基于GIS的张家口市土地生态功能分区与调控研究

生态功能区划是区域生态环境保护、自然资源科学管理与可持续利用的基础。根据张家口市地形地貌、土地利用类型、道路河流、生态环境要素等数据,利用GIS技术,采用自上而下的方法进行张家口市土地生态功能区划分。一级土地生态功能分区以地貌为主导因素进行划分,即坝上高原生态功能区和坝下山间盆地生态功能区。在此基础上,以土地利用类型为主导因素进行二级生态功能区的划分,即草原与农业生产生态功能区、森林草原水源涵养生态功能区、中部城镇生态建设功能区、西部农业与生态环境建设功能区、东部森林水源涵养与水土保持生态功能区、南部森林水源涵养与生物多样性保护生态功能区,提出了各个生态功能区土地利用优化调控的方向,为区域生态保护与生态建设提供参考依据。     

新疆矿产资源开发与生态补偿的探讨

文章对新疆矿产资源开发产生的环境问题进行了分析,并根据目前我国现有的矿产开发中经济补偿的相关法律制度,提出生态保护及生态补偿的要求,建议新疆今后对矿产资源开发应建立矿产资源开发生态环境基金制度、矿山环境治理恢复保证金制度和矿区(矿业城市)生态补偿转移支付制度,对矿产资源开发的生态环境恢复补偿统筹考虑,针对不同区域制订不同的补偿办法.     

环境新闻

<正>京津冀生态补偿机制亟待科学化规范化记者在作为京津冀水源涵养区的河北承德采访了解到,去年以来,承德与北京、天津探索开展跨区域碳排放交易、滦河跨界流域补偿等横向补偿机制,京津冀协同发展生态区域补偿取得一定突破。但记者了解到,这些尝试在长效机制建     

青海省"三线一单"编制思路及实践应用展望

开展青海省生态保护红线、环境质量底线、资源利用上线和生态环境准入清单(即"三线一单")的划定和编制,通过青海省区域空间生态环境评价,对青海省空间生态环境基础状况、结构功能属性进行系统评价,衔接经济社会发展战略,以改善生态环境质量为核心,科学确定青海省"三线一单",明晰空间布局、污染物控制、环境风险防控、资源开发利用等管控要求,将行政区域划分为若干环境管控单元,在一张图上落实生态保护、环境质量目标管理、资源利用管控要求,构建符合青海省实际的分区环境管控体系,维护区域生态环境安全,为青海省"一优两高"战略实施提供有力支撑。     

乌兰布统自然保护区简介

<正>乌兰布统保护区处于燕山北地、内蒙古高原的过渡地带(平均海拔1 640 m),地貌类型复杂多样,植被繁茂,水源丰富,是抵御浑善达克沙地南侵的天然生态屏障,是鸟类南北迁徙的重要通道和驿站,是大量珍稀物种的重要繁殖区,更是环境演变的敏感区。特殊的地理位置,优越的生态环境,使乌兰布统自然保护区拥有众多的珍稀野生动植物资源,具有重要的生物多样性保护、水源涵养、土壤保持、科学研究、环境教育、生态旅游等功能,对保护区及周边浑善达克、科尔沁两大沙地水源供给、气候调节、生态平衡     

调整产业结构,保护四川省境内的黄河流域区生态环境

四川境内的黄河流域区为一个高寒牧业区,单纯的牧业经济给区域的生态环境造成了很大破坏,特别是草场退化、沙化、沼泽干涸,致使区域内水源涵养功能及其它生态功能的下降,危及黄河流域及国家的生态安全。因此,必须调整区域的产业结构,改变单一的牧业经济,减轻对生态系统的压力。产业结构调整的关键在于提高草地畜牧业经济的“质” 而非“量”;一方面应加强牲畜优良品种的培育和推广,使牲畜的肉、皮、毛、绒、骨等经济价值得以高质量。高效益地转化;另一方面,要立体开发草原经济,实行多业并举,使区域经济与生态环境保护协调发展。     

矿产资源开发与环境保护的协同

正矿产资源开发不可避免地会对环境产生影响,实现矿产资源与环境保护的协同具有重要意义。矿产资源开发与环境保护的协同主要就是处理矿产资源开发与环境公权之间的关系,需要国家在矿产资源开发和环境保护之间做出权衡。科学开采和科学产能概念可以扩展到其他采矿行业,重视矿产资源开发与地区生态环境承载力的关系。     

硫磺沟矿区景观生态风险评价研究

以新疆硫磺沟矿区1986年和2015年遥感影像数据解译结果为基础,基于GIS空间分析技术,在对其景观变化分析的基础上,评价了煤矿资源开发过程中的生态风险。结果表明:1986-2015年硫磺沟矿区草地面积逐步下降,由98.56%下降到90.99%;工矿地面积逐渐增加,由0 hm~2增加到689 hm~2。1986-2015年矿产资源开发导致硫磺沟矿区景观生态风险升高,草地的生态风险指数最大,工矿用地、未利用地、农田、林地的生态风险均有增加。生态脆弱区矿产资源开发所带来的生态影响应引起足够的重视。     

守护生态之源——记绿色江河青藏绿色驿站项目

青藏高原是三江源区域重要的生态安全屏障。构建生态廊道和生物多样性保护网络,提升生态系统质量和稳定性是区域生态环境保护的重要任务。生态系统的变化,导致水源涵养能力急剧减退,对中下游地区也会有影响。守护中华水塔,守护长江中上游这片重要的水源涵养地,是环境保护的重要课题。绿色江河在青海实施青藏绿色驿站项目,用"分散收集、长途运输、集中处置"的方式,收集青藏公路沿线不可降解废弃物,仅2018年累计收集罐类废弃物超过10万件。     

河北省承德市水生态环境现状及改善对策研究

河北省承德市是“京津冀水源涵养功能区”,其水生态环境质量对保障下游地区特别是京、津地区的用水安全和水资源有效供给十分重要。经过近几年开展水污染防治工作,承德市水生态环境质量显著改善,但仍存在较多不稳定因素。针对承德市水生态环境问题进行深入研究,提出以“统一平台调度、强化三方面监管、开展四大治理攻坚、深化五项工作机制”为重点,按照“两干（两廊）三支四区多段”总体布局,不断推进承德市水环境持续改善、水生态逐步修复。     

西部的生态恢复与水土保持对策

水资源和土地资源的不合理开发利用是造成西部严重生态环境问题的根源。因此,西部的生态恢复,必须从解决水生态失衡和控制严重的水土流失、土地荒漠化入手,以提高植被整体覆盖度为手段,逐步达到恢复西部生态环境功能的目的。     

基于RS和GIS的万源市生态保护红线划定方法研究

有效划定生态保护红线是维护国家生态安全的需要,改善环境质量的关键举措.以万源市作为研究区域,基于不同角度的生态功能重要性评估方法,采用地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)技术,遥感(Remote Sensing,和RS)技术,开展水源涵养、土壤保持以及生物多样性等三类生态系...     

矿产资源总体规划对四川省甘孜州资源-环境承载力影响分析研究

本文根据矿区资源环境承载力的内涵,构建了"目标层-准则层-因子层-指标层"资源环境承载力评价体系,并在此基础上通过专家咨询打分的方式,采用层次分析法(AHP法)计算得出甘孜州矿产资源总体规划实施现状年、近景年、远景年3个时间段资源-环境承载力综合指数,为四川省甘孜州矿产资源总体规划环评影响影响评价提供了技术支撑和科学根...     

The legal environmental risk analysis (LERA) sample of mining and the environment in Turkish legislation

As advancing technology and increasing demands for natural resources continue to mount pressure on the environment, environmental conservation and sustainable management have become ever more important. Individual countries have been increasingly taking action to reduce environmental destruction caused by human activities in an attempt to find a balance in between the necessary exploitation of resources and environmental conservation. In Turkey, the struggle between environmental conservation and mining activities is set within the legal context, with the requisite legal regulations (which describe various procedures) in the midst of being updated or renewed. The legal environmental risk analysis (LERA), beginning by discussing the main legal regulations of environmental conservation in relation to mining activities, defines basic environmental components which form the basis of environmental conservation in relation to mining, and analyzes the impact of mining on each component. The analysis (LERA) finishes with an evaluation of the components as they currently stand and makes some suggestions for the improvement of insufficient regulations.     

Analysis of Ecological Context for Identifying Vegetation and Animal Conservation Planning Foci: An Example from the Arid South-western USA

In developing conservation strategies, it is important to maximize effects of conservation within a specified land tract and to maximize conservation effects on surrounding area (ecological context). The authors proposed two criteria to select biotic entities for conservation foci: (1) the relative occurrence of fauna or flora in a tract is greater than that of an ecological context region; and (2) occurrence of the fauna or flora is relatively limited in the ecological context region. Using extensive spatial data on vegetation and wildlife habitat distribution, the authors identified strategic vegetation and fauna conservation foci for the 400 000 ha Fort Bliss military reservation in New Mexico and Texas relative to a 164 km radius ecological context region intersecting seven ecological zones and the predicted habitat distribution of 616 animal species. The authors set two specific criteria: (1) predicted area of a species' occurrence is <50% of the ecological context region; and (2) percentage of Fort Bliss intersecting the species' or vegetation community predicted areas in the ecological context region is >5% (Fort Bliss is 4.2% of the region). These criteria selected one vegetation class and 40 animal species. Further, these vegetation and animal foci were primarily located in two areas of Fort Bliss. Sensitivity analyses with other analytical radii corroborated the context radius used. Conservation of the two areas and associated taxa will maximize the contribution of Fort Bliss's conservation efforts in its ecological proximity. This relatively simple but information-rich process represents economical and defensible preliminary contextual analysis for detailed conservation planning.     

城市群雾霾污染的空间分异及动态关联研究——基于京津冀城市群的实证分析

污染治理联防联控是解决区域雾霾问题的重要手段,雾霾污染的城市联动和交互作用是雾霾区域协同治理的关键问题。本文运用探索性空间数据分析法和标准偏差椭圆方法,分析了京津冀雾霾污染的空间关联特征和空间重心转移轨迹,运用空间计量模型,测算了京津冀雾霾污染的空间溢出效应和驱动影响因素。结果表明:京津冀雾霾污染具有显著的空间集聚特征和空间异质性,雾霾污染的空间溢出效应明显,经济增长、城镇化发展、产业结构、人口密度等均对京津冀雾霾污染产生正向影响,外商直接投资对雾霾污染产生负向影响。本文从构建区域污染协同治理机制、区域产业资源的高效配置、城市空间管控等方面提出了城市群雾霾污染治理的对策建议。     

略论清代自然资源的保护与利用

清代在水土资源、林木资源、矿产资源的保护与利用等方面采取了积极有效的措施，包括开垦土地、兴修水利、发展生态农业、植树造林、加强法制、设立环保机构等。     

联合工艺复垦在矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复中的应用

随着矿产资源开发的加剧,矿山环境日益恶化,对矿山企业及周边村民造成严重影响。联合工艺复垦可有效控制及减轻矿山环境带来的影响,及时恢复生态环境及矿区土地复垦,可取得良好的复垦经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。     

Transhumance in Central Anatolia: A Resilient Interdependence Between Biological and Cultural Diversity

Transhumance is a resource efficient means of livestock production by seasonally moving grazing animals to utilize pastures between varying ecological zones. This article investigated the interrelationship between the environmental services the transhumant provides whilst maintaining its cultural heritage and theorized what the cultural and environmental impacts would be if the practice of transhumance were to vanish. The authors interviewed 45 transhumant families during their 2015 seasonal migration through the Taurus Mountains and in their settled tent sites in Central Anatolia. The interview topics related to geography of the region, migration routes, natural resource constraints and opportunities, animal husbandry, grazing strategies and their income sources. By practicing agro-ecological principles over millennia, the research showed that the transhumant has helped shape a complex mosaic of habitats in one of Mediterranean’s most interesting ecosystems. The mobile pastoralist with conservation and natural resource management skills over a long period has reduced erosion control, improved soil quality and deterred the likelihood of forest fires, whilst weaving a resilient social web. The survey also indicated a clear link between social and ecological resilience emphasizing that sustainable development relies on the interconnectedness between biological and cultural diversity. The study recommends special provisions be made by the Turkish government for the educational needs for the children of the transhumant, provide initiatives for improved trading of their produce, introduce law enforcement for oppressive behavior against them and finally support the pastoralists to attain world heritage listing as a unique and an irreplaceable culture for the future welfare of humankind.     

Land Use-Based Landscape Planning and Restoration in Mine Closure Areas

Landscape planning and restoration in mine closure areas is not only an inevitable choice to sustain mining areas but also an important path to maximize landscape resources and to improve ecological function in mine closure areas. The analysis of the present mine development shows that many mines are unavoidably facing closures in China. This paper analyzes the periodic impact of mining activities on landscapes and then proposes planning concepts and principles. According to the landscape characteristics in mine closure areas, this paper classifies available landscape resources in mine closure areas into the landscape for restoration, for limited restoration and for protection, and then summarizes directions for their uses. This paper establishes the framework of spatial control planning and design of landscape elements from “macro control, medium allocation and micro optimization” for the purpose of managing and using this kind of special landscape resources. Finally, this paper applies the theories and methods to a case study in Wu’an from two aspects: the construction of a sustainable land-use pattern on a large scale and the optimized allocation of typical mine landscape resources on a small scale.