非饱和压实膨胀土掺煤矸石的特性研究

研究了掺煤矸石的非饱和压实膨胀土的工程性质。通过击实实验确定混合料的最佳含水率和最大干容重;在最佳含水率、不同的煤矸石掺量和控制压实度条件下,通过加州承载比实验测得CBR值和膨胀率;由直剪实验测定混合料的黏聚力(c)和内摩擦角(φ);利用滤纸法在3种控制压实度、5种控制含水率、不同煤矸石掺量组合条件下测定混合料的吸力。实验结果表明:随着煤矸石掺量的增加,膨胀土的最佳含水率随之降低,最大干容重逐渐增大;当煤矸石掺量在25%~35%之间,混合料的c、φ值得到明显提高;当煤矸石掺量大于35%时可较大地提高CBR值和降低膨胀率,可取得较好的压实效果,满足各级公路全厚式填筑路堤的强度要求;掺入煤矸石后,同一压实度条件下,随着煤矸石掺量的增加,混合料的吸力随之降低,利于降低膨胀土的膨胀率,减少吸水膨胀变形破坏。     

掺固硫灰AC-13型沥青混合料配合比设计

固硫灰是循环流化床锅炉燃煤固硫产生的废弃物,具有自硬性、火山灰活性和膨胀性等特性,若以其替代矿粉制备沥青混合料并用于道路工程建设中,将有望为固硫灰处理处置提供新途径。选用固硫灰做填料等量替代普通矿粉,通过马歇尔实验研究固硫灰不同替代量(0%、25%、50%、75%、100%)对AC-13型沥青混合料性能的影响,并对机理进行了分析。结果表明,掺固硫灰沥青混合料在一定油石比范围内均能满足现行规范要求,与普通矿粉沥青混合料相比,掺固硫灰沥青混合料水稳定性良好,压实度相同时,掺固硫灰沥青混合料具有更好的抗车辙性。     

烧结脱硫灰制备蒸压加气混凝土砌块的研究

研究了烧结烟气半干法脱硫灰复掺粉煤灰、水渣/水泥,辅之外加剂,制备蒸压加气混凝土砌块的可行性.实验结果显示,当脱硫灰掺入量25%,粉煤灰掺入量45%,水渣和水泥掺入量均15%,铝粉掺入量0.04%,水料比0.6,稳泡剂掺入量0.0012%,烧碱掺入量1%,无需额外添加石膏,采用蒸压养护12.5 h(其中抽真空时间为0....     

有机粘土和粘土对p,p'-DDE的吸附/解吸研究

采用批量平衡实验,研究阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基铵离子(HDTMA)改性的zeo-HDTMA(有机沸石)、mont-HDTMA(有机蒙脱土)和atta-HDTMA(有机凹凸棒土)及其原粘土对典型有机氯农药DDT代谢产物p,p'-DDE的吸附解吸特性.结果表明,随原粘土阳离子交换容量(CEC)的增大,有机粘土吸附量增大,且有机粘土的吸附量比原粘土大大提高;有机粘土和原粘土对p,p'-DDE的吸附能力顺序为:zeo-HDTMA＞mont-HDTMA＞atta-HDTMA≥mont(蒙脱土)＞atta(凹凸棒土)＞zeo(沸石),这一顺序与它们的有机碳质量分数大小顺序一致.原粘土对p,p'-DDE的吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,吸附呈单分子层形式,且存在竞争吸附;有机粘土对p,p'-DDE的吸附等温线符合Linear吸附等温方程,吸附是p,p'-DDE在有机粘土中有机相的分配所致.当CaCl2质量浓度从0增加到50 g/L时,mont-HDTMA对p,p'-DDE吸附量提高了10.3%.有机粘土和原粘土对p,p'-DDE的解吸率大小顺序为:zeo＞atta＞mont＞atta-HDTMA＞mont-HDTMA＞zeo-HDTMA,这一顺序与它们的有机碳质量分数大小顺序相反.     

铝污泥灰改性混凝土水化及耐硫酸腐蚀特性

为探究铝污泥灰改性混凝土水化特性,对煅烧后铝污泥灰按照不同掺量(0%、10%、20%、30%)制备试样并进行XRD、TG、SEM测试,结合耐硫酸腐蚀实验分析其抗腐蚀特性。结果表明：铝污泥灰掺量为10%~20%时,可以提高混凝土的抗折抗压强度,抗硫酸侵蚀性能在掺量为20%时最优。这是由于铝污泥灰的火山灰效应产生水化硅酸钙凝胶 (C-S-H) 充填毛细孔隙所致,微集料效应还可细化混凝土孔隙,提高混凝土微观结构致密化水平;另一方面,铝污泥灰的掺入,降低体系的Ca/Si比,提高Al/Si比,减少了水化产物Ca(OH)₂含量,促进C-A-H等耐酸侵蚀物相的生成,从而降低了侵蚀介质的侵入与腐蚀速度。本研究可为混凝土改性及耐蚀混凝土研发提供参考。     

利用铁矾渣制备轻质固硫陶粒

铁矾渣是锂电回收过程黄铁矾法除铁产生的废渣,高温条件下易分解产生二氧化硫。通过在铁矾渣中添加固硫剂制备固硫陶粒是实现铁矾渣合理利用的有效途径。通过计算高温环境下不同氧化物吉布斯自由能,并结合固硫剂铁矾渣混合焙烧实验,确定固硫效果较优的氧化钙作为固硫陶粒的固硫剂;同时,考察固硫剂掺量对固硫陶粒的固硫效果及性能的影响。结果表明,随着固硫剂掺量增加固硫率上升,固硫陶粒的吸水率和抗压强度先增加后减少,堆积密度和表观密度先减少后增加。当Ca/S 比为 2.35时,固硫陶粒的固硫率达到最高48.8%,吸水率为3.89%,抗压强度为0.79 MPa,表观密度和堆积密度分别为0.72 g·cm^-3和0.51 g·cm^-3。通过XRD和TG-DSC-FTIR分析固硫机理,发现硫酸盐通过与固硫剂相互作用形成了分解温度更高的CaSO₄和K₂SO₄。固硫陶粒的毒性浸出实验结果符合国家标准。本研究结果可为铁矾渣的高值环保利用的相关研究提供参考。     

高镁镍铁渣基草酸盐化学键合材料的制备及性能

为提高镍铁渣(FS)的综合利用率,提出利用FS与草酸(OA)反应制备镍铁渣基草酸盐化学键合材料(FS-OCBCMs),主要考察了m(FS/OA)质量比、水灰质量比(m(W/C))、粉煤灰(FA)掺量、缓凝剂种类及掺量对材料凝结时间和力学性能的影响,并采用XRD和SEM分析手段,表征了材料的物相组成和微观结构。结果表明：随m(FS/OA)的增加,凝结时间先减小后增大,抗压强度呈先增大后减小的趋势;当m(W/C)=0.14~0.17时,材料28 d时抗压强度均达到33 MPa以上;当m(W/C)>0.17时,抗压强度随之降低。FA掺量对材料早期抗压强度影响较大,随FA的增加,早期强度不断降低,而后期强度与未掺FA材料的抗压强度接近。缓凝剂硼砂(B)掺入具有较好的缓凝作用,且掺量为1%时,材料力学性能最好,28 d时抗压强度可达45 MPa,而三聚磷酸钠(P)的掺入,不具有缓凝作用,还使凝结时间大幅度降低;当掺量为5%时,凝结时间降到14 min,且对材料早期强度影响较大。FS-OCBCMs的主要产物为结晶较好的MgC₂O₄·2H₂O,且当掺入1%的B时,产物结晶更好,同时提高了材料的抗压强度。以上研究结果对于实现高镁镍铁渣的资源化利用具有一定的指导意义。     

石灰在石煤钙化焙烧中固硫作用的研究

本研究对石煤清洁焙烧工艺 (钙化焙烧 )进行了研究 ,发现钙化焙烧除可完全避免钠化焙烧过程中Cl2 、HCl等有害气体的产生外 ,石灰在焙烧过程中有很好的固硫效果。实验结果表明 ,当焙烧温度不高于 10 0 0℃ ,石灰加入量为理论量的 1.4倍以上时 ,保证适当的焙烧时间与空气量 ,石灰的固硫率可达 99%。     

脱硫灰用作钙质材料制备蒸压加气混凝土砖块

为实现半干法脱硫灰的资源化利用,采用半干法脱硫灰作为蒸压加气混凝土砖块中的钙质材料。对脱硫灰进行预处理,使其在含水量20%条件下消化2 h后,烘干。在其他条件不变情况下,掺入经过预处理后的脱硫灰,砖块的抗压强度会有明显的提高。增加经过预处理后的脱硫灰的掺入量,可以在不影响砖块的抗压强度性能的基础之上,降低砖块的干燥收缩值和导热系数,同时提高砖块的抗冻性能和保温隔热性能。     

利用烧结脱硫灰制备胶凝材料的研究

研究了烧结烟气半干法脱硫灰复掺矿渣、钢渣,辅之外加剂,制备胶凝材料的可行性。结果表明,采用改性脱硫灰（GXTLH）、钢渣、矿渣及水泥熟料再混磨制备的复合胶凝材料,具有良好的安定性等水化性能和力学性能;当GXTLH 掺入量为20%、CFII 1.5%、减水剂0.5%及水泥熟料23%时,矿渣掺量在12%～44%、钢渣掺量11%～44%之间制备的胶凝材料初凝时间、终凝时间、力学性能满足GB13592-92《钢渣矿渣水泥标准》;矿渣与钢渣比、水泥熟料及外加剂等掺量一定,GXTLH掺量超过30%时,GXTLH胶凝材料的抗压抗折强度均有所下降。     

Air-Surface Exchange of Mercury with Soils Amended with Ash Materials

Abstract

Air-surface exchange of mercury (Hg) was measured from soil low in Hg (0.013 mg/kg) amended with four different ash materials: a wood ash containing ～10% coal ash (0.070 mg/kg Hg), a mixture of two subbituminous coal fly ashes (0.075 mg/kg Hg), a subbituminous coal ash containing ～10% petroleum coke ash (1.2 mg/kg Hg), and an ash from incinerated municipal sewage sludge (4.3 mg/kg Hg) using a dynamic flux chamber. Ash was added to soil to simulate agricultural supplements, soil stabilization, and pad layers used in livestock areas. For the agricultural amendment, ～0.4% ash was well mixed into the soil. To make the stabilized soil that could be used for construction purposes, ～20% ash was mixed into soil with water. The pad layer consisted of a wetted 1-cm layer of ash material on the soil surface. Diel trends of Hg flux were observed for all of the substrates with significantly higher Hg emissions during the day and negligible flux or deposition of Hg during the night. Hg fluxes, which were measured in the summer months, were best correlated with solar radiation, temperature, and air O₃ concentrations. Mean Hg fluxes measured outdoors for unamended soils ranged from 19 to 140 ng/m² day, whereas those for soil amended with ash to simulate an agricultural application ranged from 7.2 to 230 ng/m² day. Fluxes for soil stabilized with ash ranged from 77 to 530 ng/m² day and for soil with pads constructed of ash ranged from ?50 to 90 ng/m² day. Simple analytical tests (i.e., total Hg content, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure, heating, and indoor gas-exchange experiments) were performed to assess whether algorithms based on these tests could be used to predict Hg fluxes observed outdoors using the flux chamber. Based on this study, no consistent relationships could be developed. More work is needed to assess long-term and seasonal variations in Hg flux from (intact and disturbed) substrates before annual estimates of emissions can be developed.     

Air-surface exchange of mercury with soils amended with ash materials

Air-surface exchange of mercury (Hg) was measured from soil low in Hg (0.013 mg/kg) amended with four different ash materials: a wood ash containing -10% coal ash (0.070 mg/kg Hg), a mixture of two subbituminous coal fly ashes (0.075 mg/kg Hg), a subbituminous coal ash containing -10% petroleum coke ash (1.2 mg/kg Hg), and an ash from incinerated municipal sewage sludge (4.3 mg/kg Hg) using a dynamic flux chamber. Ash was added to soil to simulate agricultural supplements, soil stabilization, and pad layers used in livestock areas. For the agricultural amendment, -0.4% ash was well mixed into the soil. To make the stabilized soil that could be used for construction purposes, -20% ash was mixed into soil with water. The pad layer consisted of a wetted 1-cm layer of ash material on the soil surface. Diel trends of Hg flux were observed for all of the substrates with significantly higher Hg emissions during the day and negligible flux or deposition of Hg during the night. Hg fluxes, which were measured in the summer months, were best correlated with solar radiation, temperature, and air O3 concentrations. Mean Hg fluxes measured outdoors for unamended soils ranged from 19 to 140 ng/m2 day, whereas those for soil amended with ash to simulate an agricultural application ranged from 7.2 to 230 ng/m2 day. Fluxes for soil stabilized with ash ranged from 77 to 530 ng/m2 day and for soil with pads constructed of ash ranged from -50 to 90 ng/m2 day. Simple analytical tests (i.e., total Hg content, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure, heating, and indoor gas-exchange experiments) were performed to assess whether algorithms based on these tests could be used to predict Hg fluxes observed outdoors using the flux chamber. Based on this study, no consistent relationships could be developed. More work is needed to assess long-term and seasonal variations in Hg flux from (intact and disturbed) substrates before annual estimates of emissions can be developed.     

Co-inoculation with beneficial microorganisms enhances tannery sludge bioleaching with Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Bioleaching of tannery sludge is an efficient and environmentally friendly way for chromium (Cr) removal, which supports the sustainable development...     

瘤胃液用于玉米秸秆产酸的影响因素

以瘤胃液为接种物对秸秆进行批式实验,研究了发酵时间、发酵温度与接种比对秸秆发酵产酸的影响。发酵3 d后,发酵液的pH、VFA浓度、SCOD浓度与产气量基本达到稳定值,分别为6.66±0.02、（6 321±45）mg·L-1、（10 523±273）mg·L-1与（1 351±41）mL,反应基本结束;相比其他温度,在39℃时,VS转化率与VFA产率达到最大值,分别为（46.7±2.3）%与（291±4）mg·g-1（以VS计）,发酵液的最终pH也达到最小值7.19±0.03;随着接种比从0.47减小到0.09,VFA产量从（5 704±46）mg·L-1升高到（9 633±143）mg·L-1,但是VS转化率、最终pH与VFA产率分别从（58.5±0.8）%、6.54±0.00与（603±5）mg·L-1下降到（26.6±3.4）%、5.44±0.04与（204±3）mg·L-1,其中0.16为极限接种比,当接种比低于该值时,总产气量不再增加。     

Advances with supercritical fluids

In the last decade, supercritical fluids more and more have been proved as environmentally benign media for chemical and related processes. Many new processes and products have been developed, using the inherent physical and chemical properties of supercritical fluids. Moreover, these processes also promise economic effects. The prerequisites for this success however, are a sound knowledge of physico-chemical properties of--and phenomena in--supercritical mixtures and the availability of other chemical engineering data. This requires an effective exchange of knowledge between a large number of branches of science. In the following, a lot of recent papers will be cited, which should give an overview of actual results on fundamentals and their applications.     

Evolution of clog formation with time in columns permeated with synthetic landfill leachate

Laboratory column tests conducted to gain insight regarding the biological and chemical clogging mechanisms in a porous medium are presented. To seed the porous medium with landfill bacteria, a mixture of Keele Valley Landfill and synthetic leachate permeated through the column under anaerobic conditions for the first 9 days of operation. After this, 100% synthetic leachate was used. The synthetic leachate approximated Keele Valley Landfill leachate in chemical composition but contained negligible suspended solids and bacteria compared with real leachate. The removal of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), primarily acetate, in leachate as it passed through the medium was highly correlated with the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO(3(s))) from solution. The columns experienced a decrease in drainable porosity from an initial value of about 0.38 to less than 0.1 after steady state chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, resulting in a five-order magnitude decrease in hydraulic conductivity. The decrease in drainable porosity prior to steady state COD removal was primarily due to the growth of a biofilm on the medium surface. After steady state COD removal, calcium precipitation was at least equally responsible for the decrease in drainable porosity as biofilm growth. Clog composition analyses showed that CaCO(3(s)) was the dominant clog constituent and that 99% of the carbonate in the clog material was bound to calcium.     

Rapid treatment of water contamined with atrazine and parathion with zero-valent iron.

The utility of fine-grained iron metal in the remediation of water contamined with Atrazine and Parathion was investigated. Batch procedures under water treatment conditions (ambient temperature and pH of approximately 7) indicated that these pesticides degrade rapidly in the presence of iron powder (40-60 mesh, 40 g/l). The decline in the concentration of pesticide was monitored by HPLC. Experiments with unbuffered solutions showed a steady increase in pH values during the reactions. Therefore, experiments were run in buffered solutions. Different buffered solutions resulted in different degradation rates indicating that the buffer plays an important role in enhancing the degradation process. Tests were also performed on an industrial effluent solution containing a variety of pesticides. Although the products of degradation were not characterized, our HPLC results indicated the disappearance of all the parent pollutants.     

Phytoremediation of pyrene contaminated soils amended with compost and planted with ryegrass and alfalfa

Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) were planted in pots to remediate pyrene contaminated quartz sand (as a control group), alluvial and red soils amended with and without compost. The pyrene degradation percentages in quartz sand, alluvial soil, and red soil amended with compost (5%, w/w) and planted with ryegrass and alfalfa for 90 d growth were 98-99% and 97-99%, respectively, while those of pyrene in the corresponding treatments amended without compost but planted with ryegrass and alfalfa were 91-96% and 58-89%, respectively. Further, those of pyrene in the respective treatments amended with and without compost but unplanted were 54-77% and 51-63%, respectively. Pyrene contents in both roots and aboveground parts of ryegrass and alfalfa after 90 d growth in quartz sand and the two soils amended with or without compost were trace amounts. Statistical analyses for the parameters of ryegrass planted in red and alluvial soils including the concentrations of total water-soluble volatile low molecular weight organic acids, microbial population, pyrene degradation percentage, and spiked pyrene concentration show significant correlations at 5% and mostly 1% probability levels, by the analysis of variance. It was thus suggested that the interactions among the consortia of plant root exudates, microorganisms, and amended compost in rhizosphere soils could facilitate bioavailability of pyrene and subsequently enhance its dissipation.