酸-碱处理对剩余污泥水解酸化的影响

剩余污泥中富含有机质和营养元素可回收利用物质,污泥水解酸化液中的有机酸在去除或回收利用氨和磷后可作为进水化学需氧量(COD)不足的污水处理厂的补充碳源。通过控制pH,对比分析了不同处理方式(单独碱处理、酸-碱处理和碱-酸处理)对污泥水解酸化的影响。结果表明,单独碱处理的溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)溶出量比酸碱联合处理要大16%左右,预处理第8天,达到5 406.1 mg/L。采用先酸(pH 4.0,4 d)后碱(pH 10.0,4 d)预处理,乙酸产量达到74.4 mg COD/g VSS,占总SCFAs的60.5%,产量及其占总短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)百分比含量均高于其他预处理方式。且酸-碱处理方式下NO4+-N和PO34--P溶出要优于其他处理方式。而单独碱处理方式下污泥减量效果最好,VSS去除率为36.6%。     

碱预处理污泥产酸效果及其生物群落研究

为了提高污泥水解酸化过程中的挥发酸产量,获取污水脱氮除磷所需的内碳源,以深圳市罗芳污水厂的二沉池污泥为研究对象,采用不同的碱量对其进行预处理。通过测定碱预处理污泥水解酸化过程中的挥发酸浓度,并采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction denature gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术对参与碱预处理污泥水解酸化产酸过程的主要微生物种群进行分析,结果表明,当碱投加量为0.20 g NaOH/g VSS时,初始溶出的蛋白浓度为1 780 mg/L;水解酸化15 d时,挥发酸总量达到3 473 mg/L;参与产酸的主要细菌属于Firmicutes、Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes三个门类。     

剩余污泥水解酸化液磷去除的影响因素研究

城市污水厂剩余污泥水解酸化后可产生高浓度挥发性有机酸(VFAs),其中的乙酸和丙酸是增强生物除磷(EBPR)工艺的有利基质.但水解酸化液中含有大量的磷,如不进行处理就作为碳源回用到污水处理工艺中,势必增加除磷负荷.利用鸟粪石沉淀法可以去除污水中的磷.对城市污水厂剩余污泥水解酸化液形成鸟粪石的影响因素进行了试验研究.结果表明,在最佳工艺条件下,正磷和总磷的去除率分别可达92.5%和83.8%.     

不同pH控制策略下剩余污泥中NH4^＋-N、PO4^3--P、COD溶出研究

污水处理厂的剩余污泥中富含氮、磷、COD,在其水解酸化过程中对pH条件进行控制,使污泥中的氮、磷、COD溶出到上清液中并进行回收利用是可行的。在22～25℃的温度条件下,1#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为酸性（pH=3）,在实验第8 d氨氮、磷酸盐溶出量最多后调节为碱性（pH=10）;3#反应器中剩余污泥先调节为碱性（pH=10）,在实验第8 dCOD溶出量最多后调节为酸性（pH=3）;2#反应器为对照实验,pH不进行调节。结果表明：若要以回收污泥中的氨氮、磷酸盐为主,剩余污泥由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）优于由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）;若要回收污泥上清液中的COD为主,剩余污泥由酸性（pH=3）调节为碱性（pH=10）优于由碱性（pH=10）调节为酸性（pH=3）。     

微波法制备污泥活性炭研究

采用微波加热法,以污水厂剩余污泥为原料,磷酸为污泥活化剂制备污泥活性炭.微波功率、辐照时间和磷酸浓度对污泥活性炭吸附性能具有显著影响,在最佳工艺条件微波功率480 W、辐照时间315 s和磷酸浓度40%条件下制得的活性炭碘值301 mg/g,比表面积168 m2/g,污泥中重金属绝大部分被固化.与传统商品炭相比,污泥炭孔隙结构以中孔为主.利用该活性炭处理城市生活污水处理厂出水,COD去除率可达87%以上,污泥炭的吸附等温线用Langmuir等温吸附模型进行描述.     

剩余污泥超声预处理后水解酸化特性

为探讨剩余污泥超声预处理后的水解酸化特性,考察了0.6 W/mL、5 min和1 W/mL、5 min 2种超声预处理条件下污泥水解酸化过程有机质、氮、磷的释放情况。实验结果表明,2种超声预处理均可促进污泥水解酸化,并且0.6 W/mL比1 W/mL的超声预处理更有利于SCOD的释放、VFAs的产生以及氮和磷的释放;水解酸化初期,超声预处理比未经超声预处理的污泥在有机质、氮、磷释放率上差异非常明显,随着水解酸化的进行,有机质和氮释放率差异仍很明显,而磷释放程度逐渐接近;经0.6 W/mL超声预处理,污泥水解酸化3 d后,SCOD释放率、VFAs浓度、TN释放率和NH4+-N释放率分别是未经处理污泥的1.85、2.63、1.85和1.41倍,而TP和PO43--P释放率较未经处理污泥仅分别多2.44和1.23个百分点。研究表明,控制适宜的声能密度、超声时间和水解酸化进程是超声预处理强化剩余污泥水解酸化效果的关键。     

接种比对碱超声波耦合溶胞污泥水解酸化的影响

以城市污水生物处理过程中的剩余污泥减量化为研究背景,通过实验研究了经碱超声波耦合溶胞后的剩余污泥在不同接种比下水解酸化的效果,分析了污泥上清液中pH、SCOD、VFAs、NH4+-N和PO34--P等参数随时间的变化趋势。结果表明,溶胞污泥经过72 h的水解酸化反应,20%接种比下的水解酸化COD溶出率和VFAs增长率最高,分别为75.5%和177%。蛋白质水解程度为16.9%,也高于50%和70%两组接种比。此外,COD、NH4+-N和PO34--P等主要溶出物均在12 h后达到基本稳定状态。     

好氧颗粒污泥降解苯酚

以人工配水启动SBR,逐步提高进水苯酚浓度,探究好氧颗粒污泥对苯酚的降解能力,同时分析苯酚对好氧颗粒污泥特性的影响。经过55 d的运行,进水苯酚浓度逐渐增到3 000 mg/L,苯酚、COD及NH+4-N去除率分别达到了98.33%、97.27%和57.58%,好氧颗粒污泥表现出对苯酚的良好的去除能力。扫描电镜照片显示投加苯酚后的颗粒污泥表面更加光滑,结构更为紧凑。胞外聚合物红外光谱分析表明投加苯酚前后好氧颗粒污泥EPS的主要组分没有明显改变。苯酚毒性刺激了颗粒污泥分泌更多胞外聚合物,胞外聚合物中多糖含量由初始的12.70 mg/g VSS增加到35.17 mg/g VSS,蛋白含量由4.93 mg/g VSS增加到8.01 mg/g VSS。投加苯酚后的污泥粒径明显增大,主要污泥粒径由0.5~2.0 mm增大到2.0 mm以上。     

Influence of the organic loading rate on the performance and the granular sludge characteristics of an EGSB reactor used for treating traditional Chinese medicine wastewater

The effects of the organic loading rate (OLR) on the performance and the granular sludge characteristics of an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor used for treating real traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) wastewater were investigated. Over 90 % of the COD removal by the EGSB reactor was observed at the OLRs of 4 to 13 kg COD/(m³ day). However, increasing the OLR to 20 kg COD/(m³ day) by reducing the hydraulic retention time (HRT 6 h) reduced the COD removal efficiency to 78 %. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was 512.22 mg/L, resulting in an accumulation of VFAs, and propionic acid was the main acidification product, accounting for 66.51 % of the total VFAs. When the OLR increased from 10 to 20 kg COD/(m³ day), the average size of the granule sludge decreased from 469 to 258 μm. There was an obvious reduction in the concentration of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the granular sludge. The visible humic acid-like peak was identified in the three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of the soluble microbial products (SMPs). The fatty acid bond, amide II bond, amide III bond, and C–H bond bending were also observed in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the SMPs. Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanococcus, and Bacteria populations exhibited significant shifts, and these changes were accompanied by an increase in VFA production. The results indicated that a short HRT and high OLR in the EGSB reactor caused the accumulation of polysaccharides, protein, and VFAs, thereby inhibiting the activity of methanogenic bacteria and causing granular sludge corruption.     

臭氧预处理—厌氧消化工艺促进剩余污泥减量化的研究

主要研究了臭氧氧化对剩余污泥的破解效果及污泥厌氧消化效率的影响.结果表明,随着臭氧投加量的增加,悬浮物(SS)、可挥发性悬浮物(VSS)逐步减少,而剩余污泥上清液中的溶解性COD(SCOD)、总有机碳(TOC)、蛋白质和多糖则明显增加.经臭氧预处理(臭氧投加量为0.050 g(以每克SS计))后,剩余污泥中温(35℃)厌氧消化效率明显提高,经65d稳定运行后,总挥发性固体(TVS)去除率为67.58％,与未经臭氧预处理的剩余污泥相比提高50.61％;甲烷平均产率为0.303 L(以每克TVS计),与未经臭氧预处理的剩余污泥相比提高54.59％.可见,臭氧预处理能有效促进污泥厌氧消化,从而达到污泥减量的目的.     

硝态氮为惟一氮源时异养微生物增长特性

采用SBR研究了缺氧条件下硝态氮为惟一氮源时异养微生物的增长特性。结果表明,异养微生物能利用硝态氮作为氮源进行增殖。当进水COD浓度为1 400 mg/L,硝态氮浓度为280 mg/L时,COD和硝态氮的去除率分别达到97%和99%;污泥中微生物的含氮量为8.8%,低于常规利用氨氮作为氮源的微生物;在实验条件下活性污泥的产率系数为0.30 g VSS/g COD。反硝化菌可利用硝态氮作为氮源进行细胞合成对含硝氮的废水处理具有重要意义。一方面由于无需投加氨氮降低了废水处理成本,另一方面由于污泥产率低,降低了污泥处理成本。     

4-硝基酚的污泥减量化作用及对污泥性质的影响

为了有效减少活性污泥法中剩余污泥的产生,采用解偶联剂4-硝基酚对活性污泥工艺中的剩余污泥进行减量化研究。研究了4-硝基酚对污泥的增长速率、基质去除率以及污泥性质的影响。结果表明:4-硝基酚对污泥的减量化作用明显,在对微生物解偶联的过程中并不影响微生物对基质的利用能力;对出水中的氨氮影响甚小,总氮、总磷浓度有轻微的升高。4-硝基酚能够刺激污泥中微生物的活性,比耗氧速率增加,促进能量解偶联,从而降低污泥产率。4-硝基酚使污泥中微生物的群落结构发生了轻微的变化,但对污泥的松散程度和絮凝沉降性能影响甚小。     

不同生物营养物处理工艺剩余污泥中温水解特性简

为了解不同生物营养物处理（BNR）工艺剩余污泥性质差异及其中温水解特性,采用序批式实验研究了来源于Orbal氧化沟（OD）和倒置A²/O工艺剩余污泥在中温水解过程中污泥浓度、营养物释放、污泥粒径、污泥絮凝性、污泥比阻及污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的历时变化。结果表明,相同泥龄（约18 d）条件下,Orbal OD剩余污泥氮含量较高,倒置A²/O剩余污泥磷含量较高,两者VSS/SS均低于0.6,导致中温水解过程污泥减量空间有限、氮磷释放速率不同。此外,尽管倒置A²/O工艺剩余污泥絮体尺寸及絮凝能力明显大于Orbal OD工艺剩余污泥的对应值,但两污泥比阻相近。中温水解过程中,两污泥絮体的尺寸均变小、絮凝能力均降低、比阻均增高;两者的胞外聚合物均呈现增高再降低趋势,且蛋白质均占EPS质量的75%以上,为主要的胞外物质。     

Carbon dissipation from surgical cotton production wastewater using macroalgae,microalgae, and activated sludge microbes

Surgical cotton production has drastically been increased in the past few years due to excessive use by medical health professionals especially in countries like India, which is among the top three exporters of cotton worldwide. The effluent generated from surgical cotton industries differ from textile effluents by the conspicuous absence of dyeing chemicals. This wastewater has a high concentration of suspended particles, COD, dissolved ions, organic carbon, and alkaline pH. Several studies have been published on the treatment of textile effluents and the degradation of dyeing chemicals, while the treatment studies on surgical cotton wastewater have been rarely reported in spite of their potential to cause pollution in receiving land/water bodies. Activated sludge microbes have been extensively studied and well documented in the treatment of several industrial effluent but does not match to the production of valuable biomass from algae. The global energy demand has prompted the scientific community to investigate and explore the possibility of using algae for energy production with simultaneous wastewater treatment. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no research articles have been published which compare the effectiveness of activated sludge microorganisms, microalgae, and macroalgae in removing contaminants from real wastewater. To date, there is a knowledge gap in understanding and selecting the right choice of biological system for effective and economical effluent treatment. In an attempt to minimize this gap, carbon removal by microalgae, macroalgae, and activated sludge microbes were investigated on real effluent from surgical cotton industries. It was observed that the strain of Chlorella vulgaris could dissipate 83% of COD from real wastewater, while consortia of macroalgae (consisting predominantly of Ulvaceae and Chaetomorpha) and activated sludge microbes could remove 81% and 69% of the carbon, respectively. The microalgal growth (in terms of wet weight) increased from 0.15 to 0.3 g, whereas the macroalgal wet weight increased from 1.5 to 3 g in over 7 days of batch experiments conducted in triplicates. This indicated the superlative performance of microalgae over activated sludge microbes in carbon dissipation.

     

活性污泥法处理高钙废水中污泥特性的变化

通过单级SBR法处理模拟高钙废水,研究了活性污泥法处理高钙废水的过程中钙离子对COD,MLVSS,MLSS,SVI,污泥增长速率,污泥形态结构及生物相的影响,揭示活性污泥法处理高钙废水的过程中污泥量巨大的原因。采用逐步增加钙离子浓度的方法,检测到在污泥培养期([Ca2+]=0 mg/L),COD去除率为98.1%,MLVSS和MLSS稳定在4 900~5 500mg/L,污泥增长速率为67 mg/(L·d),SVI为55~60 mL/g;在驯化处理期([Ca2+]=120~2 400 mg/L),COD去除率降至87.37%,MLVSS降至2 500 mg/L,MLSS增加至19 300 mg/L,污泥增长速率为212.31 mg/(L·d),SVI降至25 mL/g;在冲击期([Ca2+]=4 000 mg/L),COD去除率降至69.23%,MLVSS降至1 600 mg/L,MLSS迅速增加至24 200 mg/L,污泥增长速率为816.67 mg/(L·d),SVI降至14 mL/g。经显微镜观察发现,污泥絮体由松散变得密实,生物相由钟虫等指示性微生物变为不适应环境的胞囊结构。结果表明,随Ca2+浓度的增加,COD去除率下降,MLSS迅速增加,MLVSS和SVI急剧缩小,说明活性污泥中的活性微生物逐渐减少,而无机物组分逐渐增多;钙离子的加入促使系统碳酸平衡向右移动,使离子状态的钙大部分转化为难降解的碳酸盐,并附着于污泥絮体上,污泥绒粒被压缩,使污泥颗粒密实度及MLSS迅速增加,导致污泥排放量巨大。     

pH值对污泥发酵产酸的影响

利用剩余污泥厌氧发酵产生挥发性脂肪酸,可作为污水脱氮除磷的有机碳源,而pH值是发酵产酸过程中重要的控制参数.研究了不同pH值条件下剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸过程中各参数变化规律,探索pH值对其过程的影响及其分析.结果表明,碱性条件有利于污泥发酵产酸过程,实验最佳条件是控制反应初始pH值为10.0,仅8d发酵挥发性脂肪酸浓度就达到8.90 mmol/L.此外,污泥在发酵过程中,酸性条件下NH4+-N和PO43--P的释放量均大于碱性条件.     

Microbial activity in a combined UASB-activated sludge reactor system

A combined upflow anaerobic sludge bed-activated sludge (UASB-AS) reactor system with consistently wasting of excess biomass was used to treat suspended-solids pre-settled piggery wastewater (COD=2000 mg l(-1), total Kjeldahl nitrogen TKN=400 mg l(-1), suspended solids=250-400 mg l(-1)). Thus, the activity of nitrogen-related microbial groups in each individual bioreactor was investigated. When the granules retention time (GRT) of 20-50 d in the UASB reactor, the solids retention time (SRT) of 10-25 d in the AS reactor and the recycle-to-influent ratio (Re) of 1 were maintained, the combined system removed 95-97% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 100% of TKN and 54-55% of total nitrogen (TN). Denitrification and methanogenesis occurred in the UASB reactor so that both biochemical processes contributed to most of the COD removal and, complete nitrification (most of the TKN removal) occurred in the AS reactor. Compact granules with good settling abilities developed in the UASB reactor, and rapid rates of granulation of break-up granules in the UASB reactor were confirmed by experiments. The activity of nitrifiers and denitrifiers (an=0.68-0.87; adn=0.55-0.70) and the calculated specific nitrification and denitrification rates (qn=0.26-0.47 mg NH4+ -N mg VSS(-1)d(-1); qdn=0.046-0.076 mg NOx- -N mg VSS(-1)d(-1)) significantly increased with decreasing SRT and GRT, respectively. Accordingly, the combined UASB-AS reactor system should be regarded a promising alternative for the removal of organic carbon and nitrogen from piggery wastewater.     

Treatment of high-ammonium anaerobic digester supernatant by aerobic granular sludge and ultrafiltration processes

Anaerobic sludge digester supernatant characterized by 569 mg TKN L^?1, high color and a COD/N ratio of 1.4 was treated in granular sequencing batch reactors (GSBRs) followed by post-denitrification (P-D) and ultrafiltration (UF) steps. The use of granular sludge allowed for the oxidation of ammonium in anaerobic digester supernatant at all investigated GSBR cycle lengths of 6, 8 and 12 h. The highest ammonium removal rate (15 mg N g^?1 VSS h^?1) with removal efficiency of 99% was noted at 8 h.Since the GSBR effluent was characterized by a high concentration of nitrites, slowly-degradable substances and biomass, additional purification steps were applied. In P-D stage, the microbial activity of granular biomass in the GSBR effluent was implemented. The P-D was supported by external carbon source addition and the most advantageous variant comprised dosing of half of the theoretical acetate dose for nitrite reduction in the 3-h intervals. The use of the system consisting of the GSBR with 8 h, an optimal P-D variant and a UF for the treatment of anaerobic digester supernatant allowed for the 99%, 71% and 97% reductions of TKN, COD and color, respectively.     

Toward better understanding and feasibility of controlling greenhouse gas emissions from treatment of industrial wastewater with activated sludge

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been recognized as important sources for anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The objective of the study was to thoroughly investigate a typical industrial WWTP in southern Taiwan in winter and summer which possesses the emission factors close to those reported values, with the analyses of emission factors, mass fluxes, fugacity, lab-scale in situ experiments, and impact assessment. The activated sludge was the important source in winter and summer, and nitrous oxide (N₂O) was the main contributor (e.g., 57 to 91 % of total GHG emission in a unit of kg carbon dioxide-equivalent/kg chemical oxygen demand). Albeit important for the GHGs in the atmosphere, the fractional contribution of the GHG emission to the carbon or nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment was negligible (e.g., less than 1.5 %). In comparison with the sludge concentration or retention time, adjusting the aeration rate was more effective to diminish the GHG emission in the activated sludge without significantly affecting the treated water quality. When the aeration rate in the activated sludge simulation was reduced by 75 %, the mass flux of N₂O could be diminished by up to 53 % (from 9.6 to 4.5 mg/m²-day). The total emission in the WWTP (including carbon dioxide, methane, and N₂O) would decrease by 46 % (from 0.67 to 0.36 kg CO₂-equiv/kg COD). However, the more important benefit of changing the aeration rate was lowering the energy consumption in operation of the WWTP, as the fractional contribution of pumping to the total emission from the WWTP ranged from 46 to 93 % within the range of the aeration rate tested. Under the circumstance in which reducing the burden of climate change is a global campaign, the findings provide insight regarding the GHG emission from treatment of industrial wastewater and the associated impact on the treatment performance and possible mitigation strategies by operational modifications.

     

Optimizing stabilization of waste-activated sludge using Fered-Fenton process and artificial neural network modeling (KSOFM,MLP)

Sludge management is a fundamental activity in accordance with wastewater treatment aims. Sludge stabilization is always considered as a significant step of wastewater sludge handling. There has been a progressive development observed in the approach to the novel solutions in this regard. In this research, based on own initially experimental results in lab-scale regarding Fered-Fenton processes in view of organic loading (volatile-suspended solids, VSS) removal efficiency, a combination of both methods towards proper improving of excess biological sludge stabilization was investigated. Firstly, VSS removal efficiency has been experimentally studied in lab-scale under different operational conditions taking into consideration pH [Fe²⁺]/[H₂O₂], detention time [H₂O₂], and current density parameters. Therefore, the correlations of the same parameters have been determined by utilizing Kohonen self-organizing feature maps (KSOFM). In addition, multi-layer perceptron (MLP) has been employed afterwards for a comprehensive evaluation of investigating parameters correlation and prediction aims. The findings indicated that the best proportion of iron to hydrogen peroxide and the optimum pH were 0.58 and 3.1, respectively. Furthermore, maximum retention time about 6 h with a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 1,568 mg/l and a current density of 650–750 mA results to the optimum VSS removal (efficiency equals to 81 %). The performance of KSOFM and MLP models is found to be magnificent, with correlation ranging (R) from 0.873 to 0.998 for the process simulation and prediction. Finally, it can be concluded that the Fered-Fenton reactor is a suitable efficient process to reduce considerably sludge organic load and mathematical modeling tools as artificial neural networks are impressive methods of process simulation and prediction accordingly.