利用工农业有机废弃物生产优质无土栽培基质

简述了无土固体基质的发展史及趋势,综述了利用工农业有机废弃物生产无土栽培基质的研究、开发和应用的现状。根据无土栽培基质的一般要求对利用工农业有机废弃物生产无土栽培基质应注意的问题进行了讨论,提出采用新技术、新工艺进行标准化生产是发展这一具有广阔前景产业的关键。     

Effect of organic fractions on sorption properties of organic pollutants in sediments

Humic substrates are a major fraction of sediment organic matters, and the sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals by humic substrates influences their behavior and fate in sediment. In this paper, organic matters were divided into non-humic substrates and humic substrates. Non-humic substrates include acid leaching fraction, acid extracted fraction, and lipid; humic substrates were fractionated into Ca-binding-FA(fulvic acid), Ca-binding-HA (humic acid), oxide-FA, oxide-HA, and humin. To study the effect of organic fractions on sorption properties, sorption kinetic and equilibrium sorption experiments of phenanthrene and pentachlorophenol(PCP) in five sediments were carried out. The results showed that the contents of acid leaching fraction and oxide-binding-HA were the main fractions to affect the sorption rate constant, and for the sorption capacity of phenanthrene, humin was the major fraction, followed by oxide-binding-HA, oxidebinding-FA, and so on. While for PCP, the factors of influence on sorption capacity were mainly CEC, Ca-binding-FA, and Ca-binding-HA.     

Conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes in anaerobic lysimeters under different temperatures

The quantitative fractions of conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes with initial moisture of 70% sorted from municipal solid wastes(MSW)in lysimeters into biogas,leachate and solid residue were characterized,under temperatures of 25,30 and 41℃,respectively,and circulation of leachate generated within the lysimeters.It is found that 27% of organic carbon in the wastes are conversed into gases,0.8% into leachate,and the other 72% remained in the decomposable solid residues,after 180 days‘ degradation at 41℃. Higher temperature will lead to monr rapid degradation and result to higher conversion of the organic carbon to biogas and lower to boty solid residues and leachate,while the pollutant concentrations in leachate will be lower at a higher temperature and values of COD are quite consistent with TOC.     

Conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes in anaerobic lysimeters under different temperatures

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Trihalomethane formation potential of organic fractions in secondary effluent

Organic matter is known to be the precursor of numerous chlorination by-products. Organic matter in the secondary e uent from the Wenchang Wastewater Treatment Plant (Harbin, China) was physically separated into the following fractions: particulate organic carbon (1.2–0.45 m), colloidal organic carbon (0.45–0.1 m), fine colloidal organic carbon (0.1–0.025 m), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (< 0.025 m). Moreover, < 0.45 m fraction was chemically separated into hydrophobic acid (HPO-A), hydrophobic neutral (HPO-N), transphilic acid (TPI-A), transphilic neutral (TPI-N), and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). The chlorine reactivity of these organic fractions obtained from both size and XAD fractionations were evaluated. The structural and chemical compositions of the HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N isolates were characterized using elemental analysis (C, H, O, and N), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Results showed that DOC was dominant in terms of total concentration and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), and there was no statistical di erence in both specific THMFP (STHMFP) and specific ultraviolet light absorbance among the 0.45, 0.1, and 0.025 m filtrates. HPO-A had the highest STHMFP compared to other chemical fractions. HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N contained 3.02%–3.52% of nitrogen. The molar ratio of H/C increased in the order of HPO-A < HPO-N < TPI-A < TPI-N. The O/C ratio was relatively high for TPI-N as compared to those for the other fractions. 1H-NMR analysis of the four fractions indicated that the relative content of aromatic protons in HPO-A was significantly higher than those in the others. The ratio of aliphatic to aromatic protons increased in the order of HPO-A < HPO-N < TPI-A < TPI-N. FT-IR analysis of the four fractions showed that HPO-A had greater aromatic C==C content whereas HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N had greater aliphatic C–H content. TPI-N contained more oxygen-containing functional groups than the other fractions.     

A computational model for supercritical water oxidation of organic toxic wastes

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was proposed to simulate the supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process for organic wastes. The SUPERTRAPP code (by NIST) for thermodynamic and transport properties of hydrocarbon mixtures was incorporated into the commercialized general purpose CFD code CFD-ACE for flow under supercritical pressure. The global kinetic models for supercritical water oxidation of methanol and methane (developed at MIT Energy Lab) were implemented and validated in the CFD-ACE framework against experimental data from a tubular reactor. A series of parametric studies to investigate flow rates, thermal boundary conditions and reactor geometry was performed for methane SCWO in a co-axial reactor and the optimized operating conditions and reactor geometry were obtained. Detailed three-dimensional flow, heat and chemistry simulations of methanol SCWO in the CSTR at MIT Energy Lab were also performed with predicted conversions comparable to measurements.     

土壤不同有机质组分对菲的吸附特征研究

采用批次实验,研究了三种不同类型土壤黄红壤、水稻土和草甸土的全土、重组、去松结态和紧结态4个组分对菲的吸附,结果表明,菲在不同土壤及其组分上的吸附等温线都能用Freundlich方程进行拟合,所有等温线都具有一定程度的非线性,指数N值的大小顺序基本都为全土>重组>去松结态>紧结态.除了黄红壤的紧结态比去松结态对菲的吸附容量KF值略小外,不同土壤及其组分对菲吸附的KF值以及有机碳归一化的KFoc值大小顺序都为紧结态>去松结态>重组>全土.不同类型土壤之间的KF值大小顺序为草甸土>水稻土>黄红壤,而KFoc值大小顺为水稻土>草甸土>黄红壤.KF值与有机碳含量之间呈显著性正相关(P<0.05),KFoc与N之间呈极显著负相关(P<0.001).土壤及其组分对菲的吸附强度与有机质的结构特征和聚合程度有关.     

食品垃圾好氧降解过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征

采用实验室模拟方法,研究了混合食品垃圾(FW)及以橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿为代表的4种植物性易降解有机垃圾组分好氧降解过程中排放出来的117种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放量和组成特征.结果表明,混合食品垃圾好氧降解过程中VOCs总排放量为951.80mg·kg-1,主要为有机硫、含氧化合物和萜烯,分别占VOCs总排放量的43.1%、53.3%和2.1%.橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿4种植物性易降解有机垃圾好氧降解过程中VOCs的总排放量分别为12736.72、118.67、57.40和228.08mg·kg-1,主要成分均为含氧化合物和萜烯;含氧化合物分别占橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿4种植物性易降解有机垃圾VOCs总排放量的13.5%、80.9%、85.9%和79.5%,萜烯分别占4种植物性易降解有机垃圾VOCs总排放量的86.5%、16.6%、8.2%和15.6%.     

Start-up performances of dry anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic digestions of organic solid wastes

Two dry anaerobic digestions of organic solid wastes were conducted for 6 weeks in a lab-scale batch experiment for investigating the start-up performances under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The enzymatic activities, i.e., β-glucosidase, N-α-benzoyl-Largininamide （BAA）-hydrolysing protease, urease and phosphatase activities were analysed. The BAA-hydrolysing protease activity during the first 2-3 weeks was low with low pH, but was enhanced later with the pH increase. β-Glucosidase activity showed the lowest values in weeks 1-2, and recovered with the increase of BAA-hydrolysing protease activity. Acetic acid dominated most of the total VFAs in thermophilic digestion, while propionate and butyrate dominated in mesophilic digestion. Thermophilic digestion was confirmed more feasible for achieving better performance against misbalance, especially during the start-up period in a dry anaerobic digestion process.     

Fouling of nanofiltration membrane by effluent organic matter： Characterization using different organic fractions in wastewater

The UF membrane with molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) ranging from 2 kDa to 100 kDa and XAD-8 resin were employed to identify the characteristic of molecular weight (MW) distribution of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) in terms of TOC and UV254, as well as the amounts of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic fractions in different MW ranges. Then, the nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling experiments were carried out using the above fractionated water to investigate the effect of MW distribution and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of EfOM on the membrane flux decline using the fractionated water samples above. The experimental results have shown that 45.61% of the total organics belongs to the low MW one, among which the percentage of the hydrophilic organics with low MW (less than 2 kDa) was up to 28.07%, while that of the hydrophobic organics was 17.54%. In particular, the hydrophilic fraction was found to be the most abundant fraction in the effluents. MW distribution has a significant effect on the membrane fouling. When the MW was less than 30 kDa, the lower the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, while in the case of MW higher than 30 kDa, the higher the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, and the decline degree of low MW organics was larger than the high MW one. With the same MW distribution range, specific flux decline of the hydrophilic organic was considerably slower than that of the hydrophobic organic, which indicated that the hydrophobic organic fractions dominantly contribute to the flux decline.     

有机垃圾厌氧消化泡沫产生机理及控制方法

为了分析厌氧消化泡沫的产生机理和控制方法有助于解决有机垃圾厌氧消化起泡问题,本文调研了近年来报道的厌氧消化系统起泡现象,并从底物特性、反应器构造及运行条件和消化过程相关特性3方面分析了不同底物、工艺和环境条件下厌氧消化反应器的起泡机理;讨论了丝状菌指数、表面张力、粘度、有机负荷、起泡趋势和泡沫稳定性等参数作为起泡风险评价指标的合理性;介绍和比较了4类消泡方法（物理法、机械法、生物法和化学法）的消泡原理及优缺点.目前,除污泥厌氧消化系统外,其他有机垃圾厌氧消化系统起泡的主要因素尚不明确,而这也限制了泡沫控制方法的开发.后期探索关键起泡微生物或研究生物表面活性物质与起泡的相关性,将有助于从新的角度揭示起泡机理,并开发出针对性更强的泡沫控制方法.     

Cation exchange capacities of soil organic matter fractions in a Ferric Lixisol with different organic matter inputs

Soil organic matter (SOM) has an important effect on the physicochemical status of highly weathered soils in the tropics. This work was conducted to determine the contribution of different SOM fractions to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of a tropical soil and to study the effect of organic matter inputs of different biochemical composition on the CEC of SOM. Soil samples were collected from a 20-year-old arboretum established on a Ferric Lixisol, under seven multipurpose tree species: Afzelia africana, Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Gmelina arborea, Leucaena leucocephala, Pterocarpus santalinoides, and Treculia africana. Fractions were obtained by wet sieving and sedimentation after ultrasonic dispersion. Relationships between CEC and pH were determined using the silver thiourea-method and were described by linear regression. The CEC of the fractions smaller than 0.053 mm was inversely related to their particle size: clay (<0.002 mm)>fine silt (0.002–0.02 mm)>coarse silt (0.02–0.053 mm), except for the soils under T. africana, D. barteri, and L. leucocephala, where the CEC of the fine silt fraction was highest or comparable to the CEC of the clay fraction. The clay and fine silt fractions were responsible for 76–90% of the soil CEC at pH 5.8. The contribution of the fine silt fraction to the CEC at pH 5.8 ranged from 35 to 50%, which stressed the importance of the fine silt fraction for the physicochemical properties of the soil. Differences in CEC between treatments for the whole soil and the fractions could be explained by the differences in carbon content. Except for the intercept for the clay fraction, SOM had a significant (P<0.001) contribution to both the intercepts (=estimated CEC at pH 0) and slopes (=pH-dependent charge) of the CEC–pH relationships for the whole soil and the fractions. The CEC of SOM at pH 5.8 varied between 283 cmol_c kg⁻¹ C for particulate organic matter, and 563 cmol_c kg⁻¹ C for the fine silt fraction. The biochemical composition of the organic inputs did not have an important effect on the CEC of SOM. In total, SOM was responsible for 75–85% of the CEC of these soils.     

畜禽粪便堆腐过程中有机碳组分与腐熟指标的变化

以牛粪、菌糠、鸡粪等为材料按照两种比例调配为混合基质,在添加或不添加发酵启动剂的条件下在发酵罐中进行为期38 d的堆肥发酵试验,研究4种处理方式下畜禽粪便腐解过程中有机碳及其组分的变化,同时通过综合发芽指数(GI)评判腐解物料的腐熟度,确定GI与有机碳组分的关系.结果表明,添加发酵启动剂可以加速有机物质的降解,使水溶性有机碳和有机酸的含量下降(比初始值含量分别下降了41.85%、85.18%),促进类富里酸向胡敏酸转化,使畜禽粪便达到快速腐熟.在两种物料配比下,较高比例的牛粪不利于堆肥物质的分解和腐熟.根据达到腐熟要求的标准(GI0.8),当TOC357.27 g·kg-1,DOC7.00 g·kg-1,FA6.45 g·kg-1,腐解后期物料的红外光谱在1020 cm-1、1427 cm-1出现较为尖锐的峰值,即碳酸盐和硝酸盐含量增加,且草酸大幅度下降时,可以认为有机物料达到完全腐熟.当牛粪、菌糠、鸡粪的混合体积比为1∶1∶1时,在添加发酵启动剂条件下有机物料在腐解29 d时达到以上腐熟指标.     

生物表面活性剂清洗土壤有机污染物的研究与展望

重点阐述了生物表面活性剂清洗土壤有机污染物的机理及影响因素.根据国内外最新文献,对使用生物表面活性剂溶液修复有机物污染土壤的研究进展进行了综述.并展望了生物表面活性剂在清洗土壤有机污染物中的研究前景.     

天然太阳辐射作用下冰体中溶解性有机物组分的光降解

利用XAD树脂对沈阳市细河河水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分级分离.按照DOM在XAD树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).研究了天然太阳辐射作用下冰体中DOM组分的光降解特性.结果表明:太阳辐射作用下,冰体中的5种DOM组分均会发生光降解,其中HPO-A的光降解程度最高.光照80 h后,冰体中HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A、TPI-N和HPI的UV-254去除率分别为43.4%、44.15%、45.9%、55.0%和58.8%.光降解作用对冰体中的荧光物质具有显著的去除效果.除了HPO-A中的类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质(Ⅰ)之外,DOM组分中的各类荧光物质的光降解程度均高于以DOC表征的整体有机物的光降解程度.光降解对DOM组分中类富里酸荧光物质和类腐殖酸荧光物质的去除效果优于对类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质的去除效果.在冰体中DOM组分的光降解过程中,既发生THMs前体物的去除,也发生THMs前体物的生成.光降解使HPO-A中THMs前体物的量减少,使TPI-N中THMs前体物的量增加,而其他3种组分中THMs前体物的量的变化与光照时间有关.     

废弃物中水溶性有机质对土壤吸附Cd的影响及其机制

通过等温吸附试验研究了 5种来自不同固体废弃物的水溶性有机质 (DOM)对土壤中Cd吸附行为的影响 .研究结果表明 :DOM对土壤中Cd吸附行为的影响与土壤类型和DOM种类有关 ,其影响机理主要是DOM的酸碱缓冲作用和络合作用 .酸性土壤中 ,猪粪DOM对Cd吸附的促进作用最强 ,而脱水污泥、堆腐污泥、消化污泥、小麦秸杆DOM的促进作用较弱 ,且差异不大 ;中性土壤中 ,各种DOM均抑制Cd的吸附 ,抑制效果由大到小顺序为 :堆腐污泥DOM >消化污泥DOM≈小麦秸杆DOM >脱水污泥DOM >猪粪DOM ;碱性土壤中 ,5种DOM同样表现为对Cd吸附的抑制作用 ,抑制效果由大到小顺序为 :堆腐污泥DOM >消化污泥DOM >脱水污泥DOM≈猪粪DOM >小麦秸杆DOM     

Fouling of nanofiltration membrane by e uent organic matter: Characterization using di erent organic fractions in wastewater

The UF membrane with molecular weight cuto (MWCO) ranging from 2 to 100 kDa and XAD-8 resin were employed to identify the characteristic of molecular weight (MW) distribution of wastewater e uent organic matter (EfOM) in terms of TOC and UV254, as well as the amounts of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic fractions in di erent MW ranges. Then, the nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling experiments were carried out using the above fractionated water to investigate the e ect of MW distribution and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of EfOM on the membrane flux decline using the fractionated water samples. The experimental results have shown that 45.61% of the total organics belongs to the low MW one, among which the percentage of the hydrophilic organics with low MW (less than 2 kDa) was up to 28.07%, while that of the hydrophobic organics was 17.54%. In particular, the hydrophilic fraction was found to be the most abundant fraction in the e uents. MW distribution has a significant e ect on the membrane fouling. When the MWwas less than 30 kDa, the lower the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, while in the case of MW higher than 30 kDa, the higher the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, and the decline degree of low MW organics was larger than the high MW one. With the same MW distribution range, specific flux decline of the hydrophilic organic was considerably slower than that of the hydrophobic organic, which indicated that the hydrophobic organic fractions dominantly contribute to the flux decline.     

Effect of organic wastes on the plant-microbe remediation for removal of aged PAHs in soils

The effectiveness of in-situ bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be inhibited by low nutrients and organic carbon. To evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the PAHs removal efficiency of a plant-microbe remediation system, contaminated agricultural soils were amended with different dosages of sewage sludge (SS) and cattle manure (CM) in the presence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and PAHs-degraders (Bacillus sp. and Flavobacterium sp.). The results indicated that the alfalfa mean biomasses varied from 0.56 to 2.23 g/pot in root dry weight and from 1.80 to 4.88 g/pot in shoot dry weight. Low dose amendments, with rates of SS at 0.1% and CM at 1%, had prominent effects on plant growth and soil PAHs degradation. After 60-day incubation, compared with about 5.6% in the control, 25.8% PAHs removal was observed for treatments in the presence of alfalfa and PAHs-degraders; furthermore, when amended with different dosages of SS and CM, the removed PAHs from soils increased by 35.5%-44.9% and 25.5%-42.3%, respectively. In particular, the degradation of high-molecular-weight PAHs was up to 42.4%. Dehydrogenase activities (DH) ranged between 0.41 and 1.83 μupg triphenylformazan/(g dry soil. hr) and the numbers of PAHs-degrading microbes (PDM) ranged from 1.14× 10⁶ to 16.6× 10⁶ most-probable-number/g dry soil. Further investigation of the underlying microbial mechanism revealed that both DH and PDM were stimulated by the addition of organic wastes and significantly correlated with the removal ratio of PAHs. In conclusion, the effect of organic waste application on soil PAHs removal to a great extent is dependent on the interactional effect of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in organic waste and soil microorganisms.     

钙化物在废弃物基活性炭制备过程中的影响

研究了以城市垃圾中3种典型的固体有机废弃物——锯木屑、纸张和塑料的热解产物（分别简称木炭、纸炭和塑料热解物）为原料,水蒸气为活化剂制备废弃物基活性炭时钙化物含量对活化过程、活性炭吸附性能（以碘值表征）及其孔结构的影响。结果表明,钙化物可加快活化反应的速度,且钙化物含量在1.5%时活化反应速度即已不再随钙化物含量的增加而增加;活性炭的吸附性能则随钙化物含量的增加而减少,同时钙化物对活性炭的孔径分布基本无影响,但降低了活性炭的比表面积、微孔孔容及中孔孔容;钙化物的2种前驱体（即CaO和Ca（OH）2）对活化过程具有相同的催化作用。     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter fractions from Lake Hongfeng, Southwestern China Plateau

With XAD-series and ion exchange resins, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from Lake Hongfeng in Southwestern China Plateau was isolated into 6 fractions, i.e., humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), hydrophobic neutrals (HON), hydrophilic acids (HIA), hydrophilic bases (HIB) and hydrophilic neutrals (HIN). Those fractions were characterized by high performance size exclusion chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy and UV absorbance. Among the 6 fractions, FA was predominant and accounted for 51% of the total DOM. The weight-average (M_w) and number-averaged (M_n) molecular weight of these fractions ranged from 1688 to 2355 Da and from 1338 to 1928 Da, respectively. A strong correlation was observed between specific UV absorbance at 280 nm, E₂/E₃ (absorbance at 250 nm to 365 nm), and the molecular weight for DOM fractions. UV-Vis fulvic-like fluorescence peaks were found in all fractions. Protein-like fluorescence peaks existed in HON may indicate that microbial activity was severely in Lake Hongfeng. There was a significant relationship between fluorescence intensities and specific UV absorbance at 254 nm for those DOM fractions, suggesting their similar luminescence characteristics. The values of fluorescence index (f_450/500) indicated that hydrophobic fractions may derive from terrestrial sources, and the hydrophilic fractions from microbial and terrestrial origins. Those results suggest that there were inter-relationships between molecular weight, fluorescence and absorbance characteristics, and also subtle consistencies between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and the sources for these 6 fractions from Lake Hongfeng.