Rural energy transitions in developing countries: a case of the Uttam Urja initiative in India

In most developing countries, at the household level, traditional burning of biomass or use of inefficient technologies for domestic applications like lighting is common, triggering concerns related to fuel or technology switching. The paper focuses on opportunities to promote cleaner energy options through development of value chains delivering improved energy efficiency and access in developing countries. We discuss the example of Uttam Urja, a field project involving the dissemination of photovoltaic lighting technologies in rural areas of India. We focus on the challenges of introducing radical innovations into the residential energy sector in developing countries. For the purpose of this paper the Uttam Urja project is conceptualized as an ‘experiment’ and analysed using the Strategic Niche Management (SNM) framework. The paper emphasizes that to effect socio-technical transitions to clean energy options on the ground, it is desirable to focus on technology customization and innovative financing to cater to the needs and concerns of end users.     

日本环境会计体系分析及对我国启示

环境会计发展的理念与实践是以实现经济、社会、环境的可持续发展为前提,通过实施环境会计制度,可以使企业准确掌握经营活动的资源消耗、环境负荷,促进其提供环境友好产品及服务,推进经济朝着低碳、绿色、可持续模式发展。日本经过十几年的发展,目前已形成较为完善的环境会计体系。本文通过介绍和分析日本环境会计体系产生的背景、发展变化与作用,探讨我国环境会计体系构筑问题。     

Renewable energy from palm oil – innovation on effective utilization of waste

Protecting the environment has been the priority of many sectors in our endeavor to ensure sustainable development. Implementation of green energy development based on the use of biomass is in the right path in adopting a holistic approach in the promotion of renewable energy. Malaysia has very substantial potential for biomass energy utilization given its equatorial climate that is ideal for dense tropical forest growth and agricultural vegetation. Biomass power potentials from wood processing and palm oil were estimated at 280 TJ and 250 TJ, respectively. By the year 2010, the biomass energy potential is expected to increase to 820 TJ. The paper describes the effective use of biomass as the first of the renewable energy sources to be developed for large-scale applications, especially in the palm oil industry and the methodology for energy harness by innovative utilization of waste from palm oil cultivation and processing.     

改善能源结构控制大气污染

分析了秦皇岛市能源结构变化及大气环境污染发展的趋势,对2000,2010年大气环境质量及能源消费结构状况进行了预测,分别提出了在秦皇岛市推广使用型煤、改善能源消费结构的具体方案,并预测其控制大气污染的效果。      

高锰酸钾预氧化辅助氯消毒工艺处理黄浦江原水

目前国内大部分净水处理厂都是采用预加氯消毒工艺,但在预氯化的过程中易生成致癌、致畸、致突变的“三致”物质,降低了出厂水的安全性。文章以上海石化水厂微污染水源水为对象,针对折点预加氯工艺的不足,研究了采用高锰酸钾预氧化作为辅助手段的消毒效果。试验结果表明,高锰酸钾预氧化辅助氯消毒工艺比单独预氯化具有更好的处理效果,并能有效保障饮用水的生物安全性。最后对其进行了经济效益分析。     

Environmental response indicators for the industrial and energy sector in Flanders

Environmental reporting with quantitative indicators is becoming popular worldwide. However, environmental response indicators, which describe the reaction of societal actors to environmental problems and to government policy, still remain under investigation. This paper describes the collection of potential response indicators for the industry and energy sectors in Flanders, the quality assessment, and the identification of a core set of suitable response indicators. The selected core set consists of four indicators: eco-efficiency (a mainstream indicator for decades), the presence of an environmental management system, the amount of environmental expenditures and the use of sustainable energy. This core set is applied to the Flemish situation in order to assess the environmental performance of the industry and energy sectors. The core set allows identification of areas where the industry and energy sectors are performing better than other sectors, as well as areas where additional efforts are needed.     

Design and Test of a Reconfigurable Forming Die

Reconfigurable tooling is an attractive prospect for aerospace sheet metal forming because many different part shapes must be produced in small numbers. This paper describes the design and test of a particular type of “discrete-die” reconfigurable tool. The discrete-die concept involves using the ends of densely packed rod-shaped elements as the working surface of the die. The rod-shaped elements are reconfigured manually or automatically to change the shape of the die. Numerous mechanical schemes can be employed to move the elements: this paper describes the use of a shaft-driven lead screw concept. The input shaft turns continuously, and each pin's position is controlled by the engagement of an individual clutch. The required design parameters were developed using a combination of theory and experiment, and a laboratory-scale working prototype device was built and tested. The design parameters included an evaluation of the suitability of open-loop pin-position control based only on time, an evaluation of the torque capacity, engagement time, and reliability of the clutches, and the development of design loads. Experience in construction of the prototype showed that the design concept was sound but that significant enhancements to the control system would be required in a full-scale device.     

A promising niche: waste to energy project in the Indian dairy sector

The dairy sector is known to have significant local and global environmental impacts; but it also has proven renewable-energy generation potential. This paper analyzes a specific niche experiment in the Indian dairy industry, wherein cattle waste management is carried out by a multitude of stakeholders. These include the waste collectors, local technology adopters, research institutions, multilateral donor agencies, the Indian government, technology suppliers and operation and maintenance teams who have managed an uninterrupted 1 MWe energy production over the past 4 years. This analysis uses the sociotechnical regime framework to study the interaction of social, technological, economic and policy-related aspects relevant to the niche experiment. The analysis shows a potential to contribute to the development of two complementing regimes—one related to cooperative waste management and the other related to grid-connected renewable-energy-based electricity generation. Key factors for a successful development are not only a long-term financing protection through government subsidies to cover higher capital cost and a preferential tariff related to energy throughput, but also the adaptation of technology, the embedding in the local cooperative structure and the removal of regulatory barriers.     

絮凝动力学机理与控制指标研究

应用紊流动力学原理 ,分析紊流条件下两区絮凝模型 ,提出紊流区主导絮凝速率 ,过渡区主导絮凝体的成长尺度及密实度 ,导出了有效能耗的量级及絮凝控制指标。并进行了初步试验及生产数据分析 ,证实了该指标的实用性。     

植被生化信息遥感提取的星地同步试验设计与实施

植物体内部生理生态过程对物质和能量的交换与传递起着重要作用,而植物体本身的生化物质含量影响和控制着这些过程的进行。随着成像光谱技术的发展,利用高光谱遥感数据估测植被生化信息成为遥感发展的前沿。论文以云南勐遮地区高光谱星地同步试验为例,详细介绍了试验中研究区与最佳观测时期选择、研究样点选择、试验内容、方法以及试验流程设计等,并着重比较星地同步试验与传统野外试验的区别,旨在为今后该类试验的设计与实施提供经验借鉴。结果表明,星地同步试验在设计和实施时必须充分考虑传感器本身的性能特点、观测数据获取时的潜在风险、遥感影像处理的需要以及卫星观测数据、地面光谱数据和生化数据等的同步性问题。     

大型沼气工程中生物脱硫技术

随着我国对可再生能源的开发和利用的不断深入发展,利用畜禽粪便厌氧发酵产沼气是一种非常有前景的能源利用途径,但所产生的沼气中都含有H2S气体,由于它是一种腐蚀性很强的化合物,所以沼气脱硫是沼气利用的关键环节。本文以某工程调试与运行实例分析了大型沼气工程中的生物脱硫技术,以为同类型工程提供参考。     

Cleaner pathways of hydrogen,carbon nano-materials and metals production via solar thermal processing

This paper describes various solar thermochemical processes for the production of hydrogen, carbon nano particles, industrial grade carbon black, and metals with substantially reduced CO₂ emission footprint. The paper introduces an innovative approach of a three-dimensional volumetric production of carbon nano particles via thermal cracking of methane gained by carbon seeding as an alternative to the existing two dimensional modes. The paper also describes an alternative pathway for hydrogen production via three consecutive solar thermochemical processes, namely, solar cracking of methane, solar carbo-reduction of ZnO and CO reduction of CdO, providing long term storage of solar energy. Finally, the paper provides an example solar windowed reactor for clean production of hydrogen, and it presents numerical analysis of the solar reactor based on computational fluid dynamics results, simulating one of the major problems with natural gas cracking in solar reactors, namely, carbon contamination of the transparent window and clogging of the reactor.     

工业锅炉燃烧启动时冒黑烟的控制

工业锅炉在点火和闷炉启动时经常冒黑烟,严重污染大气环境。在单元体模型炉上,采用烟气分析仪测量O2和CO浓度,用CCD(Charge Coupled Device)图像采集系统捕捉黑烟图片,分别研究了煤块粒度、二次风在室温点火和闷炉启动时对黑烟浓度的影响。在相同条件下,闷炉启动比室温点火时的黑烟浓度小;二次风可以有效促进挥发分的完全燃烧,降低黑烟浓度;5～10mm比11～25mm粒径煤燃烧启动时冒黑烟严重;通入二次风后,降低细煤颗粒黑烟浓度的效果更加明显。     

给水系统中卡马西平含量测定方法的研究

文章用固相萃取与高效液相色谱结合的方法测定给水系统中痕量卡马西平的含量。考察了C18小柱的最佳洗脱条件,并且根据出峰时间选择了最佳的色谱条件:流动相为水(用磷酸调节pH至4)和甲醇(40∶60,V/V),温度为25℃,流速为1.0mL/min,检测波长为285nm。卡马西平浓度在0.2～2mg/L范围内线性关系良好,回归方程y=81.53258x-7.19487,加标回收率平均值为94.3%,RSD为2.7%(n=7)。用该方法测定实际水源水和自来水厂中间工段出水,简单易操作,结果准确。     

脱色菌腐败希瓦氏菌的分离及其脱色性能研究

从印染废水处理装置中分离到一株高效脱色菌,经鉴定为腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens),这是该菌具有高效脱色性能的首次报道。在实验条件下,对该菌的脱色能力进行比较研究,它在合适条件下能有效地去除生产上常用的多种染料,在6h内对活性艳红染料的去除率可达99％～100％。实验中对充氧、温度以及共代谢碳源等因子对该苗的脱色能力的影响进行了研究,为在生产实际中的应用提供了依据。     

青藏高原生活污水处理及回用的工艺研究

在高寒缺氧的青藏高原如何对生活污水进行有效的处理,目前仍无好的解决方案。实验采用的生态大棚系统可在青藏高原的恶劣环境下提供适宜的人工小环境,保证生物处理正常运行所必需的热平衡、O2-CO2的循环平衡和水循环的平衡。采用的好氧生物-土地处理工艺不仅能保证污水处理达到国家一级排放标准,同时还解决了长期以来高原蔬菜种植的难题。     

我国农村能源发展方针调整问题探讨

我国农村能源发展方针是“因地制宜,多能互补,综合利用,讲求效益”,这是在短缺经济的背景下,针对能源危机而提出来的。目前我国农村的社会、经济及其能源供需结构形势发生了重大变化,大量商品能进入农村市场,农村能源面临着结构升级和如何现代化的问题,原十六字方针因缺少生态观和市场观,已不符合现时和未来农村能源可持续发展的实际。文章提出了农村能源发展的十八字方针“因地制宜,生态兴能,市场调节,讲求综合效益”,并逐一对新方针中的论点进行了阐述,提出了我国应以生物质二次能源与商品能源整合的可持续能源的发展理念,提出了实施新方针的有关举措。     

钻井废液的O_3/H_2O_2深度氧化处理研究

针对钻井废液COD高,成分复杂,难降解的特点,对经过破胶分离后的废水进行O3预氧化-中间混凝-O3/H2O2深度氧化处理工艺,考察了处理过程中pH值、O3与H2O2的加量、反应时间等。结果表明,当体系pH值为12,O3流量0.2m3/h,H2O2的加量700mg/L,反应时间50min时,原水COD由1462mg/L降至142mg/L,去除率高达90.28%。     

风力发电场环境影响评价分析

为了可持续利用风能资源,预防因风电场建设规划与项目实施后对环境造成的不良影响,促进经济、社会和环境的协调发展,在分析不同类型风力发电场及特点的基础上,叙述了风力发电场环境影响评价主要评价依据、评价因子、评价内容及要点。以徐闻前山一期风电场项目为例,从对鸟类、生态环境、电磁辐射环境、声环境、景观等方面的影响进行了环境影响评价,并提出有效的减轻环境影响的对策措施,将其对环境的影响降至可接受的程度,为风电场建设项目环境影响评价提供参考。     

废旧碱性二氧化锰电池特点和湿法再资源化研究

讨论了废旧碱性二氧化锰电池粉末的成分和用硫酸浸取粉末中锌的适宜条件。将废旧电池破解后,用X-射线衍射仪和原子吸收分光光度计测定其粉末。结果表明,粉末中锰(以MnO2计)的含量为44.2%,锌(以ZnO计)为25.6%,铁为1.4(%以Fe2O3计),钾为5.5%,并有少量的铅、镉和汞等。用硫酸浸取粉末中的锌的适宜条件为:硫酸浓度为0.25mol/L,浸取时间为3h,温度为50℃,固液比(固体样品质量/浸取液质量)为1/6,浸取锌时约30%的锰被溶解。废旧碱性电池再资源化研究对消除环境污染和保护资源意义重大。