我国低碳城市建设水平及潜能比较

面对国际发展低碳经济大趋势和世界各国低碳发展指标的强力约束,研究探讨了低碳城市建设的概念和关联性因素,包括：经济增长、产业结构、能源结构、能源效率、交通体系、消费方式、碳汇发展和制度创新等。尝试构建了低碳城市建设水平测度指标体系并比较分析了我国一些主要城市低碳发展水平和潜能,以期加快我国低碳城市建设,促使我国从传统经济发展方式向低碳经济发展方式转型。     

大规模采矿工业未来的挑战

引 言 最近几十年,国际采矿业已迅速延伸到世界的所有角落．全球矿物需求的不断增长,加上世界许多地区向日益开放的经济和政治环境投资,意味着那些曾经难以接近大规模发展的地区现在成了可利用的、富有吸引力的投资．许多这种扩张已经离开更传统的、发达的矿区而进入了许多不发达的、在很大程度上还没有被开发的热带拉丁美洲、非洲和亚洲国家． 其中许多国家在提供大量矿产资源的同时,常常还蕴含着巨大的生物多样性、丰富的物种、生态系统和制造地球生命的生态过程．随着这种扩张的继续以及潜在的冲突在矿业发展与环境保护之间出现,大…     

工业和运输的能源效率

70年代以来,随着能源效率的提高,能源问题的讨论已经改变。目前经济发达国家过剩的能源生产能力,反映了能源需求以及新生产源的减少。同时,能源危机可以看作是因其对经济增长的负作用而一直不鼓励提高能源效率。而且,中央计划经济国家仍然是效率极低的能源使用者。经济增长有利于使用那些能源密集程度可能不如其所取代的技术的新技术。 能源效率的永久性提高源于经济的结构性变化,也源于高能效技术的采用。本文讨论增加节能的前景,尤其在工业（消费能源最多的最终用途）和运输业。 虽然在促进节能项目上的投资比在能源供应上的投资更经济有效,也更有益于环境,但后者仍然得到普遍支持。发展中国家随着能源消费量不断增加,自然要优先实现数量上的增长,但在这些国家,更高效地使用能源也可以大大降低需求。国际发展机构中那些仍然有利于增加能源供应而不利于节能的政策,亟待改变。然而,全世界关于必须降低能源需求的意识正在增长。     

农业食品生产:事实与数字

本 期《产业与环境》考察了食物链与环境的相互作用 .食品是以一系列复杂而相互联系的过程生产和消费的 .每个生产阶段——从农作物或牲畜饲养到运输和贮存、通过制造过程转化、购买与消费、和废物处置——都有环境影响 .世界食品生产趋势历史上 ,我们依靠 3个基本食品体系——农田、牧场和渔业——获得我们的大部分食品供给 .在过去一个世纪中 ,食品生产有了巨大的扩大 ,与世界人口的 3倍增长相对应 .在 1 95 0年至1 990年期间 ,世界谷物收获量从 6 .31亿吨增加到 1 7.80亿吨 ,几乎增加 2倍 ;牛肉和羊肉产量从 2 40 0万吨增加到 6 2 0 0万…     

促进发展中国家的清洁生产投资

１９９０年代期间，发展中国家中的资本投资已经成倍增加．国际金融机构例如世界银行和地区性开发银行在这一发展中已经发挥了重要作用，但最惊人的增长出现在私有部门投资．就绝大部分而言，这些投资类似于经合组织国家工业化时期那种方式的投资．这样的投资虽然有必要，但往往导致增加污染和能源与自然资源利用．挑战全球化对于那些试图促进经济上可行的国内和国际投资（总体上根据金融基准采取的决策）的发展中国家提出了重大挑战．生态考虑往往只涉及环境影响评价（ＥＩＡｓ）和／或排放标准．这种挑战就是要保持投资增长而不耗损资源和…     

基于物质流分析的黑龙江省物质代谢及减量化研究

基于欧盟物质流分析框架对2003—2015年黑龙江省物质代谢进行核算分析,选取直接物质投入(DMI)和生产过程排放(DPO)两项指标判断环境影响与经济发展的关系,并利用对数平均迪式分解法探究各因素对物质减量化效应的贡献度。结果表明:(1)2011年之后黑龙江省物质需求总量(TMR)和物质输出总量(TMO)出现下降,但两者仍较期初有较明显增长。生物质和化石燃料是DMI的主要组成部分,而DPO主要由固体废弃物构成。(2)DMI正处于环境影响总量下降阶段,但并不稳定,而DPO则处于由排放强度高峰向人均排放高峰过渡阶段。(3)经济规模效应推动了DMI和DPO增长,人口效应对DMI和DPO增长的作用表现为先正向拉动后负向拉动,技术进步效应的提升抑制了DMI和DPO增长,而清洁生产效应并未很好地抑制DPO增长。     

服务业:了解和减少其隐性影响

什么是服务业？从根本上说,它创造价值的方式是执行为个人或工商企业的服务而不是生产物质性商品．近年来,特别是在发达国家,服务业已经有了颇大增长：它们占１９９６年全世界产出中的大约１８万亿美元,和工业化国家中国内生产总值（ＧＤＰ）的６０％．它们可望继续迅速增长,并在世界经济中发挥空前的更大作用,尤其是作为新工作岗位和世界贸易的一个来源．尽管其经济意义重大,但服务业还没有很好地界定．这一术语覆盖了范围广泛的工商企业及其它活动,包括零售、运输、金融、咨询和保健．这种巨大的多样化,会使得难以掌握其范围广泛…     

长沙对外贸易发展的现状及其对经济发展的影响

利用1998年到2006年长沙对外贸易的数据分析了长沙对外贸易发展的现状,结果表明长沙近几年对外贸易总体上呈不断增长趋势、贸易结构不断优化;同时对外贸易推动了长沙经济增长、技术进步、结构调整和竞争力的提升,但长沙对外贸易的规模偏小、增长速度偏低、对长沙经济增长的拉动作用小.长沙作为中部省会城市,其外贸发展情况必然带有整个中西部地区外贸的一些共性,对其他中部地区外贸研究具有一定参考价值.表2,参5.     

可持续的消费与生产（SCP）与可供选择的发展模式

可持续消费与生产第8次国际高级研讨会（SCP8）的与会者一致认为可供选择的发展模式应该：鼓励资源利用率更加有效的和更加显著的经济增长，尊重文化的多样性和人权，促进社会和国家内部的经济公平并且能够把可持续性与促进可供选择的发展的集资方式和产品结合起来．与会者们还认为政府、私营部门和国际及多边组织（合伙地工作）应该支持、促进和实施能够加速向可持续的消费和生产转化的当地的、区域的和国家的举措．     

B计划：拯救一个处在压力下的星球和一个处于不幸中的文明

正如简介中所说，世界状况报告第21版再一次综合了全球范围内的进展和退步，这些变化都影响了环境和社会目标的实现．今年的关注点是消费主义：人们如何消费、为何消费以及他们的选择所带来的影响．消费群体规模已达到了17亿人口，占人口总数的四分之一．消费者胃口的不断增大不仅给环境造成威胁，也使得满足世界上贫困人口最基本的需要变得越来越困难．     

Economic growth and environmental pollution under the max-min principle

This paper first analyzes the interactions between capital accumulation and environmental pollution under the program of sustained constant utility, which depends on per capita consumption and pollution, over all generations. Then the optimal program of economic growth is discussed. The implications of the constant-utility criterion (or the max-min principle) are compared with those of the utilitarian criterion which has been widely adopted in environmental pollution literature. Subsequently, the analysis incorporates pollution-abatement investment and exhaustible resources. We conclude that the max-min principle works fairly satisfactorily in this world.     

Urban planning and sustainable development under transitional economy: a case study of Guangzhou

There are always conflicts between the need for conservation and economic growth in the developing countries. Planning plays a primary role in balancing these conflicts. This is particularly obvious in Chinese cities since China adopted its open door policy in 1978. Foreign investment has been a major driving force for rapid growth of the Chinese economy. Planners in China have been facing the dilemma of protecting the natural environment on the one hand while, on the other hand, supporting the overall national goal of attracting foreign investment to maintain continuous economic growth. The planning system in China, which has been largely based on a planned economy, soon found itself handicapped in safeguarding the environment from rapid industrialization and urbanization fostered by market forces. This paper takes Guangzhou as an example to study challenges to the planning system in Chinese cities in the past two decades of rapid economic growth and urbanization. By means of a case study on an industrial development within a protected orchard area in Guangzhou, this study illustrates the conflict between the need for rural conservation and the pressure for economic development in the Chinese cities. In particular, it analyzes the pressures on the present urban planning system in China in terms of the following categories: the emergence of private investors in urban development; the goal of pursuing a high economic growth rate; the implications of a transitional economy for urban planning; and the weakness of the present urban planning system. It concludes that the role of urban planning in China should change from simply providing guidelines on board land-use strategy, to a combination of a strategic plan with specific development control laws at the operational level. Finally, some recommendations are suggested as to how to improve the planning system in China.     

Impacts of inter-sectoral trade on carbon emissions—a case of China in 2007

With the increase in international trade, more attention has been given to quantifying the impacts of international trade on energy use and carbon emissions. Input-output analysis is a suitable tool for assessing resources or pollutants embodied in trade and it has become a critical tool for performing such analysis. This study estimated the national and sectoral carbon emissions embodied in Chinese international trade using the latest available China input-output table of 2007. The results showed that a significant exporting behavior of embodied carbon emissions existed in China??s trade. Over 1/3 of the emissions in Chinese domestic production processes were generated for exports in 2007. The net balance of emissions embodied in exports and imports accounted for nearly 30% of China??s domestic emissions, which means that any policy made to increase the exports would result in a significant growth of China??s domestic emissions. Since over half of China??s export trade is processing trade, the re-exported emissions could not be overlooked; otherwise, it would hard to capture the actual emissions generated abroad to obtain China??s domestic consumption. The enlargement of export scale is a primary driven factor to the rapid growth of China??s exported emissions. It is necessary for China to adjust its economic and industrial structure to reduce the dependence of economic growth on the export trade. However, when adjusting industry structures or making policies on carbon emission reduction, it will be more reasonable to consider the relationship between production and consumption, rather than just focus on the emission values of sectors?? direct production, as a large part of carbon emissions emitted by the principal direct polluters were generated to obtain the products which were required by other sectors.     

低碳经济的概念内涵

在研究国内外学者的相关论点后,对低碳经济的定义、特征、要素和科学内涵等进行了界定。认为低碳经济是一种以低能耗、低污染、低排放为特点的发展模式,是以应对气候变化、保障能源安全、促进经济社会可持续发展有机结合为目的的规制世界发展格局的新规则。低碳经济具有经济性、技术性和目标性3大特征。低碳经济由低碳技术、低碳能源、低碳产业、低碳城市和低碳管理5个要素构成。发展低碳经济有低碳社会、低碳市场、低碳产业3个切入点。低碳经济是一种经济发展理念,更是一种经济发展模式;低碳经济是一个科学问题,更是一个政治问题;同时,低碳经济也是一个经济、社会、环境系统交织在一起的综合性问题。     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Environmental policy and human capital inequality: A matter of life and death

This paper analyzes the economic implications of an environmental policy when we account for the life expectancy of heterogeneous agents. In a framework in which everyone suffers from pollution but health status also depends on individual human capital, we find that the economy may be stuck in a trap in which inequality rises steadily, especially when the initial pollution intensity of production is too high. We emphasize that such inequality is in the long run costly for the economy in terms of health and growth. Therefore, we study whether a tax on pollution associated with an investment in pollution abatement can be used to address this situation. We show that a stricter environmental policy may allow the economy to escape from the inequality trap while enhancing the long-term growth rate when the initial inequality in human capital is not too large.     

Youth in the face of vocational agricultural training for sustainable development: whether to push forward or pull back

Vocational training as an inter-temporal investment will bring returns in the future as people responsible take the necessary initiatives to invest today. However, training must be dynamic in nature, especially for agro-entrepreneurship to create structural changes in production, distribution, marketing and consumption. In the preparation of youth to meet future requirements of economic growth, biotechnology, nanotechnology and intelligence in computer technology play prominent roles in the context of knowledge and skill development of the population. In this process, youth should be well informed of conditions and situations of demographics, socio-economics, scientific, energetic and pragmatic aspects of potentials in development through effective vocational training processes in the sphere of sustainable development. By so doing, it would be easy to visualize new production vistas with a new generation of agro-entrepreneurs to yield dynamic production systems for a new world.     

制度-技术-资源协同影响生态经济的效果分析

生态经济是在生态系统承载能力范围内,运用系统工程方法和生态经济学原理改变生产和消费方式,挖掘资源的潜力,建设体制合理与社会和谐环境的经济形态。生态经济的以资源为基础,以政策与制度为导向,以技术创新为支撑,是制度、技术、资源等重要影响变量协同作用的结果,制度变迁、技术创新、资源利用三者共同作用于生态经济运行过程都呈现出了典型的非线性特征;将制度、技术、资源分别视为生态经济系统的高层、中层和低层子系统,以逻辑斯蒂（Logistic）曲线为基础,建构了生态经济发展的非线性动力学模型;最后以系统论的观点分析了制度、技术、资源与生态经济发展、科学发展观贯彻、和谐社会构建之间的互动关系。     

China's dairy crisis: impacts,causes and policy implications for a sustainable dairy industry

The dairy industry is an important part of the global economy, and the rapidly developing dairy enterprises in China have become increasingly important to the rest of the world. Due to increasing demand for dairy products and support from the government, China's dairy industry has thrived in recent decades. But rapid growth has been accompanied by a suite of industry/structural problems associated with raw milk supply, processing enterprises, product retailing and profit allocation. Thus, a major dairy crisis took place in 2008, triggered by a notorious melamine-contaminated milk event. The dairy crisis has had devastating impacts on China's dairy industry, negatively affecting farmers, consumers, processing enterprises and even government agencies. The Chinese government has developed rigorous measures to prevent future incidents of this sort, including the enactment of the Food Safety Law and reinstatement of the no-exemption quality inspection of food products. In this paper, we analyse the wide-ranging impacts and root causes of the recent dairy crisis in China. We also examine how the crisis has been handled and what measures have been put in place in its aftermath. Then we discuss policy implications for promoting the sustainability of China's dairy industry. Lessons learned from this crisis, as well as implications for policy improvements, should be valuable for the development of a sustainable dairy industry in other regions of the world.     

天津市经济,能源与环境

在分析建国５０年来天津市经济,能源和环境发展历程的基础上,论述了三者之间的关系,并得出天津市的经济,能源与环境系统由８０年代初的高增长,高消耗,高污染型向经济高增长,能源低增、环境污染负增长的良好性循环方向发展的结论。