环境风险评价中氯气泄漏扩散的计算

根据HJ/T169-2004((建设项目环境风险评价技术导则>(简称<导则>),对某化工厂使用的液氯钢瓶的事故源进行分析.采用<导则>推荐的Cox和Carpenter稠密气体扩散模型,在氯气泄漏的初期,将其作为重气泄漏扩散进行计算,得到重气云团温度、半径、卷入空气质量和质量浓度随扩散时间的变化关系.计算结果与非重气扩散高斯模式的计算结果有较大差异.因此,对涉及氯气的项目进行环境风险评价时,应重视氯气作为重气泄漏扩散的环节.     

内河非溶解性危险化学品泄漏扩散过程影响因素

针对内河中非挥发性危险化学品（危化品）运输船舶的泄漏扩散问题,建立了一种通用数值模拟方法,研究了内河非溶解性危化品泄漏扩散过程的影响因素。结果表明：危化品的密度和黏度对内河危化品泄漏扩散过程的影响相对较小,而水流速率和危化品泄漏速率对危化品泄漏扩散过程的影响较大;水流速率对危化品泄漏扩散过程的影响主要表现在泄漏扩散范围（尤其是泄漏区域长度）方面,而危化品泄漏速率的影响主要表现在泄漏区域宽度、微团数量以及最大微团面积方面。建议应针对丰水期危化品大泄漏量的情况展开监管,并将其作为内河危化品泄漏应急工作的重点。     

基于“情景-应对”模式的危险化学品泄漏应急决策系统的构建

危险化学品泄漏事故严重威胁到社会和环境安全。危化品泄漏事故发生后,快速找到泄漏源并及时采取应对措施是面临的主要任务。构建了基于一般风场的危化品泄漏事故情景库,利用Coyote实验验证了情景库在危化品泄漏事故中反演溯源的效果,据此建立了基于“情景-应对”模式的危险化学品泄漏应急决策系统,并应用于氯气泄漏事故的应急救援中。该方法具有使用方便、决策速度快、救援效率高等特点,对危化品泄漏事故的应急决策具有重要的现实意义。     

油田储油罐非甲烷总挥发实验及仿真模拟

针对油田单井拉油罐非密封生产带来的油气泄漏问题,建立小型原油储油罐挥发损耗实验模拟平台,通过气相色谱法探究各因素对其损耗的影响,利用Fluent仿真软件模拟储油罐的泄漏扩散。结果表明:储液温度和有无风环境对储油罐非甲烷总烃(NMHC)挥发影响较大,储液高度和环境温度对其影响较小;仿真模拟无风环境下,储油罐泄漏口短时间内存在油气积聚现象;有风环境下,当风速为1 m/s,油气积聚不明显;随风速增大,扩散浓度场面积不断增大,油品损耗量增大,在风速为5 m/s的环境下,扩散300 s时的浓度场面积相比扩散200 s时较小,但泄漏口处的油气积聚面积增大。     

非溶解性危险化学品在内河中的泄漏扩散规律

为研究内陆河流运输中危险化学品(危化品)泄漏后的扩散规律,建立了一种数值模拟方法,利用地图软件获得地理信息,建立对应模型后进行数学计算。以长江南京段八卦洲北汊为例,模拟3 000 t级非溶解性危化品运输船舶的泄漏扩散过程,分析不同时刻危化品泄漏扩散的形态变化。模拟结果表明,泄漏后27.5 min时,泄漏团数量超过40个,最大泄漏团面积接近1 800 m²,次生事故风险显著增加。     

氯碱生产中淡盐水脱氯及氯回收工艺的改进

０概述氯碱企业排出或泄漏的氯气是造成大气环境污染的重要污染物。青海电化厂原来的淡盐水脱氯流程,虽然脱出的氯气用碱液吸收,但由于吸收过程中冷却效果较差,次氯酸钠产品易受热分解,造成质量不合格,因而生产中往往将淡盐水脱出的氯气不经碱液吸收而通过放空管直接...     

CO2地质封存中单井源泄漏风险的

通过模拟某废弃井CO₂泄漏事故,对CO₂泄漏事故进行风险评估。利用高斯模型得到不同大气条件下泄漏事故的影响范围及CO₂浓度分布特征,并采用信息扩散法对模拟结果进行评价。研究结果可为利用钻井封存CO₂项目的安全规划及风险防控提供理论依据。     

石化企业环境风险评价初探

石化企业环境风险评价是对石化企业环境影响的不确定性及其环境后果进行调查和确定的过程,具有复杂性、综合性和不确定性3大特征.评价的核心是识别风险和后果计算,桥梁是风险分析和风险评价,最终目的是降低风险.此外,在改进石化企业环境风险评价程序基础上,就环境风险评价方法和评价标准进行了初步探讨.     

国内简讯

含NaoCl废碱液的回收利用我厂以电解法生产氯气和烧碱,每天有近270吨氯气自电解槽出来后经压缩机输送到各用氯工段。常由于突然断电或某种原因造成总管内氯气发生倒压而引起外逸事故。为此,在电解槽与压缩机之间按装了两台防止氯气外逸装置。该装置采用浓度≥18％的碱液吸收管内倒压出来的氯气,也可用於开停车时管内剩余氯气的处理。使用后贮槽内碱液浓度下降,必须排放掉一部分,补充31％浓碱,以保证装置的使用效果。碱液吸收氯气发生以下反应: 2NaOH+Cl_2→NaOCl+NaCl+H_2O+46.32千卡据我厂环保监测,排放废碱液中,NaOH浓度>10％,次氯酸钠浓度1—2％。此废碱液不能用酸中和处理,因加酸会使次氯酸钠分解而放出氯气,因此,未回收利用前,只能释稀后排放。     

用VB和Surfer实现污染物在大气中扩散的动态演示

提出了一种用VB将基于DOS的污染物在大气中扩散的程序和Surfer软件结合起来实现动态演示的方法。该方法通过结合使用VB的Shell函数和Windows API的OpenProcess函数有效解决了DOS程序在VB中的调用和等待问题;并且用ActiveX技术解决了在VB中调控Surfer的问题,实现了污染物在大气中扩散的以评价区域地图为背景的动态演示,可为环境风险评价和事故应对决策提供支持。     

典型液氯泄漏危害的ALOHA软件估算

以瞬时泄漏和连续泄漏两种典型液氯泄漏事故为例,分别运用ALOHA软件和公式计算两种方法对液氯泄漏危害进行量化评估。估算结果表明:ALOHA软件对泄漏毒物的危害区域和敏感点毒物浓度的预测结果均具有良好的精度;软件模拟与公式计算的结果对于液氯瞬时泄漏的相对误差仅为7%,对于连续泄漏的相对误差为8%,二者均在可接受范围内。ALOHA软件计算过程简单、表达形象直观,在泄漏事故应急中具实用性。     

Study on chlorine removal from mixture of waste plastics

The recycling of waste plastics that include plastics that contain chlorine, such as polyvinyl chloride, is difficult because the chlorine leads to the corrosion of equipment. Then, the dechlorination method of waste plastics containing chlorine (CCWP) that consists of a series of melt process and hot water process was examined. CCWP was put into the melt process with coal tar (HOB) and converter dust (CD) to inhibit the diffusion of the chlorine-containing gas. The results indicated that iron oxide of the principal element of CD combines with chlorine eliminated from CCWP, and forms water-soluble iron chloride on the melt process. HOB dissolves or adsorbs a part of the chlorine during the melt process, and inhibits the diffusion of the chlorine-containing gas. Approximately 98% of the chlorine in the CCWP reacts with CD and forms iron chloride, which can be extracted on the hot water process.     

Kinetics of thermal de-chlorination of PVC under pyrolytic conditions

Although PVC-containing wastes are an important potential source of energy they are frequently disposed in landfill. In thermal treatment processes such as pyrolysis and gasification, the presence of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a compound with 56.7% of chlorine, may cause problems concerned with environmental protection, as consequence of the formation of hydrochloric acid, chlorine gas and dioxins, as well as corrosion phenomena of the reactor/equipment materials. Thus, a possible solution may involve a previous removal of the chlorine from PVC containing waste through a pyrolysis process at low temperatures before the material being submitted to a subsequent thermal treatment, for energetic valorization. In this work, a kinetic model for the thermal decomposition of PVC has been developed, in view of its de-chlorination. DTA/TGA testing at different temperatures indicated a first order reaction and an activation energy of 133,800J/mol. An almost completed de-chlorination reaction was obtained at 340°C under an inert atmosphere. The resulted material is a C(n)H(n) type polymer with potential to be used in an energy recovery process. Validation test performed at laboratory scale indicate that the temperature of 340°C enables the removal of ～99.9% of the chlorine present in PVC. The chloride can be fixed in the form of an aqueous solution of HCl or calcium chloride, driving to an alternative full process with environmental benefits and reduction of the costs associated to the PCV - containing materials/wastes management.     

三种环境动力学模型建模方式的比较

在农药和化学品的风险评估工作中,环境动力学模型正得到越来越多的应用。采用Stella软件、Matlab M文件和Matlab Simulink 组件3种建模方式分别构建了微宇宙、湖泊和海湾系统的多介质环境动力学模型,并对3种方式的建模难度、计算耗时及模型直观性进行了比较。研究结果表明：Stella模型最直观,但提供的计算方法有限,更适用于微分方程数量不多且计算周期短的模型;M文件模型建模速度最快,但在直观性和计算速度上没有优势,不建议在环境动力学模型中使用;Simulink模型兼具直观性和计算速度快的优点,无论微分方程数量多少,在需要进行长周期计算的模型中都最具优势。     

Waste disposal technology transfer matching requirement clusters for waste disposal facilities in China

Even though technology transfer has been part of development aid programmes for many decades, it has more often than not failed to come to fruition. One reason is the absence of simple guidelines or decision making tools that help operators or plant owners to decide on the most suitable technology to adopt. Practical suggestions for choosing the most suitable technology to combat a specific problem are hard to get and technology drawbacks are not sufficiently highlighted. Western counterparts in technology transfer or development projects often underestimate or don’t sufficiently account for the high investment costs for the imported incineration plant; the differing nature of Chinese MSW; the need for trained manpower; and the need to treat flue gas, bunker leakage water, and ash, all of which contain highly toxic elements.This article sets out requirements for municipal solid waste disposal plant owner/operators in China as well as giving an attribute assessment for the prevalent waste disposal plant types in order to assist individual decision makers in their evaluation process for what plant type might be most suitable in a given situation. There is no ‘best’ plant for all needs and purposes, and requirement constellations rely on generalisations meaning they cannot be blindly applied, but an alignment of a type of plant to a type of owner or operator can realistically be achieved. To this end, a four-step approach is suggested and a technology matrix is set out to ease the choice of technology to transfer and avoid past errors. The four steps are (1) Identification of plant owner/operator requirement clusters; (2) Determination of different municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment plant attributes; (3) Development of a matrix matching requirement clusters to plant attributes; (4) Application of Quality Function Deployment Method to aid in technology localisation.The technology transfer matrices thus derived show significant performance differences between the various technologies available. It is hoped that the resulting research can build a bridge between technology transfer research and waste disposal research in order to enhance the exchange of more sustainable solutions in future.