气候变化对我国农业环境的影响及对策

全球气候变暖的速度在加快,气象规律将逐步改变,气候变化对我国农业的影响以负面为主。本文从大气、土壤、水和生物等方面分析了气候变暖对农业环境的影响,并提出了一些我国农业适应气候变化的对策。     

秦皇岛市气候变化对农业气象灾害的影响

40多年来秦皇岛市气候发生了明显的变化，致使农业气象灾害增加：第一，冬暖、倒春寒、春末高温等灾害频次增多，冬季低温冻害频次和程度减少；第二，冬旱、春旱、秋旱、秋冬连旱、冬春连旱增多，伏旱次数明显减少，盛夏洪涝频次减少；第三，低温连阴雨、高温干旱、干热风等灾害在频次和程度上均发生明显变化。因此，秦皇岛农业生产防灾减灾的重点和方法也适当调整。     

部分国际组织在气候变化与农业相关领域实施项目简述

近年来气候变化问题引发了全球性的关注。气候资源是农业生产的基础,与其他行业相比,农业生产对气候变化的敏感性更强。针对气候变化可能给农业带来重大影响的现实,许多涉农国际组织越来越重视在气候变化与农业相关领域的科学研究,对粮食安全可能受气候变化影响严重的发展中国家也加大了援助力度。本文对联合国粮农组织等国际机构在这一方面所实施的相关项目进行了简要介绍。     

青海湖流域气候变化对湖泊水位变化的影响

基于"将今论古、以古论今"的思想,收集过去与现在的青海湖环湖地区气候变化与湖泊水位变化的数据资料,运用一元线性回归方程、线性趋势法与Person相关系数法,分析青海湖流域气候变化对湖泊水位变化的影响.结果表明:①重建的全新世湖泊水位升降与古气候因子密切相关;②近54年以来,环湖地区的气温上升、降水增加;青海湖水位变化与...     

秦皇岛市农业生态变化与可持续发展

秦皇岛市农业生态条件较好,对农业生产有利,但也有耕地少、降水不均匀等不利因素。森林植被的变化对农业生态产生复杂影响,因此必须保护和发展森林。气候条件向干热变化对农业生产弊大于利。建设水库对农业生态变化也比较复杂,应注意兴利除弊。对农业生态应采取各种对策措施加以保护。     

海南州气候变化对生态环境的影响及对策研究

文章针对青海省海南州气象灾害频繁发生、草场退化、土地荒漠化、湖泊水位下降和河流流量减少等生态环境退化现象日益严重的实际，在广泛收集和整理气候、水资源、草地资源等生态环境因子资料的基础上，对海南州的主要气候要素、地表径流、水资源、植被的演替及其相互间的关系等主要生态环境变化特征进行了分析，为海南州经济社会协调发展提供了科学依据。     

关于农业环境保护的一些思考——全球气候变化与农业环境适应

简单讨论了全球气候变化与农业环境适应性的对策以及加强农业节能减排,促进循环经济发展的措施。     

典型发达国家适应气候变化资金机制及对中国的启示

气候变化是全人类面临的严峻挑战,我国受到气候变化的不利影响更为显著,加快采取雄心勃勃的适应气候变化行动显得尤为重要,但资金机制一直是我国适应进程中的主要障碍,亟须借鉴国际经验构建完善适应气候变化的资金机制。基于此,本文首先简要分析国际适应气候变化资金机制的基本情况,然后选取适应进程较为完善的美、英、德、日等典型发达国家,分别从适应政策体系、国内适应资金和国际援助资金等三个方面梳理总结各国适应气候变化资金机制,最后分析我国适应气候变化资金机制及存在的问题,并提出对我国适应气候变化资金机制的启示。研究发现,《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其气候变化国际谈判进程是各国推进适应气候变化资金机制的主要动因,发达国家重视适应政策的法制化,但政策力度和运行模式有所不同,公共部门是各国适应资金的主要来源,私人资金潜力尚待挖掘,国际气候援助注重减缓与适应并重,但援助力度有待加强。未来我国应从完善适应气候变化顶层设计、建立适应气候变化资金保障机制、提高适应气候援助力度、加强国际交流与合作等方面完善我国适应气候变化资金机制。     

基于遥感技术的土地利用/土地覆盖提取信息精度研究——以艾比湖湿地保护区为例

利用中巴资源卫星资料提取艾比湖湿地保护区LUCC的现状信息作为基础资料进行精度检验,主要运用实地景观的比对,并充分考虑了点的空间分布,在采点方面,研究分层采点法,在误差矩阵法和Kappa系数法的基础上尝试了权重法和平均法,用这几种方法对该区LUCC的现状数据进行检验,结果相吻合.     

Agricultural Adaptation to Drought for Different Cropping Systems in Southern China under Climate Change

This study investigates agricultural adaptation to drought for different cropping systems in southern China. The study area was divided into three regions: South China (SC), South of the Yangtze River (SYR), and Southwest China (SWC). An index of agricultural adaptation to drought (D) was established. Our findings indicated that the average total crop water demand varied greatly among the regions from 1961 to 2010 in southern China. The maximum value was found in the SC region, followed by the SYR and SWC regions. The effects of droughts on different crops were noticeable. Frequent droughts were recorded in late rice than in early rice in the SC and SYR regions. Droughts in the SWC region mainly affected winter wheat. Moreover, the effects of droughts on crops varied during different growth stages. More frequent and serious droughts occurred during the crop critical flowering stage. Particularly, the frequency of moderate and severe droughts for late rice in the SYR region was 62% during the critical flowering stage. For the SC and SYR regions, the D values of early rice (0.29 and 0.29) were lower than that of late rice (0.31 and 0.33), respectively. For the SWC region, the D values of winter wheat and rice were both low, with averages of 0.16 and 0.29, respectively. Our study provides interesting insights for improving the drought defense abilities for different cropping systems by changing crop planting proportion on a regional scale in China.     

Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis and Prediction in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River,China

Scientists have aimed at exploring land use and land cover change (LUCC) and modeling future landscape pattern in order to improve our understanding of the causes and consequences of these phenomena. This study addresses LUCC in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China, from 1974 to 2000. Based on remotely sensed images, LUCC and landscape pattern change were assessed using cross-tabulation and landscape metrics. Then, using the CLUE-S model, changes in area of four types of land cover were predicted for two scenarios considering forest polices over the next 20 years. Results showed that forestland decreased from 1974 to 2000 due to continuous deforestation, while grassland and shrubland increased correspondingly. At the same time, the farmland and settlement land increased dramatically. Landscape fragmentation in the study area accompanied these changes. Forestland, grassland, and farmland take opposite trajectories in the two scenarios, as does landscape fragmentation. LUCC has led to ecological consequences, such as biodiversity loss and lowering of ecological carrying capacity.     

于田绿洲生态脆弱带土地利用/覆被变化的动态变化研究

通过遥感与GIS技术，研究了lOa间于田地区的土地覆盖类型变化，通过对于田绿洲生态脆弱带的预警线提取，分析了该地区的生态脆弱带的开发利用现状，有针对性地提出相应的绿洲生态脆弱带生态环境建设的建议和保护措施。     

Adaptive Management and Climate Change Adaptation: Two Mutually Beneficial Areas of Practice

Adaptive management (AM) is a rigorous approach to implementing, monitoring, and evaluating actions, so as to learn and adjust those actions. Existing AM projects are at risk from climate change, and current AM guidance does not provide adequate methods to deal with this risk. Climate change adaptation (CCA) is an approach to plan and implement actions to reduce risks from climate variability and climate change, and to exploit beneficial opportunities. AM projects could be made more resilient to extreme climate events by applying the principles and procedures of CCA. To test this idea, we analyze the effects of extreme climatic events on five existing AM projects focused on ecosystem restoration and species recovery, in the Russian, Trinity, Okanagan, Platte, and Missouri River Basins. We examine these five case studies together to generate insights on how integrating CCA principles and practices into their design and implementation could improve their sustainability, despite significant technical and institutional challenges, particularly at larger scales. Although climate change brings substantial risks to AM projects, it may also provide opportunities, including creating new habitats, increasing the ability to quickly test flow‐habitat hypotheses, stimulating improvements in watershed management and water conservation, expanding the use of real‐time tools for flow management, and catalyzing creative application of CCA principles and procedures.     

Hydrologic Sensitivity to Climate and Land Use Changes in the Santiam River Basin,Oregon

Future changes in water supply are likely to vary across catchments due to a river basin's sensitivity to climate and land use changes. In the Santiam River Basin (SRB), Oregon, we examined the role elevation, intensity of water demands, and apparent intensity of groundwater interactions, as characteristics that influence sensitivity to climate and land use changes, on the future availability of water resources. In the context of water scarcity, we compared the relative impacts of changes in water supply resulting from climate and land use changes to the impacts of spatially distributed but steady water demand. Results highlight how seasonal runoff responses to climate and land use changes vary across subbasins with differences in hydrogeology, land use, and elevation. Across the entire SRB, water demand exerts the strongest influence on basin sensitivity to water scarcity, regardless of hydrogeology, with the highest demand located in the lower reaches dominated by agricultural and urban land uses. Results also indicate that our catchment with mixed rain‐snow hydrology and with mixed surface‐groundwater may be more sensitive to climate and land use changes, relative to the catchment with snowmelt‐dominated runoff and substantial groundwater interactions. Results highlight the importance of evaluating basin sensitivity to change in planning for planning water resources storage and allocation across basins in variable hydrogeologic settings.     

Decoupling Streamflow Responses to Climate Variability and Land Use/Cover Changes in a Watershed in Northern China

Restored annual streamflow (Q_r) and measured daily streamflow of the Chaohe watershed located in northern China and associated long‐term climate and land use/cover data were used to explore the effects of land use/cover change and climate variability on the streamflow during 1961‐2009. There were no significant changes in annual precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration, whereas Q_r decreased significantly by 0.81 mm/yr (p < 0.001) over the study period with a change point in 1999. We used 1961‐1998 as the baseline period (BP) and 1999‐2009 the change period (CP). The mean Q_r during the CP decreased by 39.4 mm compared with that in the BP. From 1979 to 2009, the grassland area declined by 69.6%, and the forest and shrublands increased by 105.4 and 73.1%, respectively. The land use/cover change and climate variability contributed for 58.4 and 41.6% reduction in mean annual Q_r, respectively. Compared with the BP, median and high flows in the CP decreased by 38.8 and up to 75.5%, respectively. The study concludes that large‐scale ecological restoration and watershed management in northern China has greatly decreased water yield and reduced high flows due to the improved land cover by afforestation leading to higher water loss through evapotranspiration. At a large watershed scale, land use/cover change could play as much of an important role as climate variability on water resources.     

Climate and Land Use Effects on Hydrologic Processes in a Primarily Rain‐Fed,Agricultural Watershed

Anticipating changes in hydrologic variables is essential for making socioeconomic water resource decisions. This study aims to assess the potential impact of land use and climate change on the hydrologic processes of a primarily rain‐fed, agriculturally based watershed in Missouri. A detailed evaluation was performed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool for the near future (2020–2039) and mid‐century (2040–2059). Land use scenarios were mapped using the Conversion of Land Use and its Effects model. Ensemble results, based on 19 climate models, indicated a temperature increase of about 1.0°C in near future and 2.0°C in mid‐century. Combined climate and land use change scenarios showed distinct annual and seasonal hydrologic variations. Annual precipitation was projected to increase from 6% to 7%, which resulted in 14% more spring days with soil water content equal to or exceeding field capacity in mid‐century. However, summer precipitation was projected to decrease, a critical factor for crop growth. Higher temperatures led to increased potential evapotranspiration during the growing season. Combined with changes in precipitation patterns, this resulted in an increased need for irrigation by 38 mm representing a 10% increase in total irrigation water use. Analysis from multiple land use scenarios indicated converting agriculture to forest land can potentially mitigate the effects of climate change on streamflow, thus ensuring future water availability.     

全球气候变化与21世纪我国能源发展战略

分析了全球气候变化特点及对我国的挑战,提出21世纪我国能源发展战略。     

洞庭湖土地利用／覆被变化及洪涝灾害研究进展

洞庭湖是长江流域重要的调蓄滞洪区、物种基因库和商品粮基地,具有重要的战略地位。然而由于人类不合理的开发利用致使湖泊功能和效益不断下降。系统认识洞庭湖自然、社会经济属性,揭示其内在的演变规律,有助于洞庭湖区资源的合理配置、环境保护和经济的可持续发展。本文从土地利用／覆被变化、洪涝灾害等方面,综述了洞庭湖的研究进展。研究结果表明目前对洞庭湖研究的深度和广度均不够,洞庭湖作为通江湖泊的复杂性和不确定性、研究思路方法创新意识不够、基础数据难以获得、洞庭湖区血吸虫病害严重等是洞庭湖研究难以深入的主要原因。最后从洞庭湖流域土地利用／覆被变化及其水文效应与调控研究、洞庭湖区洪灾风险评价与区划研究两个方面展望了今后研究的重点。