千烟洲试区人工林营养元素生物积累的研究

对千烟洲试验区人工林的植物和土壤中１５种营养元素的含量、分布和生物积累特征进行了研究。结果表明,两块人工林土壤中缺乏Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｃａ３种元素,微量营养元素未发现亏缺现象。草本层的养分含量高于乔木层的养分含量。两块人工林的生物吸收系数均以Ｐ、Ｃａ、Ｎ的吸收系数最大,Ｔｉ元素的生物吸收系数最低,其余的养分元素均属弱积累中等摄取的营养元素     

苦荞低镉积累品种筛选及富集转运特征分析

以贵州省毕节市7个本地苦荞品种为供试对象,采用田间小区模式,研究受Cd污染的农用地上,不同品种苦荞植株对Cd的积累能力差异,探讨苦荞不同部位对Cd的富集转运能力,筛选出低Cd积累品种并分析其应用前景。结果表明,(1)7个苦荞品种根部与籽粒两个部位Cd含量存在显著性差异,根部表现在黔苦4号(2.31 mg/kg)与黔苦6号(1.41 mg/kg)差异显著,籽粒表现在黔苦2号(0.22 mg/kg)与黔苦3号(0.12 mg/kg)差异显著;(2)Cd在苦荞不同部位富集能力表现出叶>茎≈根>颖壳>籽粒的特征,苦荞主要将Cd积累在根、茎、叶部位,籽粒对Cd的富集转运能力较低;(3)7个苦荞品种地上部分富集系数与转运系数皆小于1,其中黔黑苦1号与黔苦3号籽粒Cd浓度为0.12 mg/kg,植株、籽粒Cd积累量的系统聚类分析将其列为较低值类品种,可推选为低Cd积累品种;(4)低Cd积累苦荞品种的筛选对威宁Cd污染土壤的安全利用具有重要意义,供试7个苦荞品种籽粒Cd超标率为100%,当地部门应关注苦荞Cd超标问题,加强选育适宜该地区种植的低Cd积累苦荞品种。     

基于大田试验的铅镉复合污染土壤中甜糯玉米低积累特性

为筛选适合在铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）复合污染土壤种植的低积累特性甜糯玉米品种,选取39个玉米品种,通过大田试验,研究其籽粒和秸秆对Pb和Cd的富集特性和差异.将玉米产量、富集系数和基于土壤Pb和Cd风险阈值的方法作为筛选低积累玉米品种的评价指标.结果表明,不同品种玉米的产量、籽粒和秸秆的Pb和Cd含量之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）.籽粒对Pb和Cd的富集系数分别为0.00003~0.00230和0.01~0.15,秸秆对Pb和Cd的富集系数分别为0.003~0.065和0.64~4.28.通过对不同玉米富集系数的聚类分析,综合不同品种玉米的土壤Pb和Cd风险阈值得出,惠甜5号、新美甜818和玉糯9号可在Pb和Cd含量超风险管制值的耕地安全生产,天贵糯937和金萬糯2000可在Cd含量超风险筛选值的耕地安全生产.惠甜5号、新美甜818和玉糯9号作为Pb和Cd复合低积累品种,适宜在广西铅镉复合污染土壤上推广种植,天贵糯937和金萬糯2000作为籽粒低积累、秸秆Cd高积累品种,建议将其作为植物修复资源加以利用.     

铅低累积玉米品种的筛选研究

通过田间实验,研究了在高浓度Pb （2000mg/kg）胁迫下,25个玉米品种生长、产量变化及根、茎叶和籽粒Pb含量的差异。结果表明：在同一污染条件下,25个玉米品种生长对Pb的响应存在显著差异;不同品种根、茎叶和籽粒对Pb吸收、累积及分配能力存在显著差异,分配规律为：根＞茎叶＞籽粒;通过聚类分析获得对Pb耐性较高的品种6个、籽粒Pb低积累的品种6个;综合分析,最终筛选出寻单7号为Pb低累积品种。     

不同水稻品种在镉铅胁迫下的吸收积累特性

选取20个水稻品种作实验材料,盆栽条件下研究镉-铅复合胁迫下水稻积累镉、铅的差异。研究发现沈稻529号在复合胁迫下,糙米中铅镉含量均符合国家规定的粮食卫生标准,初步认为沈稻529号具有成为铅镉复合低积累特性的潜力,进一步验证后,可用于轻度污染的耕地上种植生产。     

菲律宾蛤仔对锌、铅的积累特征

菲律宾蛤仔（ＲｕｄｉｔａｐｅｓｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎａｒｕｍＡｄａｍｓｅｔＲｅｖｅ（Ｂｉｖａｌｖｉａ：Ｖｅｎｅｒｉｄａｅ））分别在不同系列Ｚｎ和Ｐｂ浓度下培养２０ｄ，每间隔５ｄ测定菲律宾蛤仔体内Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ含量．结果表明，菲律宾蛤仔在水体Ｚｎ浓度１００μｇ／Ｌ以下Ｚｎ积累量低，在水体Ｚｎ浓度为２００μｇ／Ｌ时Ｚｎ积累量高．菲律宾蛤仔在水体Ｐｂ浓度为３２μｇ／Ｌ以下暴露５ｄＰｂ积累量低，但在水体Ｐｂ浓度为３２μｇ／Ｌ中暴露１５ｄ，菲律宾蛤仔体内Ｐｂ含量可达对照组的５倍．可见，菲律宾蛤仔对Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ的积累量不仅与水体中Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ浓度有关，而且与暴露时间有关．     

大白菜对铅积累与转运的品种差异研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了15种大白菜对铅(Pb)积累与转运的品种差异,以期筛选具有Pb低积累潜力的大白菜品种.结果表明,15种大白菜地上部Pb含量存在显著品种差异(P0.05),表明大白菜对Pb毒害具有一定的耐受性.根据地上部Pb含量、转运系数和Pb耐性等指标评价,第一春宝可视为具有Pb低积累潜力的大白菜品种.     

两株耐铅镉真菌对土壤中铅镉赋存形态及小白菜吸收积累的影响

通过土培试验,研究接种耐铅镉真菌(产黄头孢霉Cephalosporium chrysogenum和头孢霉Cephalosporium SP.)对灭菌和未灭菌铅镉污染土壤上小白菜生长及铅镉赋存形态的影响.试验结果表明:接种两种耐重金属真菌可以降低或显著降低土壤中交换态铅镉、碳酸盐结合态铅镉和铁锰结合态铅镉,且显著增加土壤中有机结合态铅镉,因此降低了土壤中铅镉的活性;在灭菌和未灭菌铅镉污染土壤上接种两种真菌均能增加或显著增加小白菜的株高和鲜重,其中在未灭土壤中接种产黄头孢霉20 mL小白菜鲜重和株高最大,分别达到6.00 cm和3.22 g·株~(-1),在灭菌土壤上接种产黄头胞霉10 m L小白菜株高和鲜重最大,分别为10.66 cm和11.07 g·株~(-1);接种两种真菌可以显著降低未灭菌土壤上小白菜体内铅镉含量和累积量,在灭菌土壤上接种10 mL产黄头孢霉可以显著降低小白菜铅含量和累积量.     

土施和喷施锌肥对镉低积累油菜吸收镉的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了土施和喷施不同用量Zn SO4对镉(Cd)低积累油菜生长、Cd吸收及微量元素含量的影响,并通过分析Cd在油菜体内的累积分配规律及土壤Cd有效性变化来揭示其作用机理.结果表明,土施锌(Zn)肥可以显著提高Cd低积累油菜的地上部生物量,最大可使其比对照处理增加71.4%;而喷施Zn肥对Cd低积累油菜地上部生物量没有显著影响.土施和喷施Zn肥都可显著降低Cd低积累油菜的地上部Cd含量,最大降幅为41.4%;在Zn肥用量相差8~10倍的情况下,二者降低油菜地上部Cd含量的效果无显著差异.土施Zn肥可使Cd低积累油菜地上部Cu和Fe含量显著升高,而喷施Zn肥对其没有显著影响,土施和喷施Zn肥都使Cd低积累油菜地上部Mn含量显著降低.土施Zn肥可显著提高土壤有效态Zn含量,但对土壤有效Cd含量没有显著影响;土施和喷施Zn肥可以显著降低油菜根部Cd净吸收量和Cd转运系数,油菜地上部Cd含量与根部Cd净吸收量呈显著的正相关关系(p0.01),而与Cd转运系数无显著的相关性,这表明施用Zn肥降低油菜地上部Cd含量主要是由于抑制根部Cd吸收引起的.总之,喷施Zn肥是调控Cd低积累油菜安全生产的较好措施.     

矿区植物假繁缕对铅、锌积累特性的研究

采用温室砂培盆栽试验研究了假繁缕(Pseudostellaria maximowicziana)对铅、锌积累的影响.结果表明,在所设定的重金属浓度范围内,假繁缕根干质量、地上部分干质量、根冠比及植株铅、锌含量均随所施铅、锌浓度的增加呈增大的趋势.根和地上部分铅含量最大值分别为1386.08,1197.93mg/kg;锌含量最大值分别为9250.50,8243.15mg/kg.植株铅和锌转运系数均1.偏相关分析表明,假繁缕根和地上部分铅、锌的吸收间可能产生协同或加和作用.     

Assessment of potential soybean cadmium excluder cultivars at different concentrations of Cd in soils

The selection of cadmium-excluding cultivars has been used to minimize the transfer of cadmium into the human food chain. In this experiment, five Chinese soybean plants were grown in three soils with different concentrations of Cd (0.15, 0.75 and 1.12 mg/kg). Variations in uptake, enrichment, and translocation of Cd among these soybean cultivars were studied. The results indicated that the concentration of Cd in seeds that grew at 1.12 mg/kg Cd in soils exceeded the permitted maximum levels in soybeans. Therefore, our results indicated that even some soybean cultivars grown on soils with permitted levels of Cd might accumulate higher concentrations of Cd in seeds that are hazardous to human health. The seeds of these five cultivars were further assessed for interactions between Cd and other mineral nutrient elements such as Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn. High Cd concentration in soil was found to inhibit the uptake of Mn. Furthermore, Fe and Zn accumulations were found to be enhanced in the seeds of all of the five soybean cultivars in response to high Cd concentration. Cultivar Tiefeng 31 was found to fit the criteria for a Cd-excluding cultivar under different concentrations of Cd in soils.     

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.     

Effect of P fertilizer application on N balance of soybean crop in the guinea savanna of Nigeria

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is becoming increasingly important in the cereal-based cropping system of the Nigerian Guinea savanna zone and this justifies research on its effects on soil N. Although soybean can obtain 50% or more of its N requirement from the atmosphere, the N contribution of the crop to the system depends on the amount of N contained in roots, haulms, and fallen leaves after grain harvest. At four sites in the northern Guinea savanna, the effects on N balance of P fertilizer and soybean varieties of different duration were tested. The varieties received P fertilizer at the rates of 0, 30, and 60 kg P ha⁻¹. The total N accumulated aboveground at harvest averaged 104 kg N ha⁻¹ in the early and medium varieties, and 135 kg N ha⁻¹ in the late varieties. Across all varieties and sites, total N content was increased by 40–47% when P was applied. Apparent N harvest index averaged 85% but was not significantly affected by variety or P rate. When only grain was exported, the calculated N balance of the early and the medium varieties was −2.6 to −12.2 kg N ha⁻¹ while the longer duration varieties had positive N balances ranging from 2 to 10.9 kg N ha⁻¹. The N accrual was negative when P was not applied and ranged from 2.4 to 5.2 kg N ha⁻¹ with P application. The interaction of variety and site on the N balance was significant at P<0.05. N balance at the southernmost site was −14.2 kg N ha⁻¹ compared with 2.6–10 kg N ha⁻¹ at the northern sites where N₂ fixation was higher. The estimate of N balance is reduced when soybean haulms are exported. A positive N contribution by soybean is, therefore, possible in a soybean–cereal rotation when: (i) P is applied, (ii) the soybean variety is late maturing, and (iii) only grain is exported.     

双酚A对大豆、玉米和水稻叶绿素荧光反应的影响

双酚A(BPA)普遍应用在工业制成品中,因需求量递增而产生的环境安全问题引发各方关注.与BPA对植物生长影响的研究工作相比,BPA影响植物生长的机理的研究甚少.光合作用是植物生产的重要生理过程,可通过叶绿素荧光测定技术探测和分析.基于此,本文利用叶绿素荧光测定技术,研究了BPA对大豆、玉米和水稻幼苗叶绿素荧光反应的影响.结果表明,3.0 mg·L-1BPA可降低大豆和玉米初始荧光F0,增加原初光能转化效率F v/F m、实际光能转化效率ΦPSⅡ、电子传递速率ETR、光化学猝灭系数qP和非光化学猝灭系数qN,对水稻各荧光参数无影响,即3.0 mg·L-1BPA可改善大豆和玉米光合PSⅡ系统,增强光能吸收,提高光合电子传递和光能转化效率;6.0 mg·L-1BPA可增加大豆和水稻的ΦPSⅡ、ETR和qP,降低F0,除增加qN外不影响玉米的其它荧光参数,表明6.0 mg·L-1BPA能改善大豆和水稻光合PSⅡ系统,提高光能转化和电子传递效率;除10 mg·L-1BPA对水稻各荧光参数无显著影响及17.2 mg·L-1BPA增加玉米和水稻的qN外,10 mg·L-1和17.2mg·L-1BPA可增加3种作物F0,抑制其它各荧光参数,即高剂量BPA引起作物光抑制,PSⅡ中心受损,光能转化和电子传递效率降低.此外,对比3种作物荧光参数变幅可知,BPA对大豆各荧光参数的影响玉米水稻.总之,BPA对3种作物叶绿素荧光反应的影响在方式和效果上存在差异.     

三叶鬼针草毛状根的诱导及其对重金属Cd、Pb蓄积

利用发根农杆菌诱导植物毛状根多被利用于药用植物生物技术工程方面.目前植物修复也利用毛状根生长快,侧根分支多与污染源接触表面积大等优点进行污染水体的修复.三叶鬼针草自然植株具有重金属Cd的超富集能力,本文利用发根农杆菌C58C1诱导三叶鬼针草叶片产生毛状根,在1/2MS的液体培养基能稳定、正常生长,并表现对重金属Cd、Pb极强的忍耐和蓄积能力.单一处理时,三叶鬼针草毛状根在Cd≤50μmol·L-1和Pb≤25μmol·L-1时均能正常生长,生物量积累与对照没有明显差异;随处理浓度增加,当Cd≥100μmol·L-1、Pb≥50μmol·L-1时,毛状根生物量积累明显受到抑制.Cd-Pb复合处理时,低浓度Cd(25μmol·L-1)与Pb复合处理,随Pb浓度增加(25、100、200μmol·L-1)三叶鬼针草毛状根生物量逐渐减少,抑制效应随Pb增加而加剧;高浓度Cd(200μmol·L-1)与Pb复合处理,随Pb浓度增加(25、100、200μmol·L-1)生物量逐渐减少,抑制效应随Pb增加而加剧.高浓度Cd与Pb复合处理,毛状根生长受到抑制更严重.单一处理时,当Cd≤50μmol·L-1时,随处理浓度增加Cd蓄积量增加,当Cd≥100μmol·L-1时,重金属蓄积量明显降低,随处理浓度进一步增加,重金属蓄积量已无明显变化.Pb≤100μmol·L-1处理时,毛状根对Pb蓄积量随处理浓度增加微弱降低,但不明显;当Pb≥200μmol·L-1时,随处理浓度增加,毛状根对Pb蓄积量明显降低.Cd-Pb复合胁迫,低、中Pb(Pb≤100μmol·L-1)促进毛状根对Cd富集,高浓度Pb(Pb≥200μmol·L-1)则抑制Cd的富集;低浓度Cd仅对低浓度25μmol·L-1时Pb有微弱促进积累效应,其余均抑制Pb富集.这说明三叶鬼针草毛状根可作为重金属Cd、Pb污染水体潜在的植物修复新材料.     

聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(PSNPs)对大豆(Glycine max)种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨微塑料对农作物的生态毒理效应，研究了两种粒径（20 nm和100 nm）聚苯乙烯纳米塑料（Polystyrene Nanoplastics，PSNPs）在6个浓度梯度（0、50、100、200、500和1000 mg·L^-1）下对大豆（Glycine max）种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明，两种粒径PSNPs均抑制种子发芽能力（发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、平均发芽速度和发芽率），其中，发芽抑制率在一定程度上与暴露时间呈负相关关系.20 nm和100 nm PSNPs对根长、芽长和苗长的影响整体呈"低浓度促进，中高浓度抑制"的规律.20 nm PSNPs对根尖数量无显著影响，而100 nm PSNPs则表现出促进作用.20 nm和100 nm PSNPs对根直径和干重均有抑制作用.综上，PSNPs的植物毒性与粒径和浓度密切相关，在中等浓度（200 mg·L^-1）时，其对大豆幼苗生长的毒害作用最大.     

金鱼(Carassius auratus L.)对水中游离态铅的吸收积累及鳃分泌粘液的自身保护作用

研究了金鱼在铅暴露实验中的铅吸收过程及鱼鳃分泌物的自身保护作用，水相Ｐｂ＾２＋的鳃吸收机理以及分泌粘液对铅的络作用。结果表明，金鱼因铅暴露导致粘液分泌量增加。结合到鳃上的铅与水相Ｐｂ＾２＋活度关系可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附等温式表述。     

金鱼(Carassius auratus L.)对水中游离态铅的吸收积累及鳃分泌粘液的自身保护作用

研究了金鱼（ Ｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓａｕｒａｔｕｓ Ｌ．） 在铅暴露实验中的铅吸收过程及鱼鳃分泌物的自身保护作用、水相Ｐｂ２＋ 的鳃吸收机理以及分泌粘液对铅的络合作用．结果表明，金鱼因铅暴露导致粘液分泌量增加．结合到鳃上的铅与水相Ｐｂ２＋ 活度关系可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ 吸附等温式表述．据此估算的最大结合量为０－９４２４ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｋｇ（干重） ．非常接近１ 的Ｈｉｌｌ 常数（１－０１２）说明金鱼鳃上仅有一种类型的Ｐｂ２＋ 结合位点．平均每尾金鱼鳃上Ｐｂ２＋ 的结合位点数达１－６２ ×１０－ ５ ｍ ｍｏｌ，结合的条件稳定常数（ｌｏｇ ＫＰｂ鳃） 为４－８ ．血液铅含量与鳃铅含量间呈显著线性关系．金鱼吸收Ｐｂ２＋ 的主要过程为：Ｐｂ２＋ 结合到鳃上，其后被动扩散或载体转运穿过鳃上皮，进入血液循环．     

Soil N balance as affected by soybean maturity class in the Guinea savanna of Nigeria

Legume–cereal rotation may reduce the fertilizer requirement of the cereal crop and we hypothesize that the benefit depends on the maturity class of the soybean. Field trials were therefore conducted in 1995 in four Guinea savanna sites to monitor the effect of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivation on the N balance of the soil. In trial 1, an early (TGx1485-1D) and a late (TGx1670-1F) soybean were grown to maturity along with a maize (Zea mays L.) reference plot. In trial 2, six varieties of soybean (early: TGx1485-1D, TGx1805-2E and TGx1681-3F; medium: TGx1809-12E and TGx923-2E; late: TGx1670-1F) were grown to maturity along with a reference maize plot. The total nitrogen (N) content, aboveground N₂ fixed, and N remaining in the stover were higher in the medium and the late varieties than in early varieties. Also, the early varieties had higher nitrogen harvest indices (81–84%) than medium and late varieties (74–79%). From the N balance calculation, it was found that medium and late maturing soybean resulted in an addition of 4.2 kg N ha⁻¹ to the soil, whereas the early maturing varieties resulted in depletion of the soil N reserve by 5.6 kg N ha⁻¹ (P<0.05). On average, among the medium and late varieties, late maturing TGx923-2E resulted in an addition of 9.5 kg N ha⁻¹ to the soil. When the stover was not returned to the field, early soybean resulted in more negative N balance than the medium and late soybean (P<0.05). Therefore, planting an early variety of soybean for one season resulted in net depletion of soil N, even when the soybean residues were returned to the soil and N₂ fixed in the roots and N in the fallen leaf litter were included in the N balance calculations. Contrary to this, planting medium and late soybean for one season resulted in an addition of N to the soil. Therefore, medium and late soybean should be used as a preceding crop in legume–cereal rotation, if possible, to minimize or avoid depletion of soil N by early varieties of soybean.