Conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes in anaerobic lysimeters under different temperatures

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Fouling of nanofiltration membrane by effluent organic matter： Characterization using different organic fractions in wastewater

The UF membrane with molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) ranging from 2 kDa to 100 kDa and XAD-8 resin were employed to identify the characteristic of molecular weight (MW) distribution of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) in terms of TOC and UV254, as well as the amounts of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic fractions in different MW ranges. Then, the nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling experiments were carried out using the above fractionated water to investigate the effect of MW distribution and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of EfOM on the membrane flux decline using the fractionated water samples above. The experimental results have shown that 45.61% of the total organics belongs to the low MW one, among which the percentage of the hydrophilic organics with low MW (less than 2 kDa) was up to 28.07%, while that of the hydrophobic organics was 17.54%. In particular, the hydrophilic fraction was found to be the most abundant fraction in the effluents. MW distribution has a significant effect on the membrane fouling. When the MW was less than 30 kDa, the lower the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, while in the case of MW higher than 30 kDa, the higher the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, and the decline degree of low MW organics was larger than the high MW one. With the same MW distribution range, specific flux decline of the hydrophilic organic was considerably slower than that of the hydrophobic organic, which indicated that the hydrophobic organic fractions dominantly contribute to the flux decline.     

Cation exchange capacities of soil organic matter fractions in a Ferric Lixisol with different organic matter inputs

Soil organic matter (SOM) has an important effect on the physicochemical status of highly weathered soils in the tropics. This work was conducted to determine the contribution of different SOM fractions to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of a tropical soil and to study the effect of organic matter inputs of different biochemical composition on the CEC of SOM. Soil samples were collected from a 20-year-old arboretum established on a Ferric Lixisol, under seven multipurpose tree species: Afzelia africana, Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Gmelina arborea, Leucaena leucocephala, Pterocarpus santalinoides, and Treculia africana. Fractions were obtained by wet sieving and sedimentation after ultrasonic dispersion. Relationships between CEC and pH were determined using the silver thiourea-method and were described by linear regression. The CEC of the fractions smaller than 0.053 mm was inversely related to their particle size: clay (<0.002 mm)>fine silt (0.002–0.02 mm)>coarse silt (0.02–0.053 mm), except for the soils under T. africana, D. barteri, and L. leucocephala, where the CEC of the fine silt fraction was highest or comparable to the CEC of the clay fraction. The clay and fine silt fractions were responsible for 76–90% of the soil CEC at pH 5.8. The contribution of the fine silt fraction to the CEC at pH 5.8 ranged from 35 to 50%, which stressed the importance of the fine silt fraction for the physicochemical properties of the soil. Differences in CEC between treatments for the whole soil and the fractions could be explained by the differences in carbon content. Except for the intercept for the clay fraction, SOM had a significant (P<0.001) contribution to both the intercepts (=estimated CEC at pH 0) and slopes (=pH-dependent charge) of the CEC–pH relationships for the whole soil and the fractions. The CEC of SOM at pH 5.8 varied between 283 cmol_c kg⁻¹ C for particulate organic matter, and 563 cmol_c kg⁻¹ C for the fine silt fraction. The biochemical composition of the organic inputs did not have an important effect on the CEC of SOM. In total, SOM was responsible for 75–85% of the CEC of these soils.     

生物表面活性剂清洗土壤有机污染物的研究与展望

重点阐述了生物表面活性剂清洗土壤有机污染物的机理及影响因素.根据国内外最新文献,对使用生物表面活性剂溶液修复有机物污染土壤的研究进展进行了综述.并展望了生物表面活性剂在清洗土壤有机污染物中的研究前景.     

钙化物在废弃物基活性炭制备过程中的影响

研究了以城市垃圾中3种典型的固体有机废弃物——锯木屑、纸张和塑料的热解产物（分别简称木炭、纸炭和塑料热解物）为原料,水蒸气为活化剂制备废弃物基活性炭时钙化物含量对活化过程、活性炭吸附性能（以碘值表征）及其孔结构的影响。结果表明,钙化物可加快活化反应的速度,且钙化物含量在1.5%时活化反应速度即已不再随钙化物含量的增加而增加;活性炭的吸附性能则随钙化物含量的增加而减少,同时钙化物对活性炭的孔径分布基本无影响,但降低了活性炭的比表面积、微孔孔容及中孔孔容;钙化物的2种前驱体（即CaO和Ca（OH）2）对活化过程具有相同的催化作用。     

山基土中腐植酸的提取及吸附性能研究

从云南宜威山基土中提取腐植酸。对腐植酸的提取、灰化度和官能团测定、吸附实验等作了阐述，结果表明，腐植酸对Cr^6 离子有较高的吸附量；稀碱法制备腐植酸效果好、方法简便、能有效吸附废水中的重金属离子，是一种有发展前途的废水净化剂。     

Recovery of organic wastes in the Spanish wine industry. Technical,economic and environmental analyses of the composting process

The main organic wastes produced in modern wine industries include grape pomace (62%), lees (14%), stalk (12%) and dewatered sludge (12%). Some of these wastes are being used as by-products (grape pomace and lees) whereas the rest of organic wastes (stalk and wastewater sludge) has been traditionally incinerated or disposed in landfill. In this work, composting is proposed for the recovery of stalk and wastewater sludge to produce a sanitized organic amendment for application in the vineyard, closing the organic matter cycle. The environmental and economical analyses of the different alternatives to manage organic wastes from the wine industry are also presented. Composting costs are almost negligible when compared to other management options. From the environmental point of view, in-situ composting presents the best performance in 8 of the 10 impact categories analysed. Finally, the energy balance shows that the 4 composting systems involved less energy than the systems based on Mineral Fertilizer consumption.     

土壤中胡敏酸提取方法的优化

以国际腐殖质协会(IHSS)推荐的胡敏酸提取方法为基础,以去有机质土壤中添加胡敏酸所配制的土壤为研究对象,引入超声作为胡敏酸提取的辅助条件,采用批次试验优化了土壤中胡敏酸的提取方法。结果表明,基于胡敏酸提取回收率和精密度,在室温下获得的优化提取方法为:液土比为8:1、提取次数为3次、Na OH溶液浓度为0.05 mol/L、超声功率为120 W、超声时间为30 min;在此优化条件下,胡敏酸的回收率为94.73%±1.50%,显著大于IHSS推荐方法的回收率64.76%±0.28%,变异系数CV为1.59%、小于10%。相对于IHSS提取法,此优化提取法具有胡敏酸提取回收率高、资源节约、胡敏酸变性小、提取时间短等优点。     

新型腐植酸类净水剂的研制

优选粘结剂制备的新型风化煤粒状净水剂，对印染废水有良好的处理效果，废水处理略为活性炭处理量的70％，而活性炭的价格略为该净水剂的30倍，文中研究了该净水剂的制造工艺，并进一步探讨了吸附机理。     

腐殖酸溶液对超滤膜污染的原因研究

针对腐殖酸溶液对超滤膜污染的原因,对超滤膜在过滤腐殖酸溶液时受到污染的变化进行了探讨,通过测试的数据比较了待测腐殖酸溶液与膜通量的关系,同时对腐殖酸溶液和添加钙离子后,对超滤膜污染的影响状况,同时还对超滤膜在过滤过程中的UV254变化规律进行了探讨。结果表明,不同质量浓度的腐殖酸溶液,它们对膜通量的影响比较显著,在相同的过滤时间内,膜通量分别下降了不同的百分组成。在腐植酸溶液中添加钙离子后,膜通量下降更大。     

腐殖酸的缓蚀阻垢探讨研究

用失重法研究了腐殖酸缓蚀阻垢性能，结果表明，用现场水质，不预膜，投加量为150ppm，缓蚀率达95％以上。     

腐殖酸钠处理乳化液废水的实验研究

文章采用酸活化法从褐煤中提取腐殖酸,将腐殖酸通过加碱的方式制成一种天然高分子絮凝剂——腐殖酸钠,并将其应用于乳化液舍油度水的处理。实验中分别采用物理沉降、化学混凝及化学混凝-活性炭吸附的方法对乳化液废水处理进行了研究。实验结果表明,采用吸附＋混凝联合法处理乳化液废水效果明显,出水水质可以达到国家污水排放综合标准GB8978—1996一级标准。与传统法相比,该方法具有沉降时间短,环保经济,出水水质好等特点。     

电化学氧化腐殖酸机理研究

腐殖酸是自然界植物残体经腐解后的产物,是饮用水源中的主要有机物,其含量越高,水质越差.以天然水体中广泛存在的腐殖酸为处理对象,以不溶性的RuO2-Ti、廉价的不锈钢作为阳极材料,研究了在不同槽电压、pH值条件下,2种阳极材料对腐殖酸的电解处理效果和氧化机理.结果表明,不溶性的RuO2-Ti电极材料和不锈钢电极材料对腐殖酸均具有较好的电化学降解作用,去除率分别达到30%和60%.比色法的测定结果发现,RuO2-Ti和不锈钢阳极材料在电化学降解过程中均产生了活性中间体H2O2和氧化能力极强的羟基自由基(·OH).     

城市景观水体中腐殖酸的臭氧氧化去除

以南京师范大学德风园池底泥中提取的腐殖酸(HA)为研究对象,采用臭氧氧化技术对其进行去除,对初始pH值、混合气体流量、腐殖酸(HA)初始浓度以及水中常见离子等因素对去除效果的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明:腐殖酸(HA)的去除率随初始pH值的升高而提高,随混合气体流量减少而提高;当腐殖酸(HA)初始浓度为5 mg/L时,反应过程中溶液的UV254升高,紫外扫描结果发现,溶液在200~220 nm内出现杂乱的吸收峰,表明有新物质生成;水中常见的无机阴离子(CO32-、HCO3-)和二价金属离子(Ca2+、Cu2+)的存在会降低臭氧对腐殖酸(HA)的去除率。     

JMS-CCDAF-NF工艺去除水中腐殖酸的研究

试验研究了JMS-逆流气浮-纳滤集成工艺去除水中腐殖酸的工艺特征和效果。试验结果表明:JMS-逆流气浮工艺去除水中腐殖酸时,在最佳投药点(PACl),出水水质符合纳滤系统预处理单元的要求。该预处理系统与纳滤系统组合的集成工艺可以使水中的腐殖酸有机物浓度大大降低,且含TQ56-36FC型纳滤膜的流程比含M-N1812A型纳滤膜的流程效果好。前者出水的TOC值可达0.28￣0.70mg/L。后者出水的TOC值在0.59￣1.30mg/L。另外,尽管保安过滤/活性炭预处理有利于纳滤膜出水水质的提高,但活性炭柱与纳滤膜能去除的有机物种类是有些重合。     

除草剂苯达松与腐植酸作用机理的研究

采用ＩＲ，ＥＳＲ，ＵＶ等近代仪器分析手段，对除草剂苯达松与２种不同来源的腐植酸的作用机理进行了研究。结果表明，苯达松与腐植酸作用时，因腐植酸所含官能团各类，数量不同，形成不同的吸附机理，含有羟基较多的腐植酸ＨＡ１，易与苯达松形成离子键，氢链是其可能的吸附机理；而含有胺基和低羧基的腐植酸ＨＡ２，则易与苯达松以氢键相结合，苯达松与腐植酸作用时，两者之间发生了电荷转移，形成了更大的共轭体系。     

PASS混凝去除给水腐植酸的研究

用所研制的聚硅硫酸铝对含腐植酸原水进行了混凝处理 ,研究了投加量、pH值等对腐植酸去除效果的影响 ,探讨了PASS对腐植酸的混凝去除机理 ,并作了经济分析     

浅析电子废弃物的破碎与分级

采用机械方法处理电子废弃物，分选前的破碎分级作业是实现高质量分离、富集废弃物中有用物质的保证。从破碎对物料的解离作用入手，分别阐述了不同机械分选作业对入料粒度和形状的要求，这对电子废弃物分选前的破碎分级环节有一定的指导意义。     

负载型TiO2催化臭氧化去除腐殖酸的实验研究

以实验室自制的负载型TiO2为催化剂,研究了其对水中溶解性腐殖酸的催化臭氧化效能。结果表明负载型TiO2对臭氧化去除溶解性腐殖酸有明显的催化作用,反应25min,对腐殖酸的去除率可达到86.8%,较单独臭氧化提高了28.8%;通过Na2CO3对催化反应的影响间接推断TiO2催化臭氧化反应遵循自由基反应的原理;实验最佳条件为:催化剂涂膜层数6层、焙烧温度700℃、溶液pH=10、放电电流0.4A、反应溶液初始浓度10mg/L;催化剂重复使用8次后,其催化活性变化较小,溶液中无钛离子溶出。     

离线式的热化学降解技术研究Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸

离线式封闭体系下大分子的热化学降解通常在较低的温度下进行,很少讨论较高反应温度下的情况。本文以前期研究较深入的Pahokee腐殖酸作为对象进行了离线式热化学降解研究,结果表明,若反应时间相同,中等反应温度(350～400℃)下Pahokee腐殖酸的离线式热化学降解产物与较低温度(250～300℃)下的结果十分一致,在较低温度下反应时间对降解产物的分布没有明显的影响。尽管在较高的温度条件(500～600℃)下反应时间为30min时,可能导致严重的裂解与缩合反应。但是当反应时间减少至1min,可以获得与较低温度条件下类似的热化学降解产物。本文在离线方式下获得的Pahokee腐殖酸的热化学降解产物与已经报道的在线方式下得到的结果基本类似,主要差别在于离线方式下降解产物中长链脂肪酸甲脂相对含量较高并且检出了木质素芳环β-醚键降解的结构单元。因此,离线式封闭体系下的热化学降解方法可以在中等以及相对较高的温度条件下进行。这一结论有待于不同来源和结构的大分子样品的进一步证实。