低温等离子体氧化水中难降解有机物研究

实验将介质阻挡放电与电晕放电组合在同一个反应器内,实验废水为直接大红染料溶液,将高压电极上通人50 Hz交流高压电,介质阻挡放电系统的电极间距为30 mm、电晕放电系统电极间距为25 mm、电源电压20 kV,利用常压空气中形成的雾化水电极介质阻挡放电/电晕放电低温等离子体及其活性基团作用于难降解有机物分子.实验分析了...     

翘片-筒式脉冲电晕流光放电装置对二氯甲烷的降解效果及其稳定性

传统结构线-筒式电晕放电装置在降解VOCs时生成的副产物会粘附在放电区域(线电极)上,使得放电间距减小,导致降解效果不稳定。翘片-筒式脉冲电晕流光放电等离子装置的电极结构可将放电区域(翘片尖端-筒)与副产物粘附区域(连接翘片的轴线)分开,从而维持装置的放电强度和稳定性。当翘片-筒式脉冲电晕流光放电反应器相邻翘片间距/放电间距为1,在37 kV下,反应器功率为0.95 W,能量体积密度为和23.6 mJ·L-1,为最优电极配置;处理二氯甲烷2 h后的降解效率呈现小幅度下降后稳定在35%。因此,放电形成的气溶胶部分沉积在凹槽处,可维持反应器稳定的放电强度及对二氯甲烷的降解效率。本研究结果可为低温等离子体处理VOCs废气的性能提升提供参考。     

气液混合脉冲放电等离子体再生活性炭系统优化研究

为了丰富活性炭再生方法,并拓宽脉冲放电等离子体技术的应用范围,研究建立了气液混合的脉冲放电等离子体体系,将其用于吸附酸性橙II(AO7)饱和活性炭的再生。通过实验,考察了气液混合方式、脉冲电压、脉冲频率和电极间距等关键参数对活性炭再生效果的影响规律,进而对该再生体系进行优化。研究结果表明,气液分离式的气液混合方式较利于该脉冲放电等离子体体系中活性炭的优化;在一定范围内提高脉冲电压,可以提高其中活性炭的再生效果;高的脉冲频率下活性炭再生效果好;气液混合脉冲放电等离子体体系中适宜于活性炭再生的电极间距为20mm。     

介质阻挡放电处理甲苯及其放电参量的研究

采用等离子体反应器介质阻挡放电产生低温等离子体处理甲苯,在分析负载等效电路的基础上,利用电压-电荷Lis-sajous图形法对气体放电过程中的放电参量进行测量研究,并探讨了相关工况参数对甲苯去除率的影响.研究结果表明,该反应器所得能量随着电压的增大而增大;气隙等效电容随着外加电压和气隙厚度的增大而减小;电压较低时.电介质等效电容变化不大,随着电压的增大迅速升高,当电压达到一定值后,电介质等效电容变化平缓;该反应器采用粗电极对甲苯的去除率优于细电极;甲苯的去除率随着放电功率的上升而提高,但是能量效率却呈降低的趋势.此外,研究发现甲苯的初始浓度与气体流量与甲苯的去除率呈反比,而与甲苯的绝对去除量呈正比.     

齿轮-筒电极放电处理有机废气及电极优化

放电等离子体技术被广泛用来处理各类有机污染物,其中放电电极的结构是污染物处理效率的关键。通过实验分别研究了在搭载齿轮-筒电极和线-筒电极的等离子体气体处理器下处理甲苯和VOC的效率。此外,还模拟了齿轮-筒电极的放电间距、齿轮齿数、电压大小对于放电特性与效率的影响。结果表明,齿轮-筒电极处理甲苯的效率比线-筒电极具有优势,最高效率可相差8.3%。齿轮-筒电极在处理VOC时的效率也优于线-筒电极2%～5%。放电间距在8～10 mm左右、齿轮为20齿时的电子数密度最大。同时,放电所产生的电子数密度随着电压的增大而增大,但当电压超过-20 kV时增长缓慢。齿轮-筒电极处理有机废气的效率比线-筒电极有提升,此外,电极结构还有优化提升空间。     

能量注入对放电等离子体去除气相苯系物的影响

采用正极性高压直流供电和串齿线放电极--管式接地极构成的放电等离子体反应器,研究了苯系物(苯、甲苯和对二甲苯)去除效率与供电电压之间的关系,以及放电极齿轮数对苯系物去除效率、COx(CO2 CO)生成量和能量效率的影响.研究结果表明,苯系物的去除效率、COx生成量皆随电压升高而增大.随着电压升高,能量效率先升后降,当电压为11 kV左右时,能量效率最高.对应放电齿轮数为31的苯系物去除效率、COx生成量和能量效率皆高于放电齿轮数为55或7,这表明对应特定的等离子体反应器,有一最佳放电齿数匹配.     

线-板式介质阻挡放电反应器的优化

研制了一种新型线-板式介质阻挡放电反应器。通过分析V-Q Lissajous图,得出了反应器放电过程的特征,以乙烯的降解率为指标,优化了反应器的结构,并考察了工艺参数(相对湿度、乙烯初始浓度和停留时间)变化对反应器性能的影响。实验结果表明,反应器放电时,输入功率的增加不会使放电电压增大,增加的是放电电流;优化后的反应器以2.5mm厚的陶瓷板做阻挡介质,以间距为0.5 mm的钼丝做电晕极,放电间距3 mm;乙烯的降解效率受湿度的影响小于10%,随初始浓度的增加或停留时间的减小而降低;最佳的工艺参数为湿度24%(298 K)、初始浓度17 mg·m~(-3)、停留时间1 s。与传统的平行板式反应器相比,该反应器起晕电压较低、能量效率较高,适于降解低浓度的乙烯气体。     

窄前沿高压脉冲放电等离子体降解水中苯胺

采用高压电极在气相、接地极在液相的针-板式放电装置,考察了窄前沿高压脉冲放电等离子体降解水中苯胺的效果。比较了窄前沿高压脉冲放电(上升沿为25μs)和常规高压脉冲放电(上升沿为5μs)的脉冲波形、单脉冲能量、脉冲功率、对苯胺的降解效果、能量利用率以及发射光谱的差异。实验结果表明,窄前沿高压脉冲和常规高压脉冲放电的单脉冲能量分别为0.0078 J和0.016 J,脉冲功率分别为1.02 W和1.285 W,放电60 min后对苯胺的降解率分别为90%和55%,前者的能量利用率是后者的2.06倍。利用多通道光纤光谱仪在气相放电中检测到5种活性物质,分别是O、O+、N2、N和·OH,且窄前沿脉冲产生活性物质的信号强度高于常规脉冲。     

脉冲电弧液相放电等离子体污水消毒灭菌

采用某污水厂的出水,利用脉冲电弧液相放电等离子体技术,研究了放电脉冲次数、放电电压、放电极间距对大肠杆菌灭杀的影响。结果表明:随着放电脉冲次数的增加,灭菌率升高。当放电脉冲次数为400时,灭菌率高达99.1%。随着放电电压的升高,大肠杆菌的去除率升高,其中电压为3 kV最高,灭菌率为96.7%。在相同的电压下,放电极间距越小,灭菌效率越高,放电间距0.5 mm时最佳。利用扫描电镜观察等离子体处理前后大肠杆菌细胞的形貌变化,并根据灭菌的结果对等离子体的灭菌机理进行了分析,发现了灭菌消毒与等离子体中所含的活性粒子成分有密切的关系。     

介质阻挡放电与脉冲电晕放电修复芘污染土壤的对比研究

选取芘作为多环芳烃的代表污染物,利用介质阻挡及脉冲电晕2种放电方式产生的低温等离子体对芘污染的土壤进行修复。通过污染物处理率、影响因素和能量利用效率等实验计算结果对2种放电方式下土壤的修复效果进行比较,并从放电方式的原理、特点和反应器结构等角度进行分析。结果表明:在芘初始浓度为100 mg·kg~(-1)、电极间隙为14 mm时,介质阻挡放电对土壤中芘的处理率较高,可达60.6%,经GC-MS图谱检测分析,其多数产物分子量小、结构简单,但该放电方式受电气参数影响较大,当电极间隙增大到20 mm时,处理率则低至28.3%,其最高能量效率仅为0.321 mg·k J~(-1);而脉冲电晕放电在不同条件下处理效果稳定,电极间隙为14~20 mm时,处理率均能达50%左右,且在不同实验条件下,其能量效率为2.29~3.76 mg·k J~(-1),是介质阻挡放电的10余倍。脉冲电晕放电方式在处理比污染土壤时要优于介质阻挡放电。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Characterization of products of ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in liquid phase

In order to elucidate the reaction mechanism of the ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in the liquid phase, characterization of reaction products has been attempted. One of the products, which was volatile, has been found to be formaldehyde by derivatizing with dimedone. The infrared and mass spectra of the derivative corresponded with that of alkylidene dimedone. Three other reaction products were isolated by TLC using silica gel, CHCl₃:MeOH (80:20). These have been tentatively identified as glyoxal, epoxide of acrylonitrile and acetamide from their mass spectra. Based on these findings a reaction pathway for the formation of formaldehyde is proposed to be that described by Criegee.