93 in period Ⅰ, 0.95 in period Ⅱ. These excellent correlation coefficients suggested that the unknown sources released HONO highly related to the solar radiation and the variation of OH radicals.     

Measurement of heterogeneous uptake of NO2 on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime

Heterogeneous reactions of NO₂ on different surfaces play an important role in atmospheric NO_x removal and HONO formation, having profound impacts on photochemistry in polluted urban areas. Previous studies have suggested that the NO₂ uptake on the ground or aerosol surfaces could be a dominant source for elevated HONO during the daytime. However, the uptake behavior of NO₂ varies with different surfaces, and different uptake coefficients were used or derived in different studies. To obtain a more holistic picture of heterogeneous NO₂ uptake on different surfaces, a series of laboratory experiments using different flow tube reactors was conducted, and the NO₂ uptake coefficients (γ) were determined on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime. The results showed that heterogeneous reactions on those surfaces were generally weak in dark conditions, with the measured γ varied from <10^?8 to 3.2 × 10^?7 under different humidity. A photo-enhanced uptake of NO₂ on urban grime was observed, with the obvious formation of HONO and NO from the heterogeneous reaction. The photo-enhanced γ was measured to be 1.9 × 10^?6 at 5% relative humidity (RH) and 5.8 × 10^?6 at 70% RH on urban grime, showing a positive RH dependence for both NO₂ uptake and HONO formation. The results demonstrate an important role of urban grime in the daytime NO₂-to-HONO conversion, and could be helpful to explain the unknown daytime HONO source in the polluted urban area.     

Machine learning and theoretical analysis release the non-linear relationship among ozone, secondary organic aerosol and volatile organic compounds

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and ozone (O₃) pollutions are prevalent air quality issues in China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have significant impact on the formation of O₃ and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) contributing PM_2.5. Herein, we investigated 54 VOCs, O₃ and SOA in Tianjin from June 2017 to May 2019 to explore the non-linear relationship among O₃, SOA and VOCs. The monthly patterns of VOCs and SOA concentrations were characterized by peak values during October to March and reached a minimum from April to September, but the observed O₃ was exactly the opposite. Machine learning methods resolved the importance of individual VOCs on O₃ and SOA that alkenes (mainly ethylene, propylene, and isoprene) have the highest importance to O₃ formation; alkanes (C_n, n ≥ 6) and aromatics were the main source of SOA formation. Machine learning methods revealed and emphasized the importance of photochemical consumptions of VOCs to O₃ and SOA formation. Ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) calculated by consumed VOCs quantitatively indicated that more than 80% of the consumed VOCs were alkenes which dominated the O₃ formation, and the importance of consumed aromatics and alkenes to SOAFP were 40.84% and 56.65%, respectively. Therein, isoprene contributed the most to OFP at 41.45% regardless of the season, while aromatics (58.27%) contributed the most to SOAFP in winter. Collectively, our findings can provide scientific evidence on policymaking for VOCs controls on seasonal scales to achieve effective reduction in both SOA and O₃.