好氧颗粒污泥亚硝化工艺的启动与运行特性研究

以具有硝化功能的活性污泥与厌氧产甲烷颗粒污泥的混合物接种小试曝气上流式污泥床反应器,采用自配无机氨氮废水为进水,在中温（30～35℃）条件下成功培养获得亚硝化颗粒污泥,亚硝化工艺的进水NH^＋₄-Ｎ负荷可达2 .5～3 .0 kg/(m^３·d),氨氮去除率和亚硝化率均可稳定在90%以上;进水中约100 mg/Ｌ的有机COD对亚硝化工艺的运行无明显影响;常温（约20℃）条件下亚硝化工艺也能高效稳定运行.     

曝气生物滤池的短程硝化特性

通过控制进水pH值实现曝气生物滤池的短程硝化。工艺运行结果表明,对于进水pH值为8.22~8.57,NH4+-N平均容积负荷为0.5 kg/(m3.d),水温为17.5~20.2℃,曝气生物滤池溶解氧质量浓度平均为4.5 mg/L的条件下能够同步实现95%的NH4+-N去除率和80%的NO2--N积累率。通过分析FA和FNA沿滤池高度的变化特征,发现滤池底部(0~5 cm)区域短程硝化反应主要由FA控制,中部(5~15 cm)区域是由FA和FNA共同掌控;而上部区域(15~50 cm)则是由FNA控制,FNA沿滤池高度的快速增加是确保工艺实现稳定亚硝酸盐积累的重要原因。     

连续砂滤池在低水温条件下的反硝化脱氮效果

研究在低水温条件下连续砂滤池的反硝化脱氮效果及其主要影响因素,寻找最佳的甲醇碳源投加比。运行结果表明:当水温降低至11.7℃时,在连续砂滤池里反硝化菌培养时间为24 d;反硝化脱氮稳定运行后,砂滤池的滤速为4 m/h时反硝化去除总氮量超过15 mg/L,容积负荷达0.6 kg/(m3·d),最佳甲醇碳源投加比为2.8~3.2,出水COD、SS浓度均可达到一级A排放标准;影响连续砂滤池反硝化脱氮效果的主要因素为进水水温、硝酸盐浓度、溶解氧浓度、上升水力流速和甲醇投加比。     

季节性温度对短程硝化系统微生物群落的影响

为了研究季节性温度对短程硝化生物膜系统中微生物群落结构的影响,以平均水温分别为28.3,23.3,21.6,9.6,-0.2℃条件下MBBR反应器的短程硝化生物膜为对象,利用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(PCR-DGGE)对比分析上述生物膜中的微生物群落结构,结果表明:在控制合适的水力停留时间(HRT)条件下,水温降低会影响微生物活性,但不影响短程硝化稳定性,平均水温在21.6~-0.2℃变化过程中总细菌和AOB的多样性及均匀性基本不变,芽孢杆菌、黄杆菌、亚硝化单胞菌等污水处理功能微生物都得到保留.平均水温28.3~-0.2℃条件下生物膜中的优势菌群主要分布于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes).其中AOB均属于β-Proteobacteria的亚硝化单胞菌属本试验仅调控反应器水力停留时间(HRT)就可以实现低温短程硝化,对于短程硝化工艺广泛应用于工程实践具有重要意义.     

生物曝气滤池在卷烟厂污水处理工程中的应用研究

在某卷烟厂的污水处理工程中采用了生物曝气滤池 (BAF)工艺。经过 2年的生产运行 ,结果表明 ,该工艺具有运行稳定、处理效率高的特点 ,在进水CODCr=2 0 0～ 90 0mg/L、NH3 N =15～ 35mg/L、水温 =15～ 2 5℃、CODCr容积负荷 <6 4kg/m3·d的运行条件下 ,BAF出水CODCr<76mg/L ,在CODCr运行容积负荷 <4 0kg m3·d的运行条件下 ,BAF出水CODCr<5 0mg/L、NH3 N <4mg/L。     

较高负荷条件下活性污泥-生物膜联合系统对氮磷的去除

中试试验条件下,考察了较高的有机负荷对活性污泥-悬浮载体生物膜联合系统对氮磷去除效果的影响。试验表明,水温为20~33℃时,在联合系统污泥龄为4~9d,有机负荷达到0.18~0.55kg/kg.d条件下,对磷的去除效果稳定在90%左右,氨氮的去除率达到80%以上,出水总氮平均为11mg/L,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中一级排放标准。同时,试验过程中也发现了联合系统的好氧池中存在明显的同步硝化反硝化现象,并初步分析了其原因与影响因素。     

生物活性炭处理循环水产养殖废水及其影响因子研究

通过现场中试研究了生物活性炭（BAC）处理循环水产养殖废水中氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮和COD的效果,考察了运行条件对硝化反硝化的影响.中试运行条件：滤速4m·h-1,水温22℃,pH7.21～7.65.在BAC进水溶解氧10.4～15.1mg·L-1、氨氮2.34～4.01mg·L-1、亚硝酸盐氮0.83～1.67mg·...     

低基质CANON中短程硝化稳定性控制研究

为研究主流PN/A（短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化）工艺中短程硝化稳定运行控制策略,采用连续流CANON反应器,以人工模拟低氨氮[ρ（NH₄+-N）为50 mg/L]无机废水为进水,考察了FA（free ammonia,游离氨）、DO等控制参数对低氨氮下连续流CANON反应器短程硝化的影响.结果表明,启动前期提高进水NLR（nitrogen volume loading,氮容积负荷）有利于维持CANON的稳定运行,控制NLR在1.01 kg/（m3·d）,运行至32 d,ΔNO₃--N/ΔNH₄+-N（指NO₃--N产生量与NH₄+-N消耗量的比值）始终维持在（0.11±0.02）.然而随着运行时间的延长,ρ（NO₃--N）逐渐增长,ΔNO₃--N/ΔNH₄+-N从理论值升至0.49,短程硝化受到严重破坏.过程中控制ρ（FA）在2 mg/L以上,NOB（亚硝酸盐氧化菌）受到明显抑制,但抑制周期短暂,并且随着ρ（FA）的降低,ρ（NO₃--N）快速升高,FA抑制失效.限制氧供给,控制ρ（DO） < 0.3 mg/L,ΔNO₃--N/ΔNH₄+-N降至0.16,但NOB并未被完全抑制,ρ（NO₃--N）仍呈上升趋势.微生物活性测定结果表明,运行中功能菌活性均得到增强,并且发现V_AOB > V_AnAOB > V_NOB,在限氧条件下[ρ（DO） < 0.3 mg/L]运行,NOB虽受抑制但仍维持较高活性.研究显示,在低氨氮条件下,采用FA以及限氧的方式对NOB抑制作用有限,对NOB控制条件的选择需结合反应器内微生物种群结构、生长特性进行进一步研究.      

短程反硝化影响因素的研究

实验采用间歇式反应器研究了短程反硝化的影响因素。试验发现：当亚硝酸盐氮（NO2^--N）负荷在0．99kg．（kgMISS．d）^-1时，将C／N控制在2．4左右，pH值在7．0～8．5这个范围内，温度在26～32℃的范围内时，取得了很好的反硝化效果。     

溶解氧对短程硝化稳定性及功能菌群的影响

在常温条件下,采用序批式反应器（SBR）研究不同溶解氧（DO）浓度对短程硝化稳定性的影响.在低DO （0.5mg/L）条件下,前75个周期可以一直维持短程硝化,亚硝积累率（NAR）在80%以上,但是随着运行周期增加,NAR逐渐减少,到105个周期已完全变为全程硝化.通过接种同一污泥提高DO浓度到2.5mg/L,经过180个周期,NAR始终在90%以上,能够长期维持短程硝化的稳定运行.通过不同DO条件下AOB和NOB的氧半饱和常数对比分析及qPCR试验研究,结果表明长期低DO条件下容易使Nitrospira的生长获得优势,Nitrospira是影响短程硝化稳定的重要因素,高DO条件下,AOB对溶解氧具有更高的亲和力,通过提高供氧浓度的策略,可以维持短程硝化的长期稳定.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.