垃圾典型组分混合热解特性的实验研究

为揭示不同垃圾单组分对整体热解动力学特性的影响,通过自行设计的大物量热重分析装置就垃圾典型组分的混和热解特性进行了实验研究;并采用最小二乘法建立了热解反应动力学模型。并列出了双组分混合热解实验部分的实验结果及模型计算结果,两者吻合较好,为进一步建立垃圾综合热解神经网络模型奠定了基础。     

碱激发固化垃圾焚烧飞灰的重金属研究

利用飞灰的活性,在碱激发条件下可发生胶凝固化反应并辅以重金属混合稳定剂,可稳定固化其中的重金属,进而达到生活垃圾填埋场进场要求。实验考察了激发剂种类、用量、加热温度、重金属稳定剂种类及其用量、养护时间等因素对固化强度和浸出毒性的影响,确定了最佳条件为激发剂为等量的NaOH和Na2SiO3混合物,激发剂用量为3%~5%,加热温度为80℃,飞灰重量2%的等量Na2S+NaH2PO3重金属混合稳定剂,养护7 d后,飞灰试块的含水率30%以下,抗压强度0.9 MPa以上,浸出毒性均小于国标限值,完全满足《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB16889-2008)规定的飞灰无害化处理后生活垃圾填埋场进场要求。     

城市生活垃圾物性与热解特性的实验研究

对城市生活垃圾中常见垃圾成分进行物性及热解特性的实验研究表明，虽然我国城市生活垃圾（ＭＳＷ）具有高水分、低热值特点，但只要能注重其干燥过程，不投辅助燃料即可维持燃烧，ＭＷＳ中的有机物是一个很复杂的组份，并且有机化合物都有较明显的挥发份析出温度区；而纸、布或含纤维质我的废弃物在不同温度区间的挥发份析出较均匀，且这一温度区相对较宽，温度，物料尺雨及停留时间对热解过程特性有重要影响，实验得到停留时间２、     

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化水解机理及动力学模型研究

对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化水解产物溶出规律进行了研究,证实扩散限制作用是导致水解速率出现滞后现象的主要原因.在考虑扩散作用影响的前提下,对餐厨垃圾水解机理作了必要补充阐述,并根据补充后的水解机理建立了餐厨垃圾水解分段动力学模型,并在模型中引入了扩散阻力系数.通过试验求得不同粒径(20mm、40mm、60mm)餐厨垃圾的扩散阻力系数分别为1.42、2.12、2.78.进一步分析表明,扩散阻力系数的变化基本符合指数函数规律,可将分段模型合并为统一的经验动力学模型.模型验证结果表明,预测值与实验值较为接近,能够描述餐厨垃圾的水解过程.     

CaCO_3对生活垃圾热解气体组成的影响

利用固定床反应器,选用CaCO_3和SiO_2为添加剂,进行了生活垃圾催化热解实验研究,结果表明,CaCO_3在生活垃圾热解中的催化作用比SiO_2更加明显。为此,研究了不同CaCO_3添加量对热解可燃气产量的影响,探讨了CaCO_3在生活垃圾热解过程中的催化作用机理,重点分析了CaCO_3对生活垃圾热解气中CH_4和CO的影响机理。通过对比分析生活垃圾中添加不同量CaO的热解实验结果,得出CaCO3的催化作用主要在于其分解产物CaO促进了垃圾的二次热解,以及CO_2与C的还原反应。     

城市生活垃圾与煤混烧灰渣的熔融特性及成分分析

根据我国城市生活垃圾熔融焚烧需要添加一定量辅助燃料进行稳燃的实际情况以及垃圾成分复杂、波动性大的特点，对配比一定煤的混合垃圾焚烧灰渣的熔融特性及熔融渣的回收利用进行实验研究．实验结果表明：垃圾的熔融特性主要与垃圾渣中的以SiO2-A12O3-CaO-Fe2O3为代表成分有关，垃圾渣中SiO2/A12O3、SiO2 Al2O3、CaO Fe2O3对灰渣熔融点T3的影响与该成分在垃圾渣中存在的化学形式及其性质有关；垃圾熔融渣的物理性能优良，渣中的重金属浸出和噁英的含量均达环保标准．可以直接对垃圾熔融渣进行回收利用。     

填埋垃圾体气体渗透特性的实验研究

通过对模拟填埋垃圾体压实方向和与其垂直方向上气体渗透系数的测定,研究了在不同压实密度、不同含水率条件下垃圾体渗透特性的变化情况．实验表明：(1)在垂直压实的填埋垃圾体中,水平方向渗透系数平均值Ka^-为垂直方向渗透系数Ka^-的7．5-20．0倍,填埋垃圾体各向异性特征明显;(2)垃圾体渗透系数与压实密度、含水率的关系分别满足指数和线性递减规律．表明压实密度对渗透系数的影响较含水率大得多。     

城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液水质特性及其处理

本文通过对城市垃圾渗滤液的水质特征的简要介绍，提出了垃圾渗滤液的五种主要处理工艺，并简要介绍了这五种处理工艺的机理、处理效果、优缺点及其应用前景。     

三峡库区垃圾堆放场稳定化周期的研究

分析了垃圾堆放场稳定化过程的影响因素．确定有机质、浸出液COD、垃圾组分和垃圾产气量为三峡库区垃圾场稳定化程度的判别指标，并且建立了稳定化评价标准．通过垃圾采样和实验研究，并进行归类统计分析，得出三峡库区垃圾堆放场的稳定化周期。     

陈腐垃圾的热解特性及动力学研究

采用热重法研究了陈腐垃圾中不同组分的热解特性。通过实验得到了陈腐垃圾及其主要组分（包括草木、腐殖质和塑料）的TG／DTG曲线。通过对TG／DTG曲线进行分析,得到了它们的热解温度、挥发分完全析出温度等重要参数。采用Doyle法研究了热解过程的动力学特性,计算出了反应的一级反应动力学参数。     

Process conditions of preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalysttypes, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst of the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size (φ) was 0.833 mm×0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235℃ and 5 Mpa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield is 0.418 g/g cornstalk. The study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk)gas.     

北京市得田沟和崎峰茶金矿周边土壤中重金属的粒径分布特征

以北京市得田沟和崎峰茶金矿周边土壤为研究对象,运用斯托克斯沉降法研究土壤颗粒组成及重金属在不同粒径中的分布特征.结果表明,土壤颗粒主要以0.15 mm粒级为主,含量达到51.19%~79.75%,其次为0.15~0.05 mm粒级土壤,含量为14.67%~38.99%,粒级0.05~0.01 mm土壤含量为0.18%~7.6%,粒级0.01 mm的土壤含量仅占1.71%~5.95%.除Ti和V外,其它金属元素的含量具有明显的粒级效应,随着土壤粒径的减小而增大,但大多数金属元素不在最细粒级上达到最大值,而是在0.002~0.001 mm粒级上最大.金属元素在不同粒级上的累积效应与粒级上的含量相一致,金属元素在较细粒级上的累积作用明显强于粗粒级.细粒级土壤含有较高的金属含量,对人类健康危害极大,应积极采取有效措施防止极细粒级土壤进入空气和水源.     

Process conditions for preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalyst types, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst for the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size was 0.833 mm x 0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235癈 and 5 MPa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield was 0.418 g/g cornstalk. This study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk) gas.     

太湖流域漕桥河污染物来源特征

基于对太湖流域漕桥河小流域主要污染物来源构成和污染特征的分析,对污染物入河量进行了计算和修正. 结果表明:漕桥河的COD_Cr入河总量为1 639.9 t/a,主要来源于工业污染和城镇生活污染;氨氮入河总量为174.6 t/a,主要来源于农业面源和工业污染;总氮和总磷入河总量分别为491.0和34.7 t/a,主要来源于农业面源和城镇生活污染. 同时,针对河网地区水系错综复杂的特性,将客水污染纳入污染源范畴,核定客水量,为有效改善河流水环境质量提供了依据.      

C/YAG复合材料的抗烧蚀性能研究

目的对C/YAG复合材料的烧蚀性能和烧蚀机理进行研究。方法以高固相含量Y_2O_3-Al_2O_3溶胶为原料,低成本的碳纤维针刺毡为增强体,通过浸渍-干燥-热处理工艺制备C/YAG复合材料,利用SEM和XRD对烧蚀后材料的微观结构和物相组成进行分析。结果复合材料的质量烧蚀率和线烧蚀率分别为0.05g/s和0.12 mm/s。结论 C/YAG复合材料高的质量烧蚀率和线烧蚀率主要归因于氧乙炔焰高热流和强剪切力作用。烧蚀后材料的微观形貌可以分为中心区、过渡区和边缘区三个区域。其中烧蚀中心区主要受到热化学腐蚀和机械剥蚀的作用,而过渡区和边缘区主要受到热化学腐蚀和热物理侵蚀的作用。     

Molecular approaches for the detection and monitoring of microbial communities in bioaerosols: A review

Bioaerosols significantly affect atmospheric processes while they undergo long-range vertical and horizontal transport and influence atmospheric chemistry and physics and climate change. Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to bioaerosols may cause adverse health effects, including severe disease. Studies of bioaerosols have primarily focused on their chemical composition and largely neglected their biological composition and the negative effects of biological composition on ecosystems and human health. Here, current molecular methods for the identification, quantification, and distribution of bioaerosol agents are reviewed. Modern developments in environmental microbiology technology would be favorable in elucidation of microbial temporal and spatial distribution in the atmosphere at high resolution. In addition, these provide additional supports for growing evidence that microbial diversity or composition in the bioaerosol is an indispensable environmental aspect linking with public health.     

东中国海表层海水微塑料分布特征及其来源综述

微塑料作为一种新型污染物,对环境、海洋生物、人体健康等均会产生潜在危害,因而引起国内外学者的广泛关注。本文基于公开发表的文献资料,剖析东中国海表层海水微塑料的丰度分布以及粒径、颜色、形状、种类组成特征,总结东中国海微塑料污染概况,进而分析微塑料可能的来源。研究表明,东中国海表层海水微塑料丰度整体变化幅度小,沿岸局部及河口附近海域丰度高。其中,渤海表层海水微塑料分布较为均匀,渤海海峡以及靠近陆地处略高;黄海局部（青岛近岸、桑沟湾海域）丰度较高,其余海域丰度与渤海相近,南部略高于北部;东海沿岸河口附近丰度明显升高,从沿岸向海呈降低趋势。渤海表层海水微塑料粒径组成以小于1 mm为主;黄海以小于0.5 mm为主;东海以0.5～1 mm和1～5 mm为主。东中国海各地表层海水微塑料的颜色组成差异大,形状组成以纤维状为主,种类组成以聚乙烯和聚丙烯为主。     

Infrared observations of H II regions

For many years emission nebulae like the Great Nebula in Orion were considered essentially as ionized hydrogen clouds (HII regions) to be understood with the methods of plasma physics. Infrared observations at wavelengths between 1 and 20 μm from the ground, and in the far infrared (20 μm-1 mm) from above the atmosphere, have shown these regions to be strong infrared emitters. This radiation is due to thermal emission of dust mixed with the gas and heated by hot young stars. HII regions indicate recent star formation, and close to these regions many other signposts of early stellar development can be studied in the infrared.     

药型罩参数对聚能射流水下运动的影响

目的 研究药型罩结构参数对所形成的聚能射流在水中运动的影响,改进水中聚能射流的运动特性。方法 采用多物质单元ALE法就锥形罩射流对水介质的侵彻进行数值模拟,分析锥形装药结构中药型罩锥角和厚度对所形成的聚能射流侵彻水时运动参数的影响。结果 锥形罩锥角大小及药型罩厚度对聚能射流在水中的形状、射流速度、加速度等有着明显的影响。侵彻体进入水中10 cm后,药型罩的锥角从30°增加到150°的过程中,剩余速度先增大、后减小,在90°时达到最高。药型罩厚度为1.5～4mm时,剩余速度变化起伏小;厚度为4～6 mm时,剩余速度开始大幅下降。结论 当锥角为90°时,罩厚为4 mm的药型罩所形成的射流在水中表现最好,形成的射流侵彻深度最长,侵彻水介质10 cm后的剩余速度最大,存速能力最强。     

微氧厌氧处理糖蜜废水启动过程中颗粒污泥性质研究

考察中温(35℃～40℃)条件下微氧厌氧处理糖蜜酒精废水中EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥组成元素、泥沉淀性能、粒径分布。结果表明,污泥的颗粒化率随着运行时间的延长逐渐增加,运行至120 d,颗粒污泥的组分主要是K、Na、Ca、Fe、O、P、S这些生物体有机物组成所必须的元素。且随着微氧的稳定运行,粒径主要集中在0.9 mm～1.2 mm,直径大于1.5 mm的颗粒污泥所占比例增长最快,约占15%,与接种时相比,提高了3倍。颗粒污泥的沉降性能进一步提高,沉降速度在20～86 m/h。颗粒污泥表面的微生物以杆菌、球菌为主。