表面铜螯合磁性二氧化硅固定化漆酶及其催化降解水中2，4-二氯酚

利用磁性二氧化硅表面接枝的聚丙烯酰胺络合Cu2＋离子,制备了表面铜螯合磁性SiO：材料,采用傅立叶红外光谱（FT．IR）,X射线衍射（XRD）对该磁性材料进行了表征,并通过配位作用固定化漆酶,考察了其对水中2,4-二氯酚（2,4-DCP）的催化降解效能及主要影响因素。结果表明,表面铜螯合磁性SiO：固定化漆酶对2,4-DCP具有较好的催化降解效能,利用8g／L固定化漆酶催化降解50mL初始浓度为24．25mg／L的2,4-DCP,反应12h2,4-DCP去除率达91％;当pH值在3．0～6．0范围内时,2,4-DCP的去除率随反应pH值的增加而升高;2,4-DCP初始浓度在14．39～257．6mg／L范围内时,反应12h,2,4-DCP的去除率均达85％以上;给酶量增加促进2,4-DCP的去除,但过多的给酶量导致单位质量固定化漆酶催化降解2,4-DCP的速率下降;水中硫酸根离子对固定化漆酶催化降解2,4-DCP具有明显的促进作用,而碳酸氢根离子明显抑制反应的进行。     

固定化催化剂TiO2膜光催化降解三氯乙醛的研究

研究了负载于玻璃上的固定化催化剂TiO2膜光催化降解水中三氯乙醛的效果,探讨了TiO2膜光催化降解三氯乙醛的机理,考察了溶液pH值和三氯乙醛初始浓度埘TiO2膜光催化降解三氯乙醛的影响,并研究了固定化催化剂TiO2膜光催化降解三氯乙醛的动力学.结果表明,固定化催化剂TiO2膜光催化降解水中三氯乙醛的效果良好,当三氯乙醛初始浓度为2.25 mg/L时,在紫外光照时间3 h下,三氯乙醛的降解率高达100%.在相司紫外光照时间下,三氯乙醛的光催化降解率随着三氯乙醛初始浓度的增大而下降.在溶液pH=6.5时,三氯乙醛的降解效率最高.固定化催化剂TiO2膜光催化降解三氯乙醛的反应遵循一级反应动力学,反应速率常数随三氯乙醛初始浓度的增大而减小.     

黄铁矿催化H2O2氧化降解水中三氯生

以三氯生为目标污染物,研究了黄铁矿催化H2O2非均相类Fenton体系对污染物的去除效果,并利用SEM、EDS等手段对天然黄铁矿进行了表征。考察了催化剂、H2O2投加量、溶液初始pH、反应时间等重要因素对催化氧化反应的影响。在H2O2投加量5 mg/L,黄铁矿用量0.1 g/L,溶液初始pH为8,反应10 min后,三氯生的去除率达90%以上。相对于传统Fenton反应,pH对本非均相催化反应的影响较小,在2～10的pH范围内,仍有较高的催化活性。利用GC-MS分析显示,三氯生降解过程能够产生包括2,4-二氯苯酚在内的多种中间产物。     

磷钼酸/聚乙烯醇复合纤维膜光降解甲基橙

运用静电纺丝技术制备了磷钼酸(H3PMo12O40)/聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合纤维膜,并对复合纤维膜光催化降解甲基橙模拟废水进行了研究。红外(FT-IR)测试显示,磷钼酸在复合纤维膜中仍保持Keggin结构。通过扫描电镜(SEM)可以看出,磷钼酸的质量分数为29.4%时,复合纤维的直径最小。紫外测试表明,将磷钼酸固载于PVA复合纤维上比直接使用具有更高的光催化活性,磷钼酸质量分数为25.0%,甲基橙溶液p H=2时,甲基橙的脱色率最高。复合纤维膜热处理后在水中稳定性较好,易于回收并循环使用,循环使用10次,甲基橙的脱色率无明显变化。     

生物制剂法治理藻类水华

在广州市黄埔区某公园池塘进行现场围隔对比实验,通过投加固定化生物催化剂(IBC)治理藻类水华。结果表明,在IBC中细菌的直接或间接杀藻的作用下,水体中的藻类生物量迅速降低,叶绿素a去除率达到81.5%;微生物的快速生长及酶和酶活因子的协同作用下,水中污染物被快速降解,使水体中的总氮、氨氮和COD的浓度快速下降,去除率分别达到81.9%、80.3%和65.3%,并维持在低水平,进一步抑制了藻类水华的形成和发展,加快水体的净化。     

菌株Arthrobacter sp.DNS10降解酶固定化条件的响应面优化

以前期分离得到阿特拉津降解菌株Arthrobacter sp.DNS10为供试菌株,选取海藻酸钠作为固定化材料,采用响应面法优化该菌株所包含的降解酶的固定化条件。借助Plackett-Burman设计筛选确定海藻酸钠浓度、固定化体系的p H值、加酶量和Ca Cl2溶液质量分数4个因素作为影响固定化酶比酶活的典型因素。借助Box-Behnken设计及响应面回归分析拟合,确定适宜上述降解酶的最佳包埋固定化条件及方法为:在每10 m L海藻酸钠浓度为1.93%,p H为8.5的固定化基质中加入983μL的降解酶液(蛋白浓度为88μg·L-1),然后利用注射器将上述混合溶液滴加到质量分数为2.7%的Ca Cl2溶液中即可制备出比酶活最高的固定化酶,实际测定固定化酶的最优比酶活为0.190 2 U·mg-1(预测值为0.187 4U·mg-1)。上述固定化酶平均粒径约为(0.44±0.01)cm,其在连续6次的使用过程中比酶活仍能保持在初始值的77.5%以上。上述固定化处理可有效的改善降解酶的环境贮存特性,固定化酶在常温下保存35 d后比酶活仍能保持在其初始状态的12.34%,而游离酶则无活性检出。     

响应面法在超滤过程分析和评价中的应用

以天然水体中普遍存在的天然有机物腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)为模型污染物,采用PVC合金中空纤维超滤膜去除水中腐殖酸。以腐殖酸去除率和水透过系数作为评价指标,采用响应面法对超滤过程中溶液pH、溶液离子浓度和初始膜通量进行三因素五水平中心组合设计实验,并采用二次回归方程拟合影响因素与响应值之间的函数关系,建立回归方程。结果表明,在腐殖酸的超滤过程中,溶液pH值、溶液离子浓度、初始膜通量对腐殖酸去除率的影响显著性大小为:溶液pH值溶液离子浓度初始膜通量,对水透过系数影响显著性大小为:溶液p H值=初始膜通量溶液离子浓度。腐殖酸去除率和水透过系数方程的调整决定系数Adj.R2分别为为77.10%和88.12%,显著性水平分别为0.001504和0.0001,达到极显著水平,说明方程拟合良好,可用于超滤过程中腐殖酸去除率和水透过系数的分析和评价。     

乳化液膜法对废水中酚的高效去除与富集

采用绿色高效的乳化液膜法(GELM)去除与富集废水中的酚类污染物,建立了以棕榈油和煤油混合物(7:3)为膜溶剂、聚异丁烯多丁二酰亚胺(T-155)为表面活性剂、正辛醇为载体的乳化液膜体系,提高了GELM法分离酚的能力,并研究了各因素对液膜稳定性及对废水中苯酚的分离富集效果的影响。乳化液稳定性和分离酚的实验结果表明,在最优条件下,乳液稳定性好,且该乳化液膜对废水中苯酚和COD去除率分别为99.5%和74%,对邻甲酚、邻氯苯酚、邻氨基苯酚等酚类污染物的除酚率均达～99%,在初始酚浓度4 000 mg·L^-1时,除酚率仍然达～90%,说明该体系可实现对酚的高效去除。此外乳化液膜对苯酚的富集倍数随乳外比的增大而增大,在乳外比为1∶10时苯酚富集约16倍,说明该体系实现了对苯酚的有效富集。研究结果可为废水中酚类污染物的去除与资源化回收提供绿色、高效、低成本解决方法。     

芦苇生物炭复合载体固定化微生物去除水中氨氮

为了去除水体中的氮素并实现水生植物的有效利用,以芦苇生物炭为无机载体,结合海藻酸钠(SA)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)作为复合载体,固定驯化后的硝化污泥制成固定化颗粒,去除水中氨氮。通过考察固定化颗粒机械强度、酸碱稳定性及传质性能,探究了生物炭添加量及生物炭粒径对固定化颗粒降解氨氮性能的影响。结果表明,芦苇生物炭有丰富的孔结构,表面含有较多的含氧官能团和胺基、磺酸基、羧基和酰胺基等基团,从而具有良好的吸附性能以及较强的酸碱缓冲能力,有利于微生物的黏附和增殖。以添加芦苇生物炭作为复合载体,固定化颗粒的破损率降低了2.4%,酸碱稳定性和传质性分别提升12.5%和55.8%;在72 h内,可以使氨氮降解率达到96.3%。此外,不同粒径生物炭的固定化颗粒对氨氮的吸附量有显著影响,随着生物炭粒径从0.60 mm减小至0.15 mm,氨氮的最大吸附量可以从0.30 mg·g~(-1)增加到0.46 mg·g~(-1)。因此,在固定化微生物的载体中添加生物炭,可以提升固定化颗粒性能,打通微孔孔道从而有利于基质的运输和扩散;同时减小生物炭粒径,为微生物提供更多的吸附位点,从而显著提高固定化微生物对氨氮的降解能力。     

漆酶/HBT介质系统对靛蓝染料及废水脱色的初步研究

以云芝(Trametes versicolor)1126发酵所得漆酶粗酶液与1-羟基苯并三唑(HBT)组成的漆酶/HBT介质系统对靛蓝染料进行脱色实验,分别考察了温度、转速、pH和HBT与漆酶的加入量等条件对靛蓝染料脱色的影响.最终确定的优化脱色条件为:温度60℃,转速200r/min, pH4.5, 100mL靛蓝染料"溶液"中粗酶液和HBT溶液分别加入2mL.以上述脱色条件对靛蓝印染废水进行脱色实验,反应80min,脱色率可达90.1%.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Assessment of in situ biodegradation of monochlorobenzene in contaminated groundwater treated in a constructed wetland

The degradation of monochlorobenzene (MCB) was assessed in a constructed wetland treating MCB contaminated groundwater using a detailed geochemical characterisation, stable isotope composition analysis and in situ microcosm experiments. A correlation between ferrous iron mobilisation, decreasing MCB concentration and enrichment in carbon isotope composition was visible at increasing distance from the inflow point, indicating biodegradation of MCB in the wetland. Additionally, in situ microcosm systems loaded with 13C-labelled MCB were deployed for the first time in sediments to investigate the biotransformation of MCB. Incorporation of 13C-labelled carbon derived from the MCB into bacterial fatty acids substantiated in situ degradation of MCB. The detection of 13C-labelled benzene indicated reductive dehalogenation of MCB. This integrated approach indicated the natural attenuation of the MCB in a wetland system. Further investigations are required to document and optimise the in situ biodegradation of MCB in constructed and natural wetland systems treating contaminated groundwater.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

饮用水中硝酸根的催化还原研究进展

由于化肥的过度使用 ,造成地下水中硝酸盐的污染日益严重。饮用水中高浓度的硝酸盐对人类健康会产生极大的威胁。本文综述了催化还原脱除水中硝酸根的研究进展和现状 ,并对其发展趋势进行了简单的论述。     

Involvement of glutathione in the reduction of captan-induced in vivo inhibition of monooxygenases and liver toxicity in the rat

If given orally captan is relatively nontoxic, but it can be extremely toxic after parenteral exposure. Therefore, a single i.p. dose of captan (20 mg/kg) was given to male Sprague-Dawley rats and its effect on liver microsomal mixed function oxidases and certain serum enzymes (SDH, SGPT and SGOT) was studied. The single dose of captan caused marked depression of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and the activity of benzphetamine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase, and moderate elevation of the serum enzymes indicative of liver damage. However, reduced glutathione (100 mg/kg, i.p.) given prior to captan, appears to decrease the liver toxicity as measured by reduced inhibition of the microsomal enzymes and elevation of serum enzymes activity. The results suggest that glutathione and other compounds containing sulfhydryl groups may protect the subjects from captan-induced liver toxicity.     

Origins of Manganese in Air Participates in California

The proportions of manganese to other metals in samples of airborne fine particles taken at some sites in California have increased greatly since the beginning of 1985. Here, data are presented which indicate that the addition of manganese to leaded gasoline is largely responsible for this increase. Concentrations of manganese, silicon, titanium, iron, lead and other elements in airborne particles were measured using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. Coefficients of correlation among levels of manganese, iron and lead measured at twenty sites in California were calculated. Levels of manganese and iron are generally highly correlated because of the presence of large amounts of these elements in the earth’s crust. Levels of airborne manganese and lead at sites In Southern California are often highly correlated, suggesting a vehicular source of manganese. Observed manganese concentrations are apportioned into two major sources: the earth’s crust and motor vehicles. The apportionment indicates that vehicular emissions of manganese may account for a significant part of the total at urban sites in Southern California. At most other sites, the contribution from vehicles is found to be far smaller than that from the earth’s crust.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.     

Lead concentrations in birds of prey in Britain

This paper reports on lead (Pb) concentrations in the livers of 424 individuals of 16 raptor species found dead and sent for analysis to the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monkswood, from the early 1980s to the early 1990s. Elevated Pb concentrations in liver (>20 ppm dry wt), within the range associated with Pb poisoning mortality in raptors, were recorded in one peregrine (4% of species sample) and one buzzard (2% of species sample). These birds are likely to have ingested lead gunshot in the flesh of their prey. Another one each of these species had liver Pb concentrations of 15-20 ppm dry wt, reflecting unusually high absorption of Pb. No individuals of any other species had >15 ppm dry wt liver Pb, although some had 6-15 ppm. The source of Pb in these birds was unknown, but it could have resulted from high Pb concentrations in prey items, including some containing lead shot. Median liver Pb concentrations were generally very low (ranging from <0.07 to 1.61 ppm dry wt for species with sample sizes exceeding 10). In sparrowhawks, for which a large sample was available, liver Pb concentrations in all but one individual were low (<2.6 ppm dry wt). Pb concentrations in juveniles were significantly lower than in adults, and were lowest in recently fledged birds.