用程序型计算器进行排污废水流量计算

用程序型计算器进行排污废水流量计算ＣａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＤｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｏｆＷａｓｔｅＷａｔｅｒｂｙＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍａｂｌｅＣａｌｃｕｌａｔｏｒ黄勇（武汉市江汉区环境监测站武汉４３００２２）为了对工业废水污染实行总量控制,在监测污染物浓度时,必...     

机动车尾气及其扬尘对克拉玛依市环境空气影响特征分析

通过对克拉玛依市机动车尾气及扬尘的实验结果分析,得知城市环境中污染因子ＮＯｘ、ＣＯ、ＴＳＰ等与汽车尾气和扬尘紧密相关,其车流量全天峰期在１１：００－１２：００,ＣＯ、ＮＯｘ峰值达６．００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３和０．１０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３ＴＳＰ浓度达峰值后变化很小。污染物扩散速度与交通干线两侧环境,即垂直距离呈负相关关系。     

箱式模型在杭州市区预测SO_2地面浓度的应用

预测大气环境中污染物浓度的方法较多 ,箱式模型适用于排出源分布较为均匀或系统内部扩散信息难以得到的场合 ,从广度上讲是一种广域的污染状态模型。为解决箱内污染物浓度分布问题 ,将箱式模型进行改进 ,即假设混合层中污染物为均匀分布。另外由于模型本身较粗 ,而且假设较多 ,因此还必须作适当的修正。现采用修正后的箱式模型来预测杭州市区二氧化硫环境浓度。1　修正后的箱式模型　　Ｃｘ =ＰｘＬ·Ｈ·Ｖ Ｋ (1 )　　Ｋ =Ｃ0 - Ｐ0Ｌ·Ｈ·Ｖ (2 )式中 :　Ｃｘ、Ｃ0 ———计算年、基准年污染物浓度 ,ｍｇ/ｍ3;Ｐｘ、Ｐ0 ———计算年…     

千岛湖镇垃圾填埋场渗滤液对千岛湖环境影响分析

通过对垃圾场渗滤液和附近水域监测,分析了垃圾场的污染状况和对千岛湖造成的危害。     

废水化学需氧量测定中稀释倍数的确定

废水化学需氧量测定中稀释倍数的确定漆利之（江苏淮阴县环境监测站,淮阴２２３３００）根据实测经验、资料或物料衡算了解ＣＯＤ大致浓度范围,当①ＣＯＤｃｒ值小于８００ｍｇ／Ｌ的水样可直接测定不必稀释。②ＣＯＤｃｒ估算值ｍ＞８００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,计算其最小稀释倍...     

废水总量控制监测中主要污染物的采样技术研究

对总量控制监测中主要污染物ＣＯＤｃｒ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ在废水中的分布规律及采样点位布设进行了研究,在此基础上,提出了采用采样点位优化选择的办法以提高废水样品的空间代表性。     

红外分光光度法测定水中石油类和动植物油

ＧＢ/Ｔ 1 6 4 88- 1 996《水质石油类和动植物油的测定红外光度法》中有红外光度法和非分散红外光度法。前者采用 3种纯有机溶剂配制一定浓度的溶液代替标准油品 ,以求得校正系数 ,免除了标准油选择的难题 ;后者需将 3种纯有机溶剂按比例配制成标准油 ,测定结果只能体现油类物质部分含量而非全部含量。现以不同行业的废水 ,用该两种方法进行实测和对比试验。1　试验1 1　主要仪器和试剂ＪＫ - 951多功能红外测油仪 ;硅酸镁吸附柱。ＣＣｌ4,测试前用 1ｃｍ石英比色皿、空气池作参比在2 6 0 0ｃｍ- 1～ 330 0ｃｍ- 1范围内进行光谱扫描 ,吸…     

恶臭源厂界空气中恶臭物质监测技术要点及结果分析探讨——以西安市某大型垃圾填埋场为例

建立了水杨酸-次氯酸钠法分析氨的标准曲线,通过对西安市某垃圾填埋场的实地监测,探索了恶臭气体中氨气的分析方法。分析了臭气、氨气、硫化氢之间的浓度相关性,利用本次监测数据,找出了针对该垃圾处理场的高浓度氨气样品初步分析方案。恶臭产生的主要点位为垃圾场渗滤液污水处理站及下游区域,垃圾场臭气呈现出由点源污染(作业面)到面源污染扩散的态势。     

连续排放监测简介

连续排放监测(ＣＥＭ)是对燃烧或工业生产过程中排放至大气中的污染物的连续测量,是利用仪器监测在酸雨控制计划的规定期限内削减ＳＯ2和ＮＯＸ排放量的手段。1　ＣＥＭ的规定酸雨控制计划管理企业的所有者或管理者(经管理系统指定的除外),必须在污染排放源安装ＣＥＭ系统。ＣＥＭ系统包括ＳＯ2污染物浓度监测仪、ＮＯＸ污染物浓度监测仪、流量监测仪、黑度监测仪、稀释气体(Ｏ2或ＣＯ2)监测仪及计算机数据获取和处理系统(ＤＡＨＳ)。在任何情况下,ＤＡＨＳ都必须用于收集和记录监测数据。用ＣＥＭ系统监测ＳＯ2排放量的设备包括ＳＯ2污…     

湖南未耕种土壤中~(234、238)U、~(226)Ra、~(210)Po和~(210)Pb的分布和移动规律的研究

本文采集了湖南省十三个地区未耕种的０８０ｃｍ不同类型土壤样品,分别测定了０１０ｃｍ、２０３０ｃｍ、４０５０ｃｍ、７０８０ｃｍ样品中的２３４、２３８Ｕ、２２６Ｒａ、２１０Ｐｂ、２１０Ｐｏ含量,研究了土壤中铀系放射性核素分布影响和移动规律     

Heavy Metal Pollution of Surface Soil in the Thrace Region, Turkey

Abstact Samples of surface soil were collected at 73 sites in the Thrace region, northwest part of Turkey. Two complementary analytical techniques, epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with flame and graphite furnace atomization were used to determine 35 elements in the soil samples. Concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined using AAS and GF AAS, and ENAA was used for the remaining 27 elements. Results for As, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu Eu, Fe, Hf, I, In, K, La, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, U, V and Zn are reported for the first time for soils from this region. The results show that concentrations of most elements were little affected by the industrial and other anthropogenic activities performed in region. Except for distinctly higher levels of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in Istanbul district than the median values for the Thrace region, the observed distributions seem to be mainly associated with lithogenic variations. Spatial distributions of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were plotted in relation to the concentration values in soil using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology     

Little Egrets (Egretta Garzetta) and Trace-Metal Contamination in Wetlands of China

The rapidly developing Asian countries may face threatening environmental contamination, that however remains largely unassessed. We studied persistent trace elements in three wetlands, Poyang Lake, relatively unpolluted, and Tai Lake, and Pearl River Delta, selected as hotspots of pollution in Central China. We adopted as indicator the Little Egret, a widespread colonial waterbird, and during 1999 and 2000 we collected and analysed the same samples as for a parallel study we conducted in Pakistan, e.g. eggs, body feathers of chicks, prey spontaneously regurgitated by the chicks, and sediments at the areas most used by foraging egrets. The levels of trace-metals at our three study areas were similar, or within the range, of those found in the few other studies for East Asia, with few exceptions. The concentrations of the various elements were below the threshold that may affect the survival or reproduction of the birds, and even the highest concentrations relative to background, i.e. Se in eggs, and Hg in feathers at Pearl Delta, do not pose toxic hazards. In sediments, the levels of trace elements were lower than the critical levels assumed for contaminated soil, except for alarming high levels of As at Poyang. These results do not confirm our expectation, that Poyang was relatively uncontaminated, while Tai and Pearl were polluted. Although trace metal concentration differed significantly among the three study areas, these differences were minor and were not consistent among elements and samples. The bioaccumulation ratios from sediments through prey, feather and egg, were consistent with our previous findings for Pakistan. Only Hg exhibited high bioaccumulation, while Se and Zn had low accumulation, and the other elements no accumulation. This reasserts that feathers of predators such as egrets, may be more sensitive indicators of environmental contamination for the elements subject to bioaccumulation, whereas the sediments or the organisms low in the food chain are better indicators for the other elements.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

A Comparison Between Two Moss Species Used as Transplants for Airborne Trace Element Biomonitoring in NE Italy

Transplants of the mosses Hypnum cupressiforme and Pseudoscleropodium purum used as active biomonitors of airborne trace elements were compared in a survey carried out at Trieste (NE Italy). Twelve elements were considered: Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Ti, V, Zn. Water-washed materials of H. cupressiforme and P. purum, collected in a remote area to prepare transplants, showed comparable content of all elements, excluding Pb. Transplants of P. purum showed a significantly higher accumulation of Al, Fe, Pb and Ti; higher levels of Cu and V were accumulated in H. cupressiforme. Losses of some elements occurred in some samples of both species; the most consistent losses regarded Cr and Mn. Accumulation data of Al, As, Cd, Hg, Zn found in the two transplanted sets were not correlated. Differences in element uptake in the two mosses are likely to depend mainly on morphology, and probably on the different forms of emission and deposition types of the elements. The two mosses showed an overall accordance in discriminating sites highly and scarcely affected by trace element depositions, although they accumulated some elements, in particular Hg and Zn, in different ways. P. purum proved to be a better accumulator than H. cupressiforme, showing similar or higher accumulation and lower loss of almost all elements, especially those related to particulate, dry depositions; H. cupressiforme could be effective in detecting large-scale patterns, related to wet depositions. These results indicate that these mosses cannot be used interchangeably for monitoring particular elements, and are able to provide complementary information on different, local and long-range deposition patterns.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Trace element contamination in industrial regions of Poland studied by moss monitoring

The use of terrestrial mosses as biomonitors in large-scalemulti-element studies of heavy metal deposition from theatmosphere is a well established technique in Europe. Insuch studies it is advantageous to determine as many elements as possible in order to distinguish betweendifferent source categories. A combination of INAA and AAShas been found very useful in this respect, in particularwhen epithermal activation is used for instrumental neutronactivation analysis. A total of 33 elements (Al, Cl, Sc, V,Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sb,I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Tb, Yb, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Pb, Th, and U) inPleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. moss samples fromthe Silesia-Kraków Industrial Region and Legnica-GogówCopper Basin and from the control (background) area inNortheast Poland were identified. The highest concentrationsof the majority of trace elements were found in mossesgrowing in the Silesia-Kraków Industrial Region, only Cu andAs concentrations were higher in mosses in the Legnica-Gogów Copper Basin. These results are in conformity withthe load of trace elements emissions in these areas.     

山西省大气降水水质评价

为了解山西省大气降水水质状况、主要污染物及区域分布规律，山西省水文部门于1984年开始对大气降水进行监测。在全省9个地市布设测点，分别为：太原市、大同市、长治市、榆次市、临汾市以及吕梁、忻州、阳泉、运城地区。监测项目为H^2 、电导率、Ca^2 、Mg^2 、K^2 、Na^2 、NH4^2 、SO4^2-、NO3^-、Cl^-、CO3^-、HCO3^-、F^-。结果表明，除吕梁、忻州地区外。山西省各地市均有酸雨发生，但酸雨发生的频率不高，全省年平均为3．3％；酸雨的酸性程度也不高，对生态可造成明显影响的降水次数不多；山西省酸雨为典型的硫酸型，酸雨中硫酸与硝酸的质量浓度比值远高于全国平均值。     

Global Attention to Turkey Due to Desertification

Desertification has recognized as an environmental problem by many international organizations such as UN, NATO and FAO. Desertification in Turkey is generally caused by incorrect land use, excessive grazing, forest fires, urbanization, industry, genetic erosion, soil erosion, salinization, and uncontrolled wild type plants picking. Due to anthropogenic destruction of forest, steppe flora gradually became dominant in Anatolia. In terms of biodiversity, Turkey has a significant importance in Europe and Middle East. Nine thousands plant species naturally grown in Turkey, one third of them are endemic. Also, endemic species of vertebrates, thrive in the lakes and marshy areas. The studies of modelling simulation of vegetation on the effects of Mediterranean climate during the Roman Classical period by using vegetation history showed that, in 2000 years BP, Mediterranean countries were more humid than today. Turkey is a special place on the global concern in terms of desertification because of biodiversity, agricultural potential, high population, social and economical structure, topographical factors and strategic regional location. Communication among scientists, decision makers and international non-profit organizations must be improved.     

南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策

简述了南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策。对新机动车排气控制实施了新车上牌的环保注册登记目录制,鼓励生产厂家采用先进的排放控制技术,达到国家制定的排放控制目标和排放标准;对在用机动车排气控制实施检测／维护(I／M)制度,对尾气排放不达标车辆进行正常的维修和保养,保证其发动机处于正常技术状况;对高排放污染机动车辆,安装尾气净化装置,以改善机动车排放水平。定期检测中各类型车辆维护前后排气污染物削减结果表明,85％的高排放污染车辆能达标,且CO的削减率最高,达50％左右;定期检测中各类型车辆安装机内净化器前后排气污染物削减结果表明,二次补气机内净化器对CO的净化率为22．5％～30．0％,对HC的净化率为9．7％～30．0％;高能电子点火机内净化器对CO的净化率为5．4％～22．2％,对HC的净化率为17．2％～30．8％。不定期检测中,一些高排放污染车辆安装三元催化反应器后,其净化率可达80％～90％。     

南京市机动车排气监测与评价

通过对南京市机动车排气污染物的年检监测,表明南京市的汽油车、柴油车、摩托车排气合格率总体呈上升趋势,2002年全市机动车排气监测总合格率为99.9%,比1993年上升了8.6个百分点;汽车尾气达标率也呈上升趋势,2002年达83.8%,比1993年上升了2.6个百分点。对机动车排气路检结果表明,CO超标的车辆占84.4%,CO、HC两项指标都超标的车辆占31.1%。对各类汽油助力车排气监测结果表明,二冲程汽油助力车尾气中CO、HC排放量要高于四冲程汽油助力车的排放量。对各类正三轮摩托车排气抽检结果表明,大部分四冲程正三轮摩托车尾气排放污染物能达标,且排气管无碳烟;二冲程正三轮摩托车尾气中HC值偏高,排气管碳烟明显。