铅对小鼠肝脏超微结构及凋亡相关蛋白p53、Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响

为探讨铅对小鼠肝脏超微结构及凋亡相关蛋白p53、Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响,取刚断奶的ICR雄性小鼠25只,随机分为5组,以10、50、100、500 mg·kg-1的醋酸铅隔天灌胃,连续28天,对照组灌高纯水.用westernblot法检测肝组织中p53、Bax及Bcl-2表达量,并用肝做病理组织切片.病理切片可见在高浓度组(100、500 mg·kg-1)肝细胞结构损伤比较严重、细胞核体积缩小、染色质浓缩、线粒体肿胀、基质变淡、不均匀、嵴消失,并出现空泡及线粒体的崩解;50 mg·kg-1组可看到内质网的增生和扩张.在最低浓度组(10 mg·kg-1),p53和Bax的表达量明显升高,与对照组相比差异有显著性(p＜0.05);随着染毒浓度的升高,二者的表达量又逐渐下降,到最高浓度组(500 mg·kg-1)时,p53和Bax的表达量又明显低于对照组,差异有显著性(p＜0.05).10、50、100 mg·kg-1Bcl-2表达量没有明显的变化,最高浓度组时明显低于对照组(p＜0.05).结果显示,铅在高浓度时可严重损害肝细胞结构,在低浓度时可诱导小鼠肝组织中p53和bax基因表达上调,这可能与铅诱导细胞凋亡作用有关.     

硝基苯对小鼠睾丸生殖细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax表达的影响

为了探讨硝基苯对小鼠睾丸生殖细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax mRNA表达的影响.将10周龄雄性昆明小鼠随机分为染毒组(26 mg·kg-1、52mg·kg-1、105 mg·kg-1)、溶剂对照组(花生油)、对照组(生理盐水),并对其灌胃染毒,试验期为30 d,RT-PCR法检测小鼠生殖细胞Bcl-2、Bax mRNA表达,透射电镜观察小鼠生殖细胞超微结构的变化,TUNEL法检测生殖细胞的凋亡.结果表明,小鼠生殖细胞的Bcl-2 mRNA表达明显低于对照组,Bax mRNA表达明显高于对照组,Bcl-2/Bax比值也明显低于对照组,并具有统计学意义(p<0.01,P<0.05);电镜观察结果显示,硝基苯能使生殖细胞的细胞核、染色质、线粒体等超微结构发生不同程度的病理改变.     

醋酸铅对PC-12细胞Bax、Bcl-2和p53蛋白表达的影响

用蛋白免疫印迹法研究醋酸铅对PC-12细胞Bax、Bcl-2和p53蛋白表达的影响.结果显示,当醋酸铅浓度达到0.1μmol·L-1时,Bax和p53的表达水平显著上升,决定凋亡是否发生的重要因素Bax/Bcl-2比率也明显上升,并存在浓度依赖关系.当醋酸铅浓度达到1μmol·L-1时,Bcl-2的表达显著降低.结合相关文献报道,Bax、Bcl-2和p53可能在铅诱导的细胞凋亡中起了重要的调控作用.     

三丁基锡对正常人胚胎羊膜细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

首次采用蛋白质印迹法研究三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)对正常人胚胎羊膜细胞FL(human amniotic cells)的Bcl-2、Bax和p53表达的影响.结果显示,在0、1、2、3、4μmol·L-1三丁基锡下作用2 h后,FL细胞的Bax蛋白表达量随浓度增加逐渐升高,Bcl-2蛋白表达量仅在3、4μmol·L-1浓度组相比于对照组明显下降.作为凋亡是否发生的决定因素,Bax/Bcl-2比值在三丁基锡高浓度组(3、4μmol·L-1)相比于对照有显著升高;而p53蛋白表达量没有明显变化.研究表明,Bcl-2和Bax参与了TBT诱导的细胞凋亡.     

微囊藻毒素LR对BRL-3A凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

用蛋白印迹法研究了微囊藻毒素LR(MCLR)暴露时大鼠BRL-3A细胞p53、Bcl-2和Bax的表达情况.结果表明,与对照组相比,各实验组p53和Bax表达均明显升高.除了10nmol/L LR暴露1h实验组外,其它实验组Bcl-2表达均下降.在低浓度组(10nmol/L),随暴露时间的延长,p53和Bax表达逐渐升高,Bcl-2表达逐渐下降,而在中浓度(100nmol/L)和高浓度组(1000nmol/L),蛋白表达与暴露时间的一致性没有低浓度组(10nmol/L)明显.表明p53、Bcl-2和Bax在MCLR诱导的细胞凋亡中可能起重要作用.     

长期铅暴露对小鼠胸腺细胞活化后诱导细胞凋亡的影响

为探讨铅暴露对小鼠胸腺T细胞活化后诱导细胞凋亡的影响,将24只健康初断乳21日龄清洁级雄性KM小鼠随机分为4组:对照(蒸馏水)组和低(200 mg·L-1)、中(400 mg·L-1)、高(800 mg·L-1)剂量乙酸铅染毒组,每组6只.采用自由饮水方式进行染毒,连续染毒12周.染毒结束后,分离胸腺细胞,采用脂质体介导法将NFκB、AP-1、NFAT的荧光素酶报告基因转染到胸腺T细胞,刺激48 h后,检测荧光素酶活性.刺激胸腺细胞后,采用流式细胞仪检测凋亡相关膜分子Fas、FasL活性及细胞凋亡率.结果表明,与健康对照组小鼠相比,中、高剂量铅暴露组小鼠胸腺T细胞膜表面Fas及FasL表达明显增强(p＜0.05),细胞凋亡率明显增加(p＜0.05);相对于刺激前,anti-CD3刺激后各组小鼠胸腺T细胞的NFκB、AP-1、NFAT转录活性明显增加(p＜0.05),Fas/FasL的表达明显增强(p＜0.05),细胞凋亡率明显增加(p＜0.05),但相对于刺激后健康对照组,各剂量铅暴露组小鼠胸腺T细胞3种核因子转录活性明显下降(p＜0.05),Fas及FasL表达明显减弱(p＜0.05),细胞凋亡率明显降低(p＜0.05),且随着染铅剂量增加,均呈现下降趋势.     

六价铬致小鼠DNA损伤及肝肾氧化应激的实验研究

为研究六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))摄入后对机体造成的损伤,将重铬酸钾(K2Cr2O7)以25、50、100 mg·kg-1对小鼠进行灌胃,染毒时间为1 d、3 d和5 d.检测外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤及肝肾组织活性氧自由基(ROS)水平、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性.实验结果表明,经Cr(Ⅵ)染毒1 d、3 d和5 d后小鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤及肝ROS水平与对照组相比均有明显升高,肝脏抗氧化酶活性也有显著改变,但MDA含量差异不显著,而肾组织中各指标均未见有明显改变.由此认为,经口摄入Cr(Ⅵ)后能导致DNA损伤并且对肝脏造成氧化应激.     

亚慢性氟暴露致小鼠海马损伤的影响及分子机制研究

为探明亚慢性氟中毒致小鼠海马损伤及分子机制,选用ICR雄性小鼠140只,随机分为对照(C)、低氟(LF)、高氟(HF)、低氟(LF)+L钙离子通道激动剂(FPL)、低氟(LF)+L钙离子通道抑制剂(NIF)、高氟(HF)+激动剂(FPL)、高氟(HF)+抑制剂(NIF) 7组,分别饮用自来水、5、30 mg·L~(-1)氟化钠水溶液90 d,氟染毒第84 d分别腹腔注射生理盐水、FPL64176、Nifedipine7d.同时,采用开场行为及水迷宫检测学习记忆能力;通过HE切片染色观察海马形态结构;根据试剂盒说明检测脑组织谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量;利用RT-PCR和Western Blot法分别检测海马内凋亡相关分子CaMKⅡ和Bax、Bcl-2基因/蛋白表达.结果发现,HF组、LF+FPL组和HF+FPL组小鼠毛发粗糙,暴躁不安.LF、HF组小鼠自发活动、探究行为及空间学习记忆力显著下降(p0.05),海马细胞损伤,SOD、GSH-PX活性极显著下降(p0.01),CaMKⅡ基因/蛋白表达水平显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)上调,Bax基因/蛋白表达水平显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)上调,Bcl-2基因/蛋白表达水平显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)下调,Bax与Bcl-2基因/蛋白表达水平比值显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)上调;LF+FPL、HF+FPL处理加剧了上述基因/蛋白表达水平,LF+NIF、HF+NIF组可逆转上述基因/蛋白表达水平.结果提示,氟中毒致脑损伤与L型钙离子通道及下游相关分子表达异常密切相关,而L钙离子通道抑制剂(Nifedipine)能改善氟暴露造成的海马损伤.     

BBP对小鼠睾丸IL-1βmRNA和TNF-αmRNA表达的影响

为了探讨邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯(BBP)对小鼠睾丸炎症性细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α的基因表达的影响,以性成熟的雄性昆明小鼠为实验材料.经不同浓度BBP染毒12d后取其睾丸组织提取总RNA,运用半定量RT-PeR方法分析BBP对小鼠睾丸IL-1β和TNF-α表达水平的影响.实验结果表明,与对照组相比,125mg·kg-1的BBP染毒组小鼠睾丸IL-1β的转录稍有上调,但无显著性差异;250mg·kg-1、500mg·kg-1和1000mg·kg-1的BBP染毒组小鼠睾丸IL-1β的转录呈显著上调(p<0.05或<0.01).TNF-α的转录随所给BBP剂量的增高而上升,呈剂量-效应关系;250mg·kg-1、500mg·kg-1和1000mg·kg-1的BBP染毒组小鼠睾丸TNF-α的转录均显著上调(p<0.05或<0.01).由此可见,较高的BBP暴露水平可使小鼠睾丸内细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α的转录水平明显上升,从而表达增强,这可能是BBP对小鼠雄性生殖毒性的重要机制之一.     

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)经口染毒对C57BL/6小鼠脾脏T细胞亚群CD4+/CD8+的影响

采用每天一次经口灌胃染毒的方法,探讨了全氟辛烷磺酸(Perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)经口重复剂量染毒对C57BL/6小鼠脾脏T细胞亚群CIM+和CD8+的影响.选择雄性C57BL/6小鼠24只,实验组PFOS染毒剂量分别为5、10、20mg·kg-1(bw).每天一次经口灌胃染毒12d后,制备脾脏T淋巴细胞悬液,经特异性荧光标记的CD3(FITC)、CIM(PE)、CD8(PERCP)单克隆抗体作用后,采用FACS流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞及其亚群百分数.结果表明,10 mg·kg-1(bw)和20 mg·kg-1(bW)PFOS染毒组小鼠体重呈明显的下降趋势;20 mg·kg-1(bw)PFOS染毒组小鼠胸腺和脾脏指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而各剂量组小鼠肝脏指数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05).PFOS染毒20mg·kg-1(bw)实验组CD3+CD4+与CD3+CD8+T细胞的绝对计数和百分比均显著低于对照组(p<0.01).研究结果显示,PFOS暴露可降低小鼠免疫器官中CD4+、CD8+T细胞的含量,表明PFOS可抑制小鼠的细胞免疫水平.     

Attempts to train goldfish to respond to magnetic field stimuli

Two different conditioning procedures, one appetitive and the other aversive, were used in separate attempts to demonstrate response to magnetic fields in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Our results lead us to question those of an orientation experiment by Becker, although we recognize the possibility that goldfish may be sensitive primarily to magnetic field direction rather than intensity and that their directional sensitivity may be evidenced most readily by orientation in the field.     

从生态旅游到低碳旅游——从理念到实践

阐述了生态旅游、低碳旅游的基本概念,分析了生态旅游存在的不足,提出低碳旅游的量化及建立各项标准及其指标评价体系并将之融入低碳旅游全过程以实现低碳旅游的标准化,重点在于实现低碳理念、低碳参与者及低碳实践3个方面的有机结合,以促进旅游业的可持续发展的可操作性建议.     

如何做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应

应急监测是突发性环境污染事故处置中的首要环节,是对污染事故及时、正确地进行应急处理、减轻事故危害和制定恢复措施的根本依据。文章从制定应急监测预案、加强应急监测能力建设、摸清污染源状况、加强应急培训和应急演练等方面对做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应作了简要的阐述,供大家探讨。     

以学定教,提高课堂教学效率

根据心理学理论,学习是一个学生内化的过程,学生是自主学会的,而不是被动教会的。因此在教学中,教师只有做到以学定教,才能有效提高教学效率,促进学生对知识的掌握。     

Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change

The impacts of climate change are expected to be generally detrimental for agriculture in many parts of Africa. Overall, warming and drying may reduce crop yields by 10–20% to 2050, but there are places where losses are likely to be much more severe. Increasing frequencies of heat stress, drought and flooding events will result in yet further deleterious effects on crop and livestock productivity. There will be places in the coming decades where the livelihood strategies of rural people may need to change, to preserve food security and provide income-generating options. These are likely to include areas of Africa that are already marginal for crop production; as these become increasingly marginal, then livestock may provide an alternative to cropping. We carried out some analysis to identify areas in sub-Saharan Africa where such transitions might occur. For the currently cropped areas (which already include the highland areas where cropping intensity may increase in the future), we estimated probabilities of failed seasons for current climate conditions, and compared these with estimates obtained for future climate conditions in 2050, using downscaled climate model output for a higher and a lower greenhouse-gas emission scenario. Transition zones can be identified where the increased probabilities of failed seasons may induce shifts from cropping to increased dependence on livestock. These zones are characterised in terms of existing agricultural system, current livestock densities, and levels of poverty. The analysis provides further evidence that climate change impacts in the marginal cropping lands may be severe, where poverty rates are already high. Results also suggest that those likely to be more affected are already more poor, on average. We discuss the implications of these results in a research-for-development targeting context that is likely to see the poor disproportionately and negatively affected by climate change.     

Soil microbial response to herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola

Adoption of glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus L.) has increased glyphosate applications to this crop, and concerns have been raised about unintended consequences of these multiple applications. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre-seed and in-crop glyphosate and alternative herbicides on soil microbial community functional structure, diversity and biomass. Pre-seed treatments were 2,4-D, glyphosate and 2,4-D + glyphosate, and in-crop treatments were glyphosate applied once, glyphosate applied twice, ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin + sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron + clopyralid, and sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was collected at flowering stage of canola and analyzed for bacterial community-level substrate utilization patterns and microbial biomass C (MBC). Where differences were significant, pre-seed application of both 2,4-D and glyphosate altered the functional structure and reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria, but increased MBC. These effects were not necessarily concurrent. The reduction in functional diversity was due to reduction in evenness, which means that the soil where both pre-seed herbicides had been applied was dominated by only few functional groups. In 1 year, two in-crop applications of glyphosate also reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria when applied after pre-seed 2,4-D, as did in-crop sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron following pre-seed glyphosate. Even though significant differences between herbicides were fewer than non-significant differences, i.e., there were no changes in soil microbial community structure, diversity or biomass in response to glyphosate or alternative herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola in most cases, the observed changes in soil microbial communities could affect soil food webs and biological processes.     

亲近自然的一条捷径——向你推荐《生物多样性知识达人手册》

"它随处可见,从最大的海洋到最小的水坑,从最茂密的森林到最干旱的荒漠,从最富饶的沼泽到最高的山峰……它是一个活的银行账户,为人类全部事业和财富提供资本.它是什么?它就是……生物多样性." 翻开《生物多样性知识达人手册》的第一页,在"开头的话"中,你就能读到上面这一段饶有趣味的文字,让你不自觉地联想到我们所处的环境和我们赖以生存的地球.没错,这是一本新鲜出炉的、以生物多样性为主题的读物,用生动有趣的方式告诉你,什么是生物多样性?生物多样性为什么重要?你怎样才能保护好这个星球的生物多样性?     

重归大自然——密西西比河之行

密西西比河是美国第一大河。它一路曲曲弯弯向着墨西哥湾蜿蜒流去．沿途形成广袤的洪泛平原,滋润着美国大陆41％的土地。水量也比美国其他河流都要多。密西西比河及其洪泛平原哺育着400多种野生动植物。北美地区40％的水禽都沿着密西西比河的路径迁徙。密西西比河对于美国。如同长江对于中国,无论从经济还是生物多样性保护等方面,其作用都是举足轻重。     

Behavior toxicity to Caenorhabditis elegans transferred to the progeny after exposure to sulfamethoxazole at environmentally relevant concentrations

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is one of the most common detected antibiotics in the environment. In order to study whether SMX can a ect behavior and growth and whether these e ects could be transferred to the progeny, Caenorhabditis elegans was exposed at environmentally relevant concentrations for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr, respectively. After exposure, the exposed parent generation (P0) was measured for behavior and growth indicators, which were presented as percentage of controls (POC). Then their corresponding unexposed progeny (F1) was separated and measured for the same indicators. The lowest POC for P0 after 96 hr-exposure at 100 mg/L were 37.8%, 12.7%, 45.8% and 70.1% for body bending frequency (BBF), reversal movement (RM), Omega turns (OT) and body length (BL), respectively. And F1 su ered defects with the lowest POC as 55.8%, 24.1%, 48.5% and 60.7% for BBF, RM, OT and BL, respectively. Defects in both P0 and F1 showed a time- and concentration-dependent fashion and behavior indicators showed better sensitivity than growth indicator. The observed e ects on F1 demonstrated the transferable properties of SMX. Defects of SMX at environmental concentrations suggested that it is necessary to perform further systematical studies on its ecological risk in actual conditions.