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1.
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been recognized as important sources for anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The objective of the study was to thoroughly investigate a typical industrial WWTP in southern Taiwan in winter and summer which possesses the emission factors close to those reported values, with the analyses of emission factors, mass fluxes, fugacity, lab-scale in situ experiments, and impact assessment. The activated sludge was the important source in winter and summer, and nitrous oxide (N2O) was the main contributor (e.g., 57 to 91 % of total GHG emission in a unit of kg carbon dioxide-equivalent/kg chemical oxygen demand). Albeit important for the GHGs in the atmosphere, the fractional contribution of the GHG emission to the carbon or nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment was negligible (e.g., less than 1.5 %). In comparison with the sludge concentration or retention time, adjusting the aeration rate was more effective to diminish the GHG emission in the activated sludge without significantly affecting the treated water quality. When the aeration rate in the activated sludge simulation was reduced by 75 %, the mass flux of N2O could be diminished by up to 53 % (from 9.6 to 4.5 mg/m2-day). The total emission in the WWTP (including carbon dioxide, methane, and N2O) would decrease by 46 % (from 0.67 to 0.36 kg CO2-equiv/kg COD). However, the more important benefit of changing the aeration rate was lowering the energy consumption in operation of the WWTP, as the fractional contribution of pumping to the total emission from the WWTP ranged from 46 to 93 % within the range of the aeration rate tested. Under the circumstance in which reducing the burden of climate change is a global campaign, the findings provide insight regarding the GHG emission from treatment of industrial wastewater and the associated impact on the treatment performance and possible mitigation strategies by operational modifications. 相似文献
2.
Greenhouse gas emissions from hydroelectric dams have recently given rise to controversies about whether hydropower still provides clean energy. China has a large number of dams used for energy supply and irrigation, but few studies have been carried out on aquatic nitrous oxide (N 2O) variation and its emissions in Chinese river-reservoir systems. In this study, N 2O spatiotemporal variations were investigated monthly in two reservoirs along the Wujiang River, Southwest China, and the emission fluxes of N 2O were estimated. N 2O production in the reservoirs tended to be dominated by nitrification, according to the correlation between N 2O and other parameters. N 2O saturation in the surface water of the Wujiangdu reservoir ranged from 214% to 662%, with an average fluctuation of 388%, while in the Hongjiadu reservoir, it ranged from 201% to 484%, with an average fluctuation of 312%. The dissolved N 2O in both reservoirs was over-saturated with respect to atmospheric equilibrium levels, suggesting that the reservoirs were net sources of N 2O emissions to the atmosphere. The averaged N 2O emission flux in the Wujiangdu reservoir was 0.64 μmol m ?2 h ?1, while it was 0.45 μmol m ?2 h ?1 in the Hongjiadu reservoir, indicating that these two reservoirs had moderate N 2O emission fluxes as compared to other lakes in the world. Downstream water of the dams had quite high levels of N 2O saturation, and the estimated annual N 2O emissions from hydropower generation were 3.60 × 10 5 and 2.15 × 10 5 mol N 2O for the Wujiangdu and the Hongjiadu reservoir, respectively. These fluxes were similar to the total N 2O emissions from the reservoir surfaces, suggesting that water released from reservoirs would be another important way for N 2O to diffuse into the atmosphere. It can be concluded that dam construction significantly changes the water environment, especially in terms of nutrient status and physicochemical conditions, which have obvious influences on the N 2O spatiotemporal variations and emissions. 相似文献
3.
采用A/O工艺,在连续运行条件下,以DO、SRT和硝化液回流比(R)为影响因素,对A/O生物脱氮工艺处理模拟城市生活污水过程中N2O的释放进行了研究。实验结果表明,SRT对A/O工艺N2O释放的影响最大,其次是DO,R的影响最小。N2O转化率随着SRT的升高而降低,当SRT从10 d升高到20 d时,总N2O平均转化率从0.319%下降到0.002%。总N2O转化率随着好氧池DO的升高先降低后有所升高,当DO分别为0.6 mg O2/L、1.2 mg O2/L、2.5 mg O2/L时,反应器的总N2O平均转化率分别为0.306%、0.007%和0.013%。R对N2O释放的影响差异不明显,总N2O平均转化率在300%时最低,为0.007%。N2O释放量最低的工艺运行条件组合是SRT为20 d、DO为1.2 mg O2/L、R为300%。 相似文献
4.
Various water management regimes, such as continuous flooding (F), flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding (F-D-F), and flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding-moist intermittent irrigation, but without water logging (F-D-F-M), are currently practiced in paddy rice production in mainland China. These water regimes have incurred a sensitive change in direct N 2O emission from rice paddy fields. We compiled and statistically analyzed field data on N 2O emission from paddy fields during the rice growing season (71 measurements from 17 field studies) that were published in peer-reviewed Chinese and English journals. Seasonal total N 2O was, on average, equivalent to 0.02% of the nitrogen applied in the continuous flooding rice paddies. Under the water regime of F-D-F or the F-D-F-M, seasonal N 2O emissions increased with N fertilizer applied in rice paddies. An ordinary least square (OLS) linear regression model produced the emission factor (EF) of nitrogen for N 2O averaged 0.42%, but background N 2O emission was not pronounced under the water regime of F-D-F. Under the F-D-F-M water regime, N 2O EF and background emission were estimated to be 0.73% and 0.79 kg N 2O-N ha −1, respectively, during the paddy rice growing season. Based on results of the present study and national rice production data, subsequently, direct N 2O emissions during the rice growing season amounted to 29.0 Gg N 2O-N with the uncertainty of 30.1%, which accounted for 7–11% of the reported estimates of annual total emission from croplands in mainland China. The results of this study suggest that paddy rice relative to upland crop production could have contributed to mitigating N 2O emissions from agriculture in mainland China. 相似文献
5.
污水生物脱氮硝化阶段是温室气体一氧化二氮(N2O)的重要释放源。采用连续流反应器在2种进水氨氮(NH4-N,低氮反应器60 mg/L和高氮反应器180 mg/L)浓度条件下驯化硝化菌,并研究了不同初始NH4-N浓度和不同初始亚硝酸盐(NO2-N)浓度条件下所驯化硝化菌释放N2O的特征。结果表明在反应器运行过程中2个反应器释放N2O较少,均小于去除NH4-N浓度的0.01%;N2O的释放均随着初始NH4-N浓度或初始NO2-N浓度的升高而增加;不同初始NH4-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在0.51%~1.40%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在0.29%~1.27%之间;不同初始NO2-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在1.38%~3.78%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在1.16-5.81%之间。 相似文献
6.
The problem of producing strong greenhouse gas of nitrous oxide (N2O) from biological nitrogen removal (BNR) process in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) has elicited great concern from various sectors. In this study, three laboratory-scale wastewater treatment systems, with influent C/N ratios of 3.4, 5.4, and 7.5, were set up to study the effect of influent C/N ratio on N2O generation in anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O) process. Results showed, with the increased influent C/N ratio, N2O generation from both nitrification and denitrification process was decreased, and the N2O-N conversion ratio of the process was obviously reduced from 2.23 to 0.05%. Nitrification rate in oxic section was reduced, while denitrification rate in anaerobic and anoxic section was elevated and the removal efficiency of COD, NH4
+-N, TN, and TP was enhanced in different extent. As the C/N ratio increased from 3.4 to 7.5, activities of three key denitrifying enzymes of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and nitrous oxide reductase were increased. Moreover, microorganism analysis indicated that the relative abundance of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were positively correlated with N2O generation, which was reduced from (8.42 ± 3.65) to (3.61 ± 1.66)% and (10.38 ± 4.12) to (4.67 ± 1.62)%, respectively. NosZ gene copy numbers of the A2O system were increased from (1.19 ± 0.49) × 107 to (2.84 ± 0.54) × 108 copies/g MLSS with the influent C/N ratio elevated from 3.4 to 7.5. Hence, appropriate influent C/N condition of A2O process could optimize the microbial community structure that simultaneously improve treatment efficiency and decrease the N2O generation. 相似文献
7.
A field experiment was conducted in a rice–winter wheat rotation agroecosystem to quantify the direct emission of N 2O for synthetic N fertilizer and crop residue application in the 2002–2003 annual cycle. There was an increase in N 2O emission accompanying synthetic N fertilizer application. Fertilizer-induced emission factor for N 2O (FIE) averaged 1.08% for the rice season, 1.49% for the winter wheat season and 1.26% for the whole annual rotation cycle. The annual background emission of N 2O totaled 4.81 kg N 2O–N ha −1, consisting of 1.24 kg N 2O–N ha −1 for rice, 3.11 kg N 2O–N ha −1 for wheat seasons. When crop residue and synthetic N fertilizer were both applied in the fields, crop residue-induced emission factor for N 2O (RIE) was estimated as well. When crop residue was retained at the rate of 2.25 and 4.50 t ha −1 for each season, the RIE averaged 0.64% and 0.27% for the whole annual rotation cycle, respectively. Based on available multi-year data of N 2O emissions over the whole rice–wheat rotation cycle at 3 sites in southeast China, the FIE averaged 1.02% for the rice season, 1.65% for the wheat season. On the whole annual cycle, the FIE for N 2O ranged from 1.05% to 1.45%, with an average of 1.25%. Annual background emission of N 2O averaged 4.25 kg ha −1, ranging from 3.62 to 4.87 kg ha −1. It is estimated that annual N 2O emission in paddy rice-based agroecosystem amounts to 169 Gg N 2O–N in China, accounting for 26–60% of the reported estimates of total emission from croplands in China. 相似文献
8.
The relevance of indirect N 2O emission is a controversial topic which is subject to much uncertainty. Only a small number of studies measure the indirect N 2O emission at the interface from soil to stream. In addition, the majority of studies undertaken only cover a short-term period (<1 year). Therefore, limited information is available regarding the influence of seasonal or event effects, nor is there much information as to whether indirect N 2O emissions are reflected by N 2O in soil solutions. The present study aimed at clarifying these two questions along with the general relevance of dissolved nitrous oxide. A wetness gradient involving soil solutions of different soil types and surface waters within an N-saturated forest catchment (3.2 ha) was monitored over a period of 1 year. N 2O concentrations in soil solutions (0.09–16.6 μg N l −1) were affected by events such as dry–wet cycles but did not reflect to the actual, indirect N 2O emission at the soil-stream interface. It was assumed that N 2O emission was due to N transformation processes. The N 2O concentration at the spring was three times higher than the N 2O concentrations in the soil solutions. Nevertheless, indirect N 2O emission was still subordinate (<1%) to the direct emission of N 2O. The weekly amount of indirect N 2O emissions depended only on the stream flow rate (62% of the total annual amount). For this reason it was necessary to measure indirect N 2O emission at short intervals and at the interface between soil and stream over a longer time period. Our results and the results of the reviewed studies show that the default IPCC emission factor (EF5-g=1.5%) overestimates the indirect N 2O emission from ecosystems. The emission factor should therefore be lowered to about 0.1–0.3%. In addition, the results indicate that indirect N 2O emission is an insignificant pathway in the N cycle of most ecosystems. However, final judgement will depend on long-term studies. 相似文献
9.
To investigate the spatial and seasonal variations of nitrous oxide (N 2O) fluxes and understand the key controlling factors, we explored N 2O fluxes and environmental variables in high marsh (HM), middle marsh (MM), low marsh (LM), and mudflat (MF) in the Yellow River estuary throughout a year. Fluxes of N 2O differed significantly between sampling periods as well as between sampling positions. During all times of day and the seasons measured, N 2O fluxes ranged from ?0.0051 to 0.0805 mg N 2O m ?2 h ?1, and high N 2O emissions occurred during spring (0.0278 mg N 2O m ?2 h ?1) and winter (0.0139 mg N 2O m ?2 h ?1) while low fluxes were observed during summer (0.0065 mg N 2O m ?2 h ?1) and autumn (0.0060 mg N 2O m ?2 h ?1). The annual average N 2O flux from the intertidal zone was 0.0117 mg N 2O m ?2 h ?1, and the cumulative N 2O emission throughout a year was 113.03 mg N 2O m ?2, indicating that coastal marsh acted as N 2O source. Over all seasons, N 2O fluxes from the four marshes were significantly different ( p?<?0.05), in the order of HM (0.0256?±?0.0040 mg N 2O m ?2 h ?1)?>?MF (0.0107?±?0.0027 mg N 2O m ?2 h ?1)?>?LM (0.0073?±?0.0020 mg N 2O m ?2 h ?1)?>?MM (0.0026?±?0.0011 mg N 2O m ?2 h ?1). Temporal variations of N 2O emissions were related to the vegetations ( Suaeda salsa, Phragmites australis, and Tamarix chinensis) and the limited C and mineral N in soils during summer and autumn and the frequent freeze/thaw cycles in soils during spring and winter, while spatial variations were mainly affected by tidal fluctuation and plant composition at spatial scale. This study indicated the importance of seasonal N 2O contributions (particularly during non-growing season) to the estimation of local N 2O inventory, and highlighted both the large spatial variation of N 2O fluxes across the coastal marsh (CV?=?158.31 %) and the potential effect of exogenous nitrogen loading to the Yellow River estuary on N 2O emission should be considered before the annual or local N 2O inventory was evaluated accurately. 相似文献
10.
The wetlands play an important role in global carbon and nitrogen storage, and they are also natural sources of greenhouse gases such as methane (CH 4) and nitrous oxide (N 2O). Land-use change is an important factor affecting the exchange of greenhouse gases between wetlands and the atmosphere. However, few studies have investigated the effect of land-use change on CH 4 and N 2O emissions from freshwater marsh in China. Therefore, a field study was carried out over a year to investigate the seasonal changes of the emissions of CH 4 and N 2O at three sites ( Deyeuxia angustifolia marsh, dryland and rice field) in the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China. Marsh was the source of CH 4 showing a distinct temporal variation. Maximum fluxes occurred in June and the highest value was 20.69 ± 2.57 mg CH 4 m ?2 h ?1. The seasonal change of N 2O fluxes from marsh was not obvious, consisted of a series of emission pulses. The marsh acted as a N 2O sink during winter, while became a N 2O source in the growing season. The results showed that gas exchange between soil/snow and the atmosphere in the winter season contributed greatly to the annual budgets. The winter season CH 4 flux was about 3.24% of the annual flux and the winter uptake of N 2O accounted for 13.70% of the growing-season emission. Conversion marsh to dryland resulted in a shift from a strong CH 4 source to a weak sink (from 199.12 ± 39.04 to ?1.37 ± 0.68 kg CH 4 ha ?1 yr ?1), while increased N 2O emissions somewhat (from 4.07 ± 1.72 to 4.90 ± 1.52 kg N 2O ha ?1 yr ?1). Conversion marsh to rice field significantly decreased CH 4 emission from 199.12 ± 39.04 to 94.82 ± 9.86 kg CH 4 ha ?1 yr ?1 and N 2O emission from 4.07 ± 1.72 to 2.09 ± 0.79 kg N 2O ha ?1 yr ?1. 相似文献
11.
Measurements of ammonia (NH 3), nitrous oxide (N 2O) and methane (CH 4) were made from 11 outdoor concrete yards used by livestock. Measurements of NH 3 emission were made using the equilibrium concentration technique while closed chambers were used to measure N 2O and CH 4 emissions. Outdoor yards used by livestock proved to be an important source of NH 3 emission. Greatest emission rates were measured from dairy cow feeding yards, with a mean of 690 mg NH 3-N m −2 h −1. Smaller emission rates were measured from sheep handling areas, dairy cow collecting yards, beef feeding yards and a pig loading area, with respective mean emission rates of 440, 280, 220 and 140 mg NH 3-N m −2 h −1. Emission rates of N 2O and CH 4 were much smaller and for CH 4, in particular, emission rates were influenced greatly by the presence or absence of dung on the measurement area. 相似文献
12.
There is increasing concern that agricultural intensification in China has greatly increased N 2O emissions due to rapidly increased fertilizer use. By linking a spatial database of precipitation, synthetic fertilizer N input, cropping rotation and area via GIS, a precipitation-rectified emission factor of N 2O for upland croplands and water regime-specific emission factors for irrigated rice paddies were adopted to estimate annual synthetic fertilizer N-induced direct N 2O emissions (FIE-N 2O) from Chinese croplands during 1980-2000. Annual FIE-N 2O was estimated to be 115.7 Gg N 2O-N year −1 in the 1980s and 210.5 Gg N 2O-N year −1 in the 1990s, with an annual increasing rate of 9.14 Gg N 2O-N year −1 over the period 1980-2000. Upland croplands contributed most to the national total of FIE-N 2O, accounting for 79% in 1980 and 92% in 2000. Approximately 65% of the FIE-N 2O emitted in eastern and southern central China. 相似文献
13.
Concentrated animal feeding operations around the globe generate large amounts of nitrous oxide (N 2O) in the surrounding atmosphere. Liquid animal waste systems have received little attention with respect to N 2O emissions. We hypothesized that the solution chemistry of animal waste aqueous suspensions would promote conditions that lead to N 2O supersaturation at the liquid/air interface. The concentration of dissolved N 2O in poultry litter (PL) aqueous suspensions at 25 °C was 0.36 μg N 2O mL −1, at least an order of magnitude greater than that measured in water in equilibrium with ambient air, suggesting N 2O supersaturation. There was a nonlinear increase in the N 2O Henry constants of PL from 2810 atm/mole fraction at 35 °C to 17 300 atm/mole fraction at 41 °C. The extremely high N 2O Henry constants were partially ascribed to N 2O complexation with aromatic moieties. Complexed N 2O structures were unstable at temperatures > 35 °C, supplying the headspace with additional free N 2O concentrations. 相似文献
14.
Nitrous oxide (N 2O) emissions from a typical greenhouse vegetable system in Northern China were measured from February 2004 to January 2006 using a close chamber method. Four nitrogen management levels (NN, MN, CN, and SN) were used. N 2O emissions occurred intermittently in the growing season, strongly correlating with N fertilization and irrigation. No peak emissions were observed after fertilization in the late Autumn season due to low soil temperature. 57-94% of the seasonal N 2O emissions came from the initial growth stage, corresponding to the rewetting process in the soil. The annual N 2O emissions ranged from 2.6 to 8.8 kg N ha −1 yr −1, accounting for 0.27-0.30% of the annual nitrogen input. Compared with conventional N management, site-specific N management reduced N fertilization rate by 69% in 2004 and by 76% in 2005, and consequently reduced N 2O emissions by 51% in 2004 and 27% in 2005, respectively. 相似文献
15.
利用SBR,控制曝气量为60 L/h,利用在线pH曲线控制曝气时间,成功实现了短程生物脱氮过程,并考察了不同进水方式下SBR运行性能及N2O产量。结果表明,分段进水能够有效降低短程生物脱氮过程中外加碳源投加量。在原水进水碳氮比较低时,采用递增进水量的进水方式,能够有效降低生物脱氮过程中NO-2积累量,从而降低系统N2O产量。1次进水、2次等量进水和2次递增进水方式下,生物脱氮过程中N2O产量分别为11.1、8.86和5.04 mg/L。硝化过程中NO-2-N的积累是导致系统N2O产生的主要原因。部分氨氧化菌(AOB)在限氧条件下以NH+4-N作为电子供体,NO-2-N作为电子受体进行反硝化,最终产物是N2O。 相似文献
16.
Nitrous oxide (N 2O) emissions measurements were made on light duty gasoline and light duty diesel vehicles during chassis dynamometer testing conducted at the Environment Canada and California Air Resources Board vehicle emissions laboratories between 2001 and 2007. Per phase and composite FTP emission rates were measured. A subset of vehicles was also tested using other driving cycles to characterize emissions as a function of different driving conditions. Vehicles were both new (<6500 km) and in-use (6500–160,000 km) and were tested on low sulfur gasoline (<30 ppm) or low sulfur diesel (<300 ppm). Measurements from selected published studies were combined with these new measurements to give a test fleet of 467 vehicles meeting both US EPA and California criteria pollutant emissions standards between Tier 0 and Tier 2 Bin 3 or SULEV. Aggregate distance-based and fuel-based emission factors for N 2O are reported for each emission standard and for each of the different test cycles. Results show that the distinction between light duty automobile and light duty truck is not significant for any of the emission standards represented by the test fleet and the distinction between new and aged catalyst is significant for vehicles meeting all emission standards but Tier 2. This is likely due to the relatively low mileage accumulated by the Tier 2 vehicles in this study as compared to the durability requirement of the standard. The FTP composite N 2O emission factors for gasoline vehicles meeting emission standards more stringent than Tier 1 are substantially lower than those currently used by both Canada and the US for the 2005 inventories. N 2O emission factors from test cycles other than the FTP illustrate the variability of emission factors as a function of driving conditions. N 2O emission factors are shown to strongly correlate with NMHC/NMOG emission standards and less strongly with NO X and CO emission standards. A review of several published reports on the effect of gasoline sulfur content on N 2O emissions suggests that additional research is needed to adequately quantify the increase in N 2O emissions as a function of fuel sulfur. 相似文献
17.
This investigation aimed to remove phenol from real wastewater (taken from a petrochemical company) by activating peroxy-monosulfate (PMS) using catalysts extracted from pier waste sludge. The physical and chemical properties of the catalyst were evaluated by FE-SEM/EDS, XRD, FTIR, and TGA/DTG tests. The functional groups of O–H, C–H, CO32?, C–H, C–O, N–H, and C–N were identified on the catalyst surface. Also, the crystallinity of the catalyst before and after reaction with petrochemical wastewater was 103.4 nm and 55.8 nm, respectively. Operational parameters of pH (3–9), catalyst dose (0–100 mg/L), phenol concentration (50–250 mg/L), and PMS concentration (0–250 mg/L) were tested to remove phenol. The highest phenol removal rate (94%) was obtained at pH=3, catalyst dose of 80 mg/L, phenol concentration of 50 mg/L, PMS concentration of 150 mg/L, and contact time of 150 min. Phenol decomposition in petrochemical wastewater followed the first-order kinetics (k> 0.008 min?1, R2> 0.94). Changes in pH factor were very effective on phenol removal efficiency, and maximum efficiency (≈83%) was achieved in pH 3. The catalyst stability test was performed for up to five cycles, and phenol removal in the fifth cycle was reduced to 42%. Also, the energy consumption in this study was 77.69 kW h/m3. According to the results, the pier waste sludge catalyst/PMS system is a critical process for eliminating phenol from petrochemical wastewater. 相似文献
18.
Animal wastewater lagoons nearby concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) represent the latest tendency in global animal farming, severely impacting the magnitude of greenhouse gas emissions, including nitrous oxide (N 2O). We hypothesized that lagoon wastewater could be supersaturated with N 2O as part of incomplete microbial nitrification/denitrification processes, thereby regulating the N 2O partitioning in the gaseous phase. The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the magnitude of dissolved N 2O concentrations in the lagoon; and (ii) to determine the extent to which supersaturation of N 2O occurs in wastewater lagoons. Dissolved N 2O concentrations in the wastewater samples were high, ranging from 0.4 to 40.5 μg N 2O mL −1. Calculated dissolved N 2O concentrations from the experimentally measured partition coefficients were much greater than those typically expected in aquatic systems (<∼0.6 μg N 2O mL −1). Knowledge of the factors controlling the magnitude of N 2O supersaturation could potentially bridge mass balance differences between in situ measurements and global N 2O models. 相似文献
19.
Twenty-two long-term measurements of direct N 2O emissions from soils in an intensive agricultural area were used for the validation of the process-based DNDC model (version 8.3P). Model simulations were evaluated for temporal patterns of N 2O, NH 4+, NO 3− and water-filled pore space (WFPS) and total N 2O emissions. Several soil and crop input parameter adjustments to the model were evaluated but only the recalculation of the WFPS at wilting point and at field capacity, using pedotransfer functions, resulted in a clear improvement of the simulated variables (WFPS in all cases, N 2O in some cases). Therefore, only this adjustment was made to DNDC 8.3P. This change, however, resulted for some cases (both cropland and grassland) in retardation of nitrate leaching and to a lesser extent of NH 4+ to the deeper soil layers. The goodness of fit of the simulated temporal pattern of N 2O varied considerably between sites. The total simulated N 2O emissions from cropland showed a good agreement with the measurements, although there was a systematic overestimation of 7.4 kg N 2O-N ha −1. Grassland soils, in contrast, gave a low agreement between total simulated and measured N 2O losses. On the basis of all measured data a regional emission factor of 3.16 with a 95% confidence interval of −0.89 to 7.21 could be calculated. DNDC simulations resulted in an emission factor of 6.49 with a 95% confidence interval of 4.04–8.93. The overall outcome of the N 2O emission measurements and DNDC simulations were compared with several empirical regression models, which may be applicable for a temperate climate system. All of the tested regression models showed reliable results up to a N 2O emission of 10 kg N 2O-N ha −1. Higher emissions, however, were systematically underestimated. Though DNDC both under- and overestimated specific sites, the general agreement, over the whole range between measurements and simulations of total N 2O losses (simulations=0.82×meas.+6.2), was better than for the different regression models. 相似文献
20.
Considering its richness in organic and inorganic mineral nutrients, the recycling of sewage sludge (SS) is highly considered as a soil supplement in agriculture. However, the fate of hazardous heavy metal accumulation in the crops cultivated in SS amended soils is always a source of concern. Since nanoparticles are widely recognized to reduce heavy metal uptake by crop plants; thus, the present experiment deals with okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) cultivation under the combined application of SS and TiO2-nanoparticles (NPs). Triplicated pot experiments were conducted using different doses of SS and TiO2-NPs such as 0 g/kg SS (control), 50 g/kg SS, 50 g/kg SS?+?TiO2, 100 g/kg SS, and 100 g/kg SS?+?TiO2, respectively. The findings of this study indicated that among the doses of treatment combinations investigated, 100 g/kg SS?+?TiO2 showed a significant (p?<?0.05) increase in the okra plant yield (287.87?±?4.06 g/plant) and other biochemical parameters such as fruit length (13.97?±?0.54 cm), plant height (75.05?±?3.18 cm), superoxide dismutase (SOD: 110.68?±?3.11 μ/mg), catalase (CAT: 81.32?±?3.52 μ/mg), and chlorophyll content (3.12?±?0.05 mg/g fwt.). Also, the maximum contents of six heavy metals in the soil and cultivated okra plant tissues (fruit, stem, and root regions) followed the order of Fe?>?Mn?>?Cu?>?Zn?>?Cr?>?Cd using the same treatment. Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment indicated that foliar application of TiO2-NPs significantly reduced the fate of heavy metal accumulation under higher doses of SS application. Therefore, the findings of this study suggested that the combined use of SS and TiO2-NPs may be useful in ameliorating the negative consequences of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated okra crops. 相似文献
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