餐厨垃圾高温中试两相厌氧发酵的稳定性

为了考察在高负荷条件下餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的稳定性,采用餐厨垃圾为发酵原料,以某污水处理厂脱水污泥为接种污泥,在中试规模条件下,采用产酸相中温(35℃,0.33 m3)产甲烷相高温(55℃,1.6 m3)进行连续式发酵。结果表明,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的产酸相有机负荷可达29.27 kg VS·(m~3·d)~(-1),产甲烷相有机负荷为6.04 kg VS·(m3·d)-1,容积产气率平均为5.61 m3·(m~3·d)~(-1),原料产气率平均达0.913 m3·(kg VS·d)-1,甲烷浓度平均为73.07%,总菌数为2.41×109个·m L-1,产甲烷菌最高为7.08×108个·m L-1,产甲烷菌数占总菌数的29.4%。两相厌氧发酵工艺可实现餐厨垃圾高负荷条件下的稳定运行。     

不同厌氧消化反应装置的玉米秸秆产沼气比较

为了探究适合农作物秸秆进行厌氧消化产沼气的反应装置,选用单相反应装置连续搅拌反应釜(continuously stirred tank reactor,CSTR)和两相反应装置渗滤床(leach bed)上流式厌氧污泥床(upflow anaerobic sludge blanket,UASB)作为玉米秸秆厌氧消化的反应器,比较了玉米秸秆在这2种反应装置中的厌氧消化产气特性。研究结果显示,在水力停留时间为30 d、半连续的进料方式下,CSTR反应装置中有机负荷率(以原料VS计)为3.0 g·(L·d)-1时的VS甲烷产量为223 m L·g-1,而在相同的水力停留时间、批式进料方式下,L-UASB反应装置的VS甲烷产量为169 m L·g-1,前者原料中挥发性有机固体含量减少了53.7%,后者减少了43.5%,因此研究结果表明农作物秸秆的厌氧消化产气特性受反应装置影响较大。     

连续式两相厌氧消化的产气潜能

为了考察连续式两相厌氧消化过程及产酸相、产甲烷相最佳水力停留时间和产气潜能,并与序批式单相厌氧消化实验比较,采用生活垃圾、粪便、餐厨垃圾、污泥混合物料为消化原料,进行中温连续式两相厌氧消化和序批式单相厌氧消化实验。结果表明,单相厌氧消化产气潜能为242 m~3·t~(-1)TS,两相厌氧消化产气潜能达到380m~3·t~(-1)TS以上,提高了57.6%。两相厌氧消化最佳水力停留时间为14d,比单相厌氧消化的水力停留时间缩短了一半,并且连续式两相厌氧消化过程比单相厌氧消化具有更高的运行稳定性。     

浮萍与奶牛粪混合厌氧干发酵研究

对浮萍和奶牛粪为发酵原料在中温条件下进行了半连续厌氧干发酵实验,研究物料配比对发酵过程的影响。实验设置奶牛粪与浮萍配比(质量比)分别为1.00∶0.33、1.00∶0.50、1.00∶0.67和1.00∶1.00,水力停留时间(HRT)均采用30d。结果表明,在HRT为30d条件下,奶牛粪与浮萍配比为1.00∶0.67时产气情况最佳,容积产气率和原料产气率(以挥发性固体(VS)计)分别为0.50L/(L·d)和0.33L/g。     

碳氮比对鸭粪中温厌氧消化的影响

在中温(35±1)℃、6%的料液浓度、pH为中性条件下,采用10 L玻璃瓶作为反应器对碳氮比(C/N)分别为15、20、25和35的4组鸭粪溶液进行厌氧消化实验,系统运行30 d,分析了厌氧消化过程中的COD(化学需氧量)、pH、VFA(挥发性脂肪酸)和产气量的变化。结果表明,碳氮比是影响鸭粪厌氧消化过程的重要因素,调节鸭粪碳氮比至25,可以使其厌氧消化获得最佳的产气效果,COD去除率为24.06%,原料干物质产气率为0.178 m3/kg,产气中甲烷含量为71.5%,产甲烷率为0.127 m3/kg。     

餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化

在中试规模下,研究餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化试验,通过监测餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH4+-N、VFAs等化学指标含量变化,确定餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,在工程上餐厨垃圾单独进行高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性,但难以保证系统长时间安全稳定运行;餐厨垃圾厌氧消化正常运行时最大有机负荷可达2.551 kg VS/(m3.d);当系统有机负荷为2.551 kg VS/(m3.d)时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.622 m3;氨氮对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷影响明显;餐厨垃圾中固有Na+含量对厌氧消化产甲烷影响不明显。     

油脂含量和有机负荷对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧消化的影响

为了研究进料油脂含量(5%~25%)和有机负荷(40~60 kg VS/m3)对餐厨垃圾中温干式厌氧消化的共同影响,采用软件Design-Expert 8.0.6设计进料参数,以容积产甲烷率作为响应值,对14组序批式实验的结果进行回归分析,并建立容积产甲烷率与油脂含量和有机负荷间的回归方程。结果表明,当有机负荷为40 kg VS/m3时,甲烷产率随油脂含量的增加而增大;当有机负荷为50 kg VS/m3时,甲烷产率随油脂含量的增加先增大后减小;当有机负荷为60 kg VS/m3时甲烷产率随油脂含量的增加而减小。序批式实验中进料的最佳油脂含量和有机负荷分别为18.7%和42.9 kg VS/m3,对应响应面的理论容积产甲烷率最大值为32.74 L CH4/L。研究结论可以应用到实际工程中,为餐厨垃圾干式厌氧消化技术的推广提供一定的理论基础。     

菇渣的厌氧发酵特性

为提高菇渣的利用效率,以菇渣为发酵原料,在35℃下,进行初始干物质浓度为6%、8%、10%和12%的厌氧发酵,考察了初始干物质浓度对产甲烷性能及有机质降解的影响。结果表明:初始干物质浓度在10%时发酵效果最佳,此时累计产甲烷量、VS产气率和VS产甲烷率分别为4 034.71 m L、235.15 m L·g~(-1)和134 m L·g~(-1),VS降解率为43.19%;菇渣的沼气产率与VS降解率成正比;淀粉、脂肪和蛋白质的降解率分别为99.01%、70.78%和17.16%;总纤维素的降解率为30.37%,以半纤维素降解为主。实验结果说明,菇渣具有较高的产气性能;产生的沼气主要来源于微生物对碳水化合物的降解。     

青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合高温厌氧消化研究

在中试规模下,研究青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合(质量比1∶1)高温厌氧消化实验,通过监测厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH3-H、VFAs含量和组分等化学指标变化,确定混合厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析混合高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,(1)青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性;(2)混合厌氧消化的最大有机负荷可达4.069 kg VS/(m3.d);(3)当系统最大有机负荷时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.346 m3;(4)混合厌氧消化可削减氨氮对餐厨垃圾单独厌氧消化产沼气的影响。     

牛粪和玉米秸秆厌氧消化产甲烷潜力及动力学

为了评价牛粪和玉米秸秆的产甲烷潜力,研究其厌氧消化过程动力学方程,采用自制序批式厌氧发酵实验装置对某养殖场牛粪和秸秆的最大甲烷生产潜力及其发酵过程进行研究。通过实验研究,测得接种物、牛粪和玉米秸秆的累计甲烷产量分别为64.87、244.0和466.54 m L CH4/g VS。根据实测的产气量变化曲线,按照modified Gompertz equation模型进行方程拟合,牛粪组和玉米秸秆组拟合方程的相关性系数分别为0.983和0.991,表明运用modified Gompertz equation模型预测牛粪和玉米秸秆的产甲烷潜力方法可行。通过对产甲烷过程的动力学研究得到:接种物、牛粪和玉米秸秆的最大产甲烷潜力分别为66.07、213.93和458.57 m L CH4/g VS,与实测值的误差率分别为1.8%、12.3%和1.7%;牛粪和玉米秸秆的最大甲烷日产气率(Rm)和延滞期时间(λ)分别是13.14 m L CH4/(g VS·d)、30.76 m L CH4/(g VS·d)和0.35 d、0.71 d。综上,玉米秸秆厌氧消化的停滞期长,但总产气量和最大甲烷日产期率都比牛粪高。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.