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1.
    
This paper seeks to identify those areas that proved socially vulnerable to the earthquake that struck central Italy on 24 August 2016. The study involved four key steps. First, six relevant social vulnerability indicators were selected, based on previous conclusions in the literature. Second, the indicators were mapped using the inverse distance weighted interpolation method. Third, social vulnerability was assessed according to a spatial combination of the indicators. Fourth, in order to build a heterogeneity map, another approach was employed to represent the spatial variability of social vulnerability and to provide additional information on the synergistic contributions of the indicators. The results indicate that age and accessibility indicators affect the entire region under review, with highly vulnerable zones being close to small historical centres. These findings will be useful to governments, policymakers, and stakeholders with regard to implementing vulnerability mitigation strategies in Italian territories that are highly susceptible to earthquake hazards.  相似文献   

2.
    
The role of the paired assistance policy (PAP) in facilitating recovery after the Wenchuan earthquake in China on 12 May 2008 is best analysed from a network perspective. This paper makes five assumptions to explore the relationship, and then draws on three additional cases to examine them. The key findings support all five assumptions. First, the interactions of authority compliance initiated the PAP, and second, the interactions of resource input significantly contributed to rapid reconstruction following the earthquake. Third, the interactions of knowledge transfer supported social system recovery, and fourth, the interactions of benefit reciprocity laid the foundation for sustainable recovery. Fifth, by contrast, the interactions of performance comparison caused suboptimal overfunding of particular public infrastructure projects and reduced local self‐reliance to some extent. Finally, suggestions are made to improve the policy implications of extending the use of the PAP in other administrative contexts. The PAP could become an even more important policy device in the future.  相似文献   

3.
震后灾害链生机制及其对汶川地震城镇重建的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
汶川8级大地震对地表产生强烈扰动,导致次生山地灾害极度发育,影响到震后灾害的活动特征及其相应的减灾对策。震后松散固体物质急剧增加、流域微地貌变化明显(沟道堵塞严重)、水文变化利于侵蚀和洪峰,使得灾害群发链生:崩塌、滑坡→泥石流→堰塞湖→溃决洪水(泥石流),8月中旬灾区各地因强降雨而大规模爆发泥石流堵塞河道,洪水冲毁掩埋重建城镇,给地震重灾区造成巨大损失。从以汶川县映秀镇为例,在阐述灾害链研究成果的基础上,分析震后灾害链的形成条件、成灾过程以及对城镇重建居民点的危害特点,进而提出灾害防治措施,为灾后城镇建设防灾减灾提供参考建议。  相似文献   

4.
自然灾害脆弱性研究进展   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
近年来,在国际上日益重视防灾减灾的背景下,脆弱性研究已成为灾害学研究的主题并逐渐融入社会可持续发展策略。在回顾国内外灾害脆弱性研究发展的基础上,阐述了脆弱性的基本内涵,探究了自然灾害脆弱性的基本构成,并对灾害研究领域中容易混淆的危险性、脆弱型、风险、易损性与恢复力等概念进行了辨析。研究归纳总结了开展脆弱性评估的5种经典模式,风险-灾害(RH)模式、压力释放(PAR)模式、政治经济模式、基于区域的综合脆弱性模式和恢复力模式。并且指出,自然灾害研究领域的脆弱性评估应主要基于历史数据、指标体系和实际调查的灾损率曲线。从发展趋势来看,脆弱性研究正日益着重多领域合作、多对象细化和除指标体系外多种方法的综合应用,旨在从人类社会本身找出灾难根源,为灾害保险和政府决策提供有效指导。  相似文献   

5.
自然灾害造成的损失通常表现在多个方面,为了客观、全面地评估自然灾害,需要综合考虑多种灾情因素,最终才能得到灾害的总体评估结果。综合灾情指数(SDI)是对一系列灾情评价因子进行归一化、加权求和,这样得到的定量化的灾害评估指数,能够综合反映灾情信息。阐述了具有通用性的综合灾情指数,并设计开发了综合灾情指数工具,该工具包括评价因子、设置权重、规范化灾情指数和综合灾情指数4个模块。以汶川地震为例,利用综合灾情指数工具,对地震重灾区的灾害强度进行了综合评估。通过分析评估结果,综合灾情指数的分布真实地反映了受灾的严重程度,显示出该工具具有较好的实用性和有效性。  相似文献   

6.
地震次生山地灾害链是山地灾害链的一种特殊形式。由于地震作用后,灾害单体之间的连锁作用强烈,成灾机理更加复杂,防治难度大增,因此只针对灾害单体的减灾思想,很难对灾害链整体进行遏制,而必须从灾害链的各个关联环节着手,建立新的减灾框架。从汶川地震次生山地灾害链的成灾特点和防治思路两个方面进行了探讨,针对成灾规律特征,提出了5种山地灾害链的断链防治思路。  相似文献   

7.
沿海城市自然灾害脆弱性评估研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
孙蕾  石纯 《灾害学》2007,22(1):102-105
对于经济发达、人口密集,但自然灾害频发、易受损的沿海城市,自然灾害脆弱性评价研究具有重要的科学价值与现实意义。综述了该领域的国内外研究进展,对我国沿海城市所面临的自然灾害的高风险性提出了综合脆弱性评价理念。  相似文献   

8.
就伽师强震群地震灾害损失评估工作中遇到的房屋震害叠加,烈度判定,房屋重建等总是及其解决办法进行了介绍,并对相关问题进行了讨论,为解决好今后震害评估工作中的类似问题提出了初步想法。  相似文献   

9.
Aldrich DP 《Disasters》2012,36(3):398-419
Despite the tremendous destruction wrought by catastrophes, social science holds few quantitative assessments of explanations for the rate of recovery. This article illuminates four factors-damage, population density, human capital, and economic capital-that are thought to explain the variation in the pace of population recovery following disaster; it also explores the popular but relatively untested factor of social capital. Using time-series, cross-sectional models and propensity score matching, it tests these approaches using new data from the rebuilding of 39 neighbourhoods in Tokyo after its 1923 earthquake. Social capital, more than earthquake damage, population density, human capital, or economic capital, best predicts population recovery in post-earthquake Tokyo. These findings suggest new approaches for research on social capital and disasters as well as public policy avenues for handling catastrophes.  相似文献   

10.
汶川大地震给中国造成了严重的损失,也再一次提醒国内外的决策者和研究人员必须注重发挥科学技术和国际合作在灾害防治和抗灾救助中的巨大作用。从当前国际减灾救援所面临的挑战出发,通过总结中国减灾国际合作的发展过程、发展现状以及在这次汶川大地震中减灾国际合作所发挥的作用,论述了在中国加强国际减灾合作的必要性及下一步的工作重点,以期为灾区的恢复重建和科学总结抗震救灾经验提供参考。  相似文献   

11.
The burgeoning number of accidents with dangerous chemicals makes it incumbent upon community and regional planners to systematically deal with this problem. The first step invariably involves the assessment of the likelihood and type of incident which may impact a given area so that disasters may be averted or, at least, their effects mitigated. This paper presents one such assessment scheme, the Community Chemical Hazard Vulnerability Inventory (CCHVI). This instrument, aside from considering the type and volume of substances posing a threat to a designated area, considers the physical and human resources available, as well as the general state of readiness of the area (including such things as the interface of emergency-related organizations). The use of such vulnerability assessment instruments allows local emergency planners to identify particular dangers within their communities and permits regional planners to allocate funds for planning according to relative needs.  相似文献   

12.
杨军  宋峰 《灾害学》2001,16(4):27-32
地震是一种自然现象,有其明显的自然属性,而地震灾害则具有明显的社会属性。地震灾害是相对于人类活动而言的。本文借用胡焕庸线,将中国大陆分成东区和西区两个区,并初步探讨了人口稠密和经济发达的中国东部地区的防震减灾对策。  相似文献   

13.
汶川地震与唐山地震损失与救助之对比   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
温玉婷  李宁  刘雪琴  吴吉东  张鹏  解伟 《灾害学》2010,25(2):68-72,111
1976年发生的唐山7.8级地震与2008年发生的汶川8.0级地震,是近年来破坏程度深、影响范围广的两次特大地震灾害,造成的人员伤亡与经济损失都是惨重与巨大的。但是,不同时代背景下,参数相近的两次地震在灾后救援与救助方面却相差甚远,表现在军队人数调动、受伤人口抢救、恢复重建资金投入、国内外援助、保险再保险分担等方面。着重对比了以上几方面后得出结论:在各项应急预案颁布并实施后,我国灾害救援工作更加有序,提高了救援效率;同时,保险与再保险的参与也减轻了政府负担,为灾民自主开展家园的恢复重建提供了便捷与保障。  相似文献   

14.
根据汶川8.0级地震震害评估工作的具体实践,探讨了地震灾区分级和灾害程度排序的方法。通过房屋震害系数、强震加速度观测记录、发震构造、地震地质灾害和场地条件、人口分布及伤亡情况等影响因素来确定受灾程度,以烈度区、统计学方法、速报灾情等来确定灾区分级。  相似文献   

15.
基于国内外灾害经济研究与管理实践的启示   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
郑亚平 《灾害学》2009,24(4):112-117
中外学者从不同视域对灾害经济与管理问题进行了研究,形成了一些有代表性的观点。各国政府在防灾减灾、灾后重建等方面也积累了大量的经验。这些观点和经验为我们深入研究灾害管理机制奠定了基础,结合汶川8.0级地震导致的惨重损失及灾后重建出现的问题,阐述了构建我国以人为本的灾害管理机制和可持续重建地震灾区的基本对策。  相似文献   

16.
1966年邢台地震和2008年汶川8.0级地震,对中国防震减灾事业的方针政策已经产生和正在产生深刻影响。汶川8.0级地震的惨痛教训进一步说明,在地震预报不过关或还不可靠的前提下,震灾预防是减轻地震灾害的最有效途径。汶川地震的灾情和云南省减隔震技术研究应用、农村民居抗震、城中村改造三大工程加速了中国防震减灾结构的调整——应把建构筑物抗震设防摆在更重要的位置。  相似文献   

17.
中国经济系统地震易损性分析   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:5  
本文分析了地震对经济系统功能的破坏。在现有数据的基础上建立了一个经济模型,用于定量分析地震对经济的破坏。并进一步提出了一个动态区域经济模型的原理和基本结构,当数据条件具备即可建立模型。这样一个动态模型可确切地描述地震对经济系统的破坏及破坏后的恢复过程。  相似文献   

18.
    
Guat Tin Ng 《Disasters》2014,38(2):310-328
This paper reports on the results of a qualitative study on the responses of Chinese school children in one junior middle school and their parents to China's post‐disaster school relocation policy. The sample comprised 22 pairs of parent–child dyads and two pupils whose parents could not be contacted. The study results were reported using Chambers and Wedel's (2009) conceptual framework, which delineates the fundamental elements of a policy. Content analysis was used to generate themes related to policy elements, such as goals, benefits and services. Both repetitive themes and idiosyncratic perspectives were reported so as to present a diversity of views. Despite adjustment difficulties and administrative problems reported by the study participants, the policy attention given to the rapid restoration of formal schooling for children was generally appreciated. The move back to the new school was greeted with cheer.  相似文献   

19.
灾害监测无人机技术应用与研究   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6  
李云  徐伟  吴玮 《灾害学》2011,26(1):138-143
以汶川8.0级地震灾害中民政部门使用无人机采集数据、评估灾情、监测灾后恢复重建进展情况为例,总结灾害监测无人机技术在灾害救助过程中的积极作用,归纳其技术范围,分析其应用方法以及在地震灾害监测评估中的突出应用,指出其技术应用优势和不足。最后,从该技术发展现状、应用程度和减灾救灾应用需求角度出发,指出灾害监测无人机技术在灾害预警监测、快速评估、恢复重建等方面广泛应用前景,并提出建立与完善重大自然灾害应急无人机监测体系。  相似文献   

20.
Pelling M 《Disasters》2007,31(4):373-385
This paper develops a framework based on procedural, methodological and ideological elements of participatory vulnerability and risk assessment tools for placing individual approaches within the wide range of work that claims a participatory, local or community orientation. In so doing it draws on relevant experience from other areas of development practice from which the disasters field can learn. Participatory disaster risk assessments are examined for their potential to be empowering, to generate knowledge, to be scaled up, to be a vehicle for negotiating local change and as part of multiple-methods approaches to disaster risk identification and reduction. The paper is a response to an international workshop on Community Risk Assessment organised by ProVention Consortium and the Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, University of Cape Town. The workshop brought together practitioners and academics to review the challenges and opportunities for participatory methodologies in the field of disaster risk reduction. In conclusion the contribution made by participatory methodologies to global disaster risk reduction assessment and policy is discussed.  相似文献   

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