成都高新南区水污染物总量控制研究

在分析成都高新南区河流龙爪堰、栏杆堰水质现状的基础上，计算出区域水环境允许纳污量：COD331t／a、氨氮12t／a。目前高新南区水污染物排放现状为：COD464．28t／a、氨氮48.48t／a，已超过允许纳污量，因此必须对高新南区的水污染物进行削减。计算出了南区水污染物削减分配方案，并提出了保证区域总量控制目标实施的措施和意义。这为成都高新南区的水污染物实行总量控制提供了科学依据，并对其它中小区域水环境管理具有借鉴意义。     

城市环境综合整治的对象与基本任务——论城市环境综合整治

中共中央《关于经济体制改革的决定》要求:“实行政企职责分开以后……城市政府应该集中力量做好城市的规划、建设和管理,加强各种公用设施的建设,进行环境的综合整治”。根据中央的要求,目前一些重点城市正在着手进行城市环境综合整治的规划和试点工作。可是,什么是城市环境综合整治?为什么要综合整治?综合整治的对象和任务是什么?城市环境综合整治的管理体制、基本程序和方法如何?现在还没有一个统一的认识,还处于探索和研究阶段。笔者愿意“抛砖引玉”将自己的一些想法提出来和大家一起讨论。一、什么是城市环境综合整治城市环境综合整治不是一般的城市环境     

重庆市北碚区水污染治理产业亟待发展

北碚区位于重庆市主城区西北部，嘉陵江下游，三峡库区末端，是重庆市都市发达经济圈的组成部分之一。全区幅员面积７５５km２，人口６４．５４万。北碚城区地处国家自然保护区缙云山脚下，被誉为重庆市的“花园城”。一、环保市场需求巨大近年来，以实现把北碚区建设成为经济发达、文化繁荣、社会文明、环境优美、人民富裕的可持续发展实验区、科技工业区、文化旅游城为目标，通过创建重庆市“环保模范区”、“山水园林城区”等活动，建设了一大批控制污染、保护环境、全面提高生态环境质量的重大环境综合整治工程。三峡库区共规划建设３９…     

扎扎实实地向环境目标迈进——《吉林市环境综合整治规划》实施情况调查

1986年10月,吉林市《城市环境综合整治规划》由市人大九届常委会第二十四次会议通过。一年来,吉林市政府在实施环境综合整治规划中迈出了可喜的第一步。一、制定年度环境综合整治目标及实施计划。吉林市是一个古老的城市,解放后,随着工业的发展市区内的化工、炼油、冶炼、建材业发展较快。除了城市建设历史遗留的问题外,新兴的工业给城市环境保护又增加了新的内容。如何改变城市环境状况?市政府的领导认为,环境保护事业发展到现在,城市环境建设只进行单一治理已经不行了,而必须综合整治,把城市环境建设的规划纳入城市建设总体规划,环境建设和城市     

沿海油田污染物入海通量及优化管理

胜利油田所在的黄河三角洲诸条河流按入海类型分为三种形式：设有防潮闸的感潮河；设有排涝站的入海河；直流入海的感潮河。按照各河流入海段面、流速、流量和水体污染物浓度，建立起各种感潮河污染物入海通量模式，计算结果说明沿海油田排放的石油类污染物入海通量为1456t／a，COD入海量为5720t／a。根据各条入海河流不同功能和污染物入海量，按照国家地表水质标准，制定出入海河流环境组合目标，用总量控制方法提出污染源削减要求，以保证黄河三角洲沿海滩涂环境质量。并以污染物入海通量、河流径流量、污染物自净系数和污染物削减量等因子建立各条河流优化管理模型，为保护环境提供对策。     

大连城市环境综合整治的情况和体会

1985年全国城市环境保护工作会议以后,我市环境保护工作开始由控制新污染、治理老污染转入综合整治阶段。几年来,我们主要是从以下几个方面进行城市环境综合整治的。第一,按照经济建设、城市建设和环境建设同步规划、同步实施、同步发展,经济效益、社会效益和环境效益相统一的原则,调整了城市建设布局和工业发展布局。新建项目主要安排到卫星城镇、经济技术开发区及郊区城镇。对老市区现有工业,     

“十一五”环境科技创新的优先领域

①水污染防治：包括饮用水安全保障及关键支撑技术;流域（区域）水污染控制与工程示范等。②大气污染防治：包括区域大气污染现状、成因与污染损失评估;城市大气环境污染与控制;工业废气治理技术等。③土壤污染防治与农村环境综合整治：包括土壤污染与修复技术;农村环境综合整治与农村面源污染防治等。     

强化环境管理,加速环境综合整治——试论防治乐山市环境污染的对策

环境问题是当今世界面临的重大问题之一,保护环境是我国的一项基本国策。中央在关于经济体制改革的决定中指出:“城市政府应集中力量做好城市的规划、建设和管理,加强各种公用设施的建设,进行环境的综合整治……。”在关于     

蒙溪河流域水环境污染及演变趋势研究

研究采用Arc GIS确定蒙溪河流域研究范围,在此基础上进行水环境污染现状及演变趋势分析、污染源调查和水环境容量计算。结果表明:蒙溪河流域水质超标情况较严重,主要超标因子为:COD、TN和TP,COD和TP的压力主要集中在平水期,TN压力主要集中在枯水期;污染源汇入主要集中在4#-9#点位之间。蒙溪河流域污染物入河量从大到小依次为:农业面源、城镇生活污水、农村生活污水、规模化畜禽养殖、畜禽散养和底泥污染。蒙溪河流域达标需削减污染物量:COD为217.755t/a,NH_3-N为24.683t/a,TN为75.710t/a,TP为10.774t/a。     

关于漓江流域生态环境综合整治若干问题的思考

提出开展漓江流域环境综合整治首先要正确认识漓江风景性质及生态环境。借鉴漓江历年综合整治经验，必须要编制长远规划，方能整治有序，治之有效。景区建设要正确处理创新与传统保留的关系，创新只能是弥补性的建设；保留是历史人文的亮点恢复性的维修。指出整治漓江是公益性事业，要以政府行为组织为主，以民间组织为辅，同时要注重公众参与。     

An Open Source GIS‐Based Decision Support System for Watershed Evaluation of Best Management Practices

Economic costs, water quantity/quality benefits, and cost effectiveness of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) at a watershed scale are increasingly examined using integrated economic‐hydrologic models. However, these models are typically complex and not user‐friendly for examining the effects of various BMP scenarios. In this study, an open source geographic information system (GIS)‐based decision support system (DSS), named the watershed evaluation of BMPs (WEBs), was developed for creating BMP scenarios and simulating economic costs and water quantity/quality benefits at farm field, subbasin, and watershed scales. This DSS or WEBs interface integrated a farm economic model, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), and an optimization model within Whitebox Geospatial Analysis Tools (GAT), an open source GIS software. The DSS was applied to the 14.3‐km² Gully Creek watershed, a coastal watershed in southern Ontario, Canada that drains directly into Lake Huron. BMPs that were evaluated included conservation tillage, nutrient management, cover crop, and water and sediment control basins. In addition to assessing economic costs, water quantity/quality benefits, and cost effectiveness of BMPs, the DSS can be also used to examine prioritized BMP types/locations and corresponding economic and water quantity/quality tradeoffs in the study watershed based on environmental targets or budget constraints. Further developments of the DSS including interface transfer to other watersheds are also discussed. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

基于“三生共赢”的小流域水环境综合治理对策研究

小流域是实现重点流域精准化治理的基本单元,"三生共赢"是指要把解决环境问题的目标定位于生活、生产与生态的协调发展,是实现小流域环境改善和可持续发展的根本路径。本研究立足于流域水环境质量改善,以"三生共赢"和可持续发展理念为指导,提出了基于"三生共赢"的小流域水环境综合治理理论架构,即立足于水环境质量改善和水资源的优化配置,强化流域水环境约束,以尽可能小的环境代价支撑流域经济结构优化、新型城镇化发展,以资源高效和循环利用为核心,大力发展循环经济体系和循环社会体系,并通过创新流域治理体制机制构建成本共担利益共享格局,最终实现小流域社会经济可持续发展。本研究基于以上理论架构设计了生态环境、绿色经济、优质宜居三大类指标体系24项具体指标,并重点从优化流域空间开发格局、构建产业绿色发展体系、改善城乡居民生活环境、提升流域生态系统功能、健全流域治理体制机制等方面分析了小流域水环境综合治理对策。本研究可为各级政府创新流域治理模式、制定小流域水环境综合治理规划提供较为可行的理论支撑和技术体系。     

Flood Risk Reduction from Agricultural Best Management Practices

Best management practices (BMPs) play an important role in improving impaired water quality from conventional row crop agriculture. In addition to reducing nutrient and sediment loads, BMPs such as fertilizer management, reduced tillage, and cover crops could alter the hydrology of agricultural systems and reduce surface water runoff. While attention is devoted to the water quality benefits of BMPs, the potential co‐benefits of flood loss reduction are often overlooked. This study quantifies the effects of selected commonly applied BMPs on expected flood loss to agricultural and urban areas in four Iowa watersheds. The analysis combines a watershed hydrologic model, hydraulic model outputs, and a loss estimation model to determine relationships between hydrologic changes from BMP implementations and annual economic flood loss. The results indicate a modest reduction in peak discharge and economic loss, although loss reduction is substantial when urban centers or other high‐value assets are located downstream in the watershed. Among the BMPs, wetlands, and cover crops reduce losses the most. The research demonstrates that watershed‐scale implementation of agricultural BMPs could provide benefits of flood loss reduction in addition to water quality improvements.     

达县百节"水保生态园区"水土流失治理与生态环境保护

本文反映了严重的水土流失是导致达县百节河小流域生态环境恶化的主要原因。阐述了通过实施水土流失治理三大措施：工程措施、生物措施、农耕措施,有效地控制了水土流失等生态问题,极大地改善了当地生态环境,取得了显著的三大效益：经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。同时陈述了百节河小流域生态园区的建设特色：组织协调部门资金捆绑使用,集中投入：业主参与,责、权、利统一,投资渠道多元化,为水土保持和生态环境建设注入了生机与活力。     

New Criteria for Sustainable Water Quality Management1

Abstract: New criteria, pollutant load of unit area (PLUA), are developed for sustainable water quality management, which not only avoids degrading water quality but also considers the equity of development between different generations. A simulation‐optimization model is established to determine PLUA, in which uses the QUAL2E model to simulate pollutant transport and formulates a linear programming model to optimize the objective of maximal loads (carrying capacity). Two watersheds, the Touchen creek and the Keya creek, both in Taiwan, are taken as case studies. The PLUA criterion is applied to several existing projects which have passed environmental impact assessment (EIA). The results show that if the Hsinchu Science‐Based Industrial Park discharges wastewater to the Touchen creek, the total pollutant discharge of 85.6 kg/day exceeds the allocated load. Consequently, a waste reduction of at least 23.4% is required. Although these existing projects have passed EIA, most of them violate the criterion of PLUA and thus contribute to continued degradation of water quality. This study suggests developing PLUA as a part of the process of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for watershed management plans and then applying it to EIA as a criterion for new project assessment. Furthermore, if carrying capacities of all pollutant discharges and resource uses can be translated into loads per unit of area, an integrated sustainable watershed management plan can be developed.     

TARGETING NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL: PHOSPHORUS IN THE MINNESOTA RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The state of Minnesota seeks to reduce phosphorus loading to the Minnesota River by 40 percent from current levels. Looking at one major watershed in the river basin, we examined the cost effectiveness of targeting versus not targeting specific practices or regions within a watershed for controlling nonpoint phosphorus pollution from agriculture. Integrating biophysical simulation results from current and alternative farming systems with production cost and return estimates enabled us to analyze this policy. Our results indicated it is more cost effective to reduce nonpoint pollution by targeting particular regions or practices in a watershed compared to not targeting. Specifically, producers farming on cropland susceptible to erosion in close proximity to water will appreciably reduce phosphorus nonpoint pollution loading potential by switching from conventional tillage to conservation tillage and by reducing phosphorus fertilization levels to those recommended by the state extension service. Efforts to target those producers in the Minnesota River Basin could reduce potential transaction costs and compensation from “takings” by approximately $50 million (74 percent) over not targeting.     

PROTECTING BEIJLNG'S MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY THROUGH WATERSHED MANAGEMEN AN ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT1

ABSTRACT: Watersheds above the Miyun reservoir, a principal source of surface water for Beijing, are designated to be managed for water production, but under the principle of multiple use. Because of the scarcity of arable land, these watersheds cannot be managed only for drinking water. Efforts are under way to reduce sediment delivery, improve the quality of water entering Miyun reservoir, and improve the welfare of watershed inhabitants. An economic appraisal of a watershed management project for the 3,298‐ha Shixia watershed above the Miyun reservoir, indicates a 24 percent economic rate of return on the investment made in the project. The net present value (NPV) of the project, calculated at a discount rate of 10 percent, is approximately US$3.49 million. Sensitivity analyses indicate that a doubling of labor costs lowers the NPV to US$2.07 million and a 10 percent decrease in benefits lowered the NPV to US$2.87. It is concluded that the implementation of conservation practices on the Shixia Demonstration Watershed represent an economically efficient use of resources.     

EVALUATING INTERDEPENDENT WATERSHED CONSERVATION AND GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT REFORMS1

Abstract: Conserving the watershed can help to preserve ground water recharge. Preventing overuse of available water through pricing reforms can also substantially increase the value of an aquifer. Inasmuch as users are accustomed to low prices, efficiency pricing may be politically infeasible, and watershed conservation may be considered as an alternative. We estimate and compare welfare gains from pricing reform and watershed conservation for a water management district in Oahu that obtains its water supply from the Pearl Harbor aquifer. We find that pricing reform is welfare superior to watershed conservation unless the latter is able to prevent very large recharge losses. Watershed conservation that yields net gains in combination with pricing reform may cause net losses without the pricing reform. If adoption of watershed conservation delays the implementation of pricing reform, the benefits of the latter are significantly reduced.     

珠三角城市流域水环境治理思路与勘察设计关键技术探讨

针对珠三角城市流域水环境治理,以珠海市前山河流域水环境综合治理工程为研究实例,分析探讨了流域治理思路和水环境治理勘察设计的部分关键技术。珠三角城市流域治理以流域本底情况为根本依据,综合治理措施以“控源、截污、清淤、补水、修复”为主;流域治理以污水收集处理完善为核心,提升管网摸查与成图设计效率,精准设计管道关键接驳节点,采取适宜的现状管网管养与修复技术,保证城市流域治理工作实施成效。     

CONSERVATION PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES AMONG MARYLAND WATER SUPPLY MANAGERS1

ABSTRACT: In addition to offsetting water supply shortages, water conservation is recognized as serving many purposes, ranging from reduced energy consumption to lower capital costs. Since the discussion of these benefits has been a recent development and has generally excluded local water supply managers, a question arises as to whether supply managers are implementing conservation programs to exploit these benefits. A survey of the managers at 35 Maryland water utilities provides insight into the prevailing attitude toward conservation in a water rich eastern state. The results indicate that most managers continue to view conservation only as a short term response to temporary supply shortages. Only 12 Maryland utilities have undertaken any form of water conservation activity and just two systems have ongoing, comprehensive conservation programs. Institutional, perceptual, economic, political, and time constraints all contribute to the managers’attitudes and general inaction. If water conservation is to be widely practiced, these issues must be addressed and the benefits attributed to conservation must be better documented and articulated to supply managers.