中国农村居民食品消费碳排放的时空格局及其影响因素

在全球气候变化背景下,研究居民食品消费碳排放具有重要的意义。本文基于全国和地区农村居民家庭食品消费量调查数据及其人均食品消费碳排放的测算,运用ArcGIS空间统计分析、地理探测器因子探测等方法,分析2000—2019年中国农村居民家庭食品人均碳排放的时空格局及其驱动因素。结果表明：①碳排放结构中升降因素叠加,人均碳排放量增速不明显。②人均碳排放量存在空间集聚效应,但集聚程度呈下降趋势。③人均碳排放量、直接与间接排放量空间分异的影响因素不同。其中,人均碳排放量主要受到猪牛羊肉消费量、食品消费支出的影响。建议从优化农村居民的饮食结构,适度减少猪牛羊肉的消费量、增加综合碳折算系数较低的禽肉、蛋类、牛奶和鱼类等动物性食品的消费量,以及加强人均碳排放量较高地区饮食结构调整和优化的指导等方面,减少农村居民食品消费的人均碳排放量。     

基于STIRPAT模型的碳排放驱动因子研究——以黑龙江省为例

定量分析碳排放驱动因素,对优化能源结构、调整产业结构、推进技术进步、发展低碳经济具有重要的理论和现实意义.利用碳排放估算模型,测算了黑龙江省1995-2012年能源消费的碳排放量.基于扩展的STIRPAT模型,实证研究了各驱动因子对碳排放总量的影响及其驱动程度.结果表明,能源结构、经济发展水平、城市化率、人口总量对碳排放量有正向驱动作用,而产业结构、能源强度对碳排放总量的增加具有抑制作用,提出有效促进能源消费结构优化、加大产业结构调整、大力推进技术创新是实现黑龙江省低碳经济发展的有效路径.     

近10年四川省碳排放特征分析

本文基于一次能源消费的统计数据,计算了四川省2000～2009年的碳排放总量、人均碳排放量和碳排放强度。结果表明:2000～2009年四川省能源消费总量、碳排放总量和人均碳排放量均呈显著上升趋势;第二产业碳排放量的比重最大,并且增大趋势明显;2000～2009年四川省碳排放强度年平均下降率小于国内生产总值的年平均增长率,未能实现二氧化碳的绝对减排。     

基于灰色关联度分析的河南省节能减排策略探析

采用灰色关联度分析法,考察城镇化率、人均GDP、产业结构多元化系数ESD、能源结构多元化系数ECSD、能源强度、人口总量6种驱动因素对河南省能源消费量的影响程度及驱动河南省能源消费增长的内在机理,得出城镇化水平的提高是河南省能源消费量增加最主要的原因和驱动因素,关联系数为0.937;产业化结构多元化系数和人均GDP与能源消费量之间的关联度次之,灰色关联系数为分别为0.887和0.822。针对以上结论,探索河南省节能减排策略,为河南省提高经济发展质量,走不以牺牲农业和粮食生产为代价的"三化"协调的科学发展之路提供理论支持。     

黑龙江省能源消费碳排放量情景预测

采用联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会规定的碳排放计算方法,测算了黑龙江省2002-2010年的能源消费碳排放量。运用Kaya分解法,预测了黑龙江省2011—2020年在不同情境下的人均碳排放量。研究表明,2002-2010年黑龙江省能源消费碳排放量以年均8％的速度增长,人均碳排量年均增长率为8．18％。在四种经济增长情境下,黑龙江省2011—2020年人均碳排放量的年均增长率均远远低于2002-2010年,但人均碳排放量仍逐年增长,且GDP增长速度越快,人均碳排放量增长也越快。     

中国城镇居民食物消费碳排放的时空演变特征分析

本文运用碳折算系数法和投入产出模型测算了1990—2018年中国30个省(区、市)城镇居民食物消费的人均直接碳排放、人均家庭间接碳排放和人均产业间接碳排放,并运用探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)对总碳排放的空间特征进行分析。研究表明:1990—2018年中国30个省(区、市)人均间接碳排放在研究期内呈增长趋势,人均产业碳排放增长幅度最大且始终处于主导地位,大部分地区的人均直接碳排放增长较为缓慢;人均碳排放和总碳排放都呈显著增长趋势,人均碳排放的增长幅度宁夏>新疆>上海>浙江>青海>北京,甘肃最小,总碳排放增长幅度广东>浙江>山东>江苏>河北>上海,吉林最低;总碳排放在大部分年份呈正的空间相关性,整体上呈"M"形波动;局部空间自相关分析结果表明,食物消费总碳排放存在高高型和低高型两种,且2000年及以后高高型稳定在上海、江苏、浙江地区。最后,本文依据实证结果对如何降低城镇居民食物消费碳排放提出了相应的政策建议。     

2001-2009年湖北能源消费的时空格局及其影响因素

2001 -2009年湖北能源消费总量规模、人均能源消费量、能源消费结构和能源消费效率均发生了很大变化,能源消费总量和人均能源消费不断增加,能源消费结构趋于优化,能源消费效率显著提高,能源消费规模和年均增长率具有明显的空间差异.此外,各地区人均能源消费均有所增长,能源消费效率显著提高,但增长或提高的水平具有明显的地区差异.全省人均能源消费和能源消费效率的空间格局虽发生了较大变化,但人均能源消费和能源消费效率的空间差异显著,鄂西北、鄂西南和鄂东北地区人均能源消费量明显低于鄂中广大地区,鄂西南地区和武汉城市圈内大多数城市能源消费效率明显高于全省其他地区;经济增长、产业结构、城市化水平、居民消费结构和人口增长等因素的变化和地区差异是影响全省能源消费总量、消费结构和消费效率变化以及能源消费地区差异的主要因素.     

基于VAR模型的经济发展与碳排放的动态响应研究——以云南省为例

将能源消费构成中的煤、石油和天然气消费量折算成碳排放量,采用VAR模型与脉冲响应函数方法对碳排放与经济增长之间的动态响应关系进行计量研究,定量分析经济增长与资源环境压力的关系。研究表明,经济增长与碳排放之间存在紧密的关系。一方面,经济增长短期内会导致碳排放与资源消耗增加,但长期来看经济增长对碳排放降低能起到一定的促进作用;另一方面,碳排放的增加在短期内会促进GDP的增加,但长期来看碳排放的增加会制约经济的增长,且最后对经济增长的作用趋弱。     

安徽省旅游交通碳排放测算及影响因素分析

随着旅游业的不断发展,旅游业的碳排放量问题已成为学界研究的热点。以安徽省为研究对象,从交通运输方式角度出发测算出了旅游交通的碳排放量,并运用LMDI分解模型,研究了游客人数、人均旅游消费水平、旅游产业对生产总值的贡献、单位GDP交通周转量、单位交通周转量能耗、能源结构六大旅游交通碳排放量影响因素对碳排放量的影响程度。最后,提出了应提高能源利用效率,构建绿色交通系统,加快调整能源结构,以减少碳排放。     

山西省碳排放影响因素分解——基于LMDI模型的实证研究

根据2004—2013年的相关数据,基于LMDI模型将山西省的碳排放影响因素分解为人口、人均GDP、产业结构、能源结构和碳强度五个因素。结果表明:人口和人均GDP因素总体上表现为增碳因素,能源结构、产业结构和碳强度因素总体上表现为减碳因素。其中,人均GDP和碳强度分别为增碳因素和减碳因素,但由于碳强度的减碳效应远小于人均GDP的增碳效应,因此山西省的总碳排放量仍呈逐年递增趋势。此外,由于人均GDP的增碳效应在减弱,而碳强度的减碳效应在增强,因此碳排放总量增长幅度呈递减趋势;产业结构因素和碳强度因素对碳排放的年均贡献率并未能像其总贡献率一样表现为负值。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.