A2O工艺中雌激素的行为变化和去除机理

研究了厌氧-缺氧-好氧(A2O)活性污泥工艺对生活污水中天然雌激素雌酮(Estrone,E1)、17β-雌二醇(17β-Estradiol,E2)以及17α-乙炔基雌二醇(17α-Ethynylestradiol,EE2)的去除性能。在对COD、N和P具有良好去除效果的前提下,对E1、E2和EE2的去除率可分别达到92.7%、100%和62.7%。通过对各反应单元内3种雌激素的物料平衡分析,表明A2O工艺对雌激素的去除主要发生在厌氧段和好氧段。以失活污泥作为对照组,好氧硝化过程中雌激素去除的小试实验发现,好氧过程中E1、E2的去除主要依靠生物降解作用,而EE2的去除则主要依赖于活性污泥对其的吸附作用。     

A^2O工艺中雌激素的行为变化和去除机理

研究了厌氧-缺氧-好氧（A2O）活性污泥工艺对生活污水中天然雌激素雌酮（Estrone,E1）、17β-雌二醇（17β-Estradiol,E2）以及17α-乙炔基雌二醇（17α-Ethynylestradiol,EE2）的去除性能。在对COD、N和P具有良好去除效果的前提下,对E1、E2和EE2的去除率可分别达到92.7%、100%和62.7%。通过对各反应单元内3种雌激素的物料平衡分析,表明A2O工艺对雌激素的去除主要发生在厌氧段和好氧段。以失活污泥作为对照组,好氧硝化过程中雌激素去除的小试实验发现,好氧过程中E1、E2的去除主要依靠生物降解作用,而EE2的去除则主要依赖于活性污泥对其的吸附作用。     

慢滤池去除污水中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯的效能

将慢滤池用于污水二级出水的深度处理,并利用小试装置研究了慢滤池去除邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)的效能。慢滤池采用粒径为0.4～0.6 mm,厚度为800 mm的石英砂做滤料并以0.1 m/h的恒定滤速运行。实验结果表明,慢滤池出水浊度、COD和色度远低于现行《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质标准》(GB/T18920-2002)的相应数值。污水二级处理出水中DEHP浓度为6.1～62.8μg/L时,经过慢滤池过滤后,DEHP浓度降为1.7～7.3μg/L。当接纳282.8μg/L的DEHP冲击负荷时,慢滤池出水DEHP仍能低于10μg/L。实验证明,慢滤池内的生物膜吸附过滤和生物降解共同保证了慢滤池去除DEHP的良好性能。     

超滤膜与后置砂滤池净水效果对比

将"混凝沉淀-前置砂滤池-升流式生物活性炭滤池"工艺出水分别进入后砂滤池与超滤膜组件,比较两者对水中的浊度、COD_(Mn)、氨氮、颗粒数及微型生物的去除效果。结果表明:超滤膜平均去浊率为31.57%,去浊优势不是很明显,但明显高于后砂滤池去浊率;对于COD_(Mn)的去除,后砂滤池的平均去除率为6.80%,优于超滤膜;后砂滤池对氨氮的去除率达到50.08%,相比超滤膜优势很明显;超滤膜出水颗粒数相对较平稳,且能有效保证饮用水生物安全性。后砂滤池的微絮凝作用,可使其出水浊度、COD_(Mn)及微型生物数量均有所降低,但其对微型生物的去除效果与超滤膜相比仍有不足。     

不同粒径土壤对氯丹的吸附性能及其急性毒性

以典型有机氯农药氯丹为研究对象,重点研究了不同粒径土壤颗粒对氯丹的吸附特性及其对发光菌急性毒性的影响。研究结果表明,不同粒径的土壤颗粒对氯丹的吸附性能依次为:粘粒(2μm)≈粉粒(2~20μm)粗砂(200~2 000μm)细砂(20~200μm)。Freundlich等温吸附模型的线性相关系数最小为0.84,对不同粒径土壤吸附数据的拟合均优于Langmuir等温吸附模型。对吸附氯丹的吸附数据更符合准一级吸附动力学,其线性相关系数最高达到0.999。四种土壤颗粒浸出液对发光菌毒性的发光抑制率依次为细砂(-21%)≈粗砂(-21%)粘粒(-13%)粉粒(-9%),即发光菌的急性毒性与土壤颗粒的吸附性能负相关。     

生物吸附-多级A/O-活性焦组合工艺对污水中氮磷及有机污染物的去除

利用生物吸附(biological absorption,AB)-多级缺氧/好氧(anaerobic/oxic,A/O)-活性焦滤池组合工艺对城市污水进行处理研究。结果表明:该组合工艺出水COD、TN、TP平均浓度为20、8.5、0.25 mg·L~(-1),对COD、TN、TP平均去除率为95%、76.5%、80%,3个工艺段对有机污染物的平均去除率分别为55%、26%、14%。其中生物吸附段主要去除粒径较大的颗粒态有机物,多级A/O段可以去除进水中53%左右溶解性有机物;活性焦滤池利用活性焦丰富的中孔结构有效吸附多级A/O出水中难生物降解的芳香类及环烷类有机物。该组合工艺能实现高标准出水、高效脱氮除磷、能源节约、资源回收,是具有良好应用前景的污水处理工艺。     

降雨过程对污水处理厂无机颗粒物特性及活性污泥的影响

取消初沉池的污水处理厂,粒径小于200μm细微无机颗粒物将直接进入生化池,或悬浮或沉积,进而影响生化池的运行。以山地城市某污水处理厂为例,跟踪监测了夏季2个月的6次降雨过程中旋流沉砂池进出水无机颗粒物的粒径和浓度,并同期测定了生化池活性污泥浓度以及污泥MLVSS/MLSS比值。研究发现:旱季旋流沉砂池进出、水中的无机颗粒物平均粒径分别为65.25μm及54.14μm,浓度均值分别为146 mg·L-1及128 mg·L-1,无机颗粒去除率12.33%;降雨旋流沉砂池进出、水中的无机颗粒物峰值平均粒径分别为140.48μm及94.54μm,峰值平均浓度分别为2 167 mg·L-1及1 591 mg·L-1,无机颗粒去除率26.58%;旋流沉砂池对粒径≥200μm颗粒的去除较稳定,对细微无机颗粒物的去除效率约10%。研究进一步发现,降雨中颗粒物浓度分别与雨前晴天数及平均雨强呈线性正相关关系。通过核算生化池无机颗粒物的物料平衡关系,得知研究期间生化池累积无机颗粒物总量410.25 t,其中399.45 t沉积在底部,其余悬浮于活性污泥混合液中。活性污泥MLVSS/MLSS由0.52降至0.40,MLVSS由1 410 mg·L-1降至930 mg·L-1,污泥活性下降,系统运行效能受到影响。     

温度对17α-乙炔雌二醇在SBR工艺中去除效果的影响

17a-乙炔雌二醇(EE2)属于人工合成雌激素,是活性较强的环境内分泌干扰物之一.在污水处理厂中,EE2主要是通过活性污泥的生物降解作用得以去除.影响活性污泥对EE2生物降解的因素很多,温度是影响因素之一.分别采用一级缺氧/好氧(A/O)模式和三级缺氧/好氧(A/O/A/O/A/O)模式运行的SBR工艺.考察了温度对EE2去除的影响.试验发现,随着温度的升高,EE2在水相和泥相中的去除率明显增加,其中在30℃时EE2去除率达到最大,2种运行模式下水相中EE2去除率均达到了96%以上;泥相是EE2生物降解的主要场所;EE2生物降解主要发生在好氧阶段,缺氧阶段EE2生物降解效果不明显.     

高藻水中新生态三价铁混凝行为及其对絮体生长的影响

通过阐释新生态三价铁活性高的机制从而提出混凝剂的连续投加方式对混凝除藻效果的促进作用。与高锰酸钾-铁混凝过程相比,高锰酸钾-亚铁混凝过程初期絮体粒径较小;但经过一段时间后,后者絮体粒径将明显大于前者。Mn(VII)投量为1.7μmol/L时,混凝进行到720 s之前高锰酸钾-亚铁混凝过程中絮体粒径均低于200μm,反应进行到990s时絮体粒径稳步增大到239μm。形成对比的是,高锰酸钾-铁混凝过程进行到720 s和990 s时絮体粒径分别为198μm和204μm。在混凝过程中,亚铁逐步转化生成新生态三价铁,相当于向系统中持续投加混凝剂。在混凝剂总量相同(197.4μmol/L)的情况下,分次连续投加Fe(III)比一次性投加Fe(III)所生成的絮体粒径要大32%。     

剪切应力对活性污泥絮体特征的影响

采用具有自动控制系统可周期性改变搅拌速度的生物反应器处理生活污水,研究了剪切应力周期变化对活性污泥絮体特征及功能菌群分布的影响。结果表明,在相同的运行条件下,运行初期的污泥形态不规则,结构疏松,其内部各功能菌群丰度差异较大,污泥絮体粒径受剪切应力影响较大,最大和最小剪切应力下污泥平均粒径相差30μm;随着反应器运行时间的延长,活性污泥絮体的粒径减小;到达运行稳定期,污泥粒径较小,但结构紧实,最大和最小剪切应力下污泥平均粒径相差仅为6μm,说明剪切应力对污泥粒径的影响减弱,其主要作用在于维持污泥絮体相对稳定的三维结构及相对平衡的功能菌群分布。此外,处理效果研究也表明,稳定的污泥结构有助于污染物去除效率的提高。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.