Sensitivity of green and blue-green algae to methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) during a fifteen-day test

The test was designed to assess the toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) to Chlorella ellipsoidea and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae during 15 d with concentrations of MTBE from high (2.00×104 mg/L) to low (2 mg/L). The results showed that the toxicity was low when the concentration of MTBE was 1.00×104-2.00×104 mg/L (the greatest inhibition of growth-rate was 70%-71%, occurring on day 1-5). Low concentrations (2-500 mg/L) stimulated algal growth up to the greatest effect of 85%-200% when the concentration of MTBE was 50-100 mg/L on day 3-5. The low concentrations may lead to an algal bloom owing to overabundance, which represents an aquatic ecological risk. However, the stimulatory effect occurred only during the day 1-5 and disappeared gradually during the day 13-15. The toxicity of MTBE (72-120 h EC50) is 6.65×103-9.58×103 mg/L for C. ellipsoidea and that is 1.14×104-2.00×104 mg/L for A. spiroides. We found that the toxicity and ecological risk of MTBE for the algal community structure were low. The toxicity was influenced by the duration of the test. We suggest that the duration of the test should not be shorter than half a life-cycle.     

Determination of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in Chinese fuels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/flame ionization detector

A method was developed to determine the concentration of methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE) in gasoline,diesel and heating oil by gas chromatography(GC) with mass spectrometry(GC-MS) or flame ionization detection(FID). The diluted gasoline was directly injected into the GC, and the complete separation of MTBE from co-eluting hydrocarbons was not required. GC/MS or GC/FID method can be used to analyze MTBE in different concentration range and have good consistency.     

Aerobic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether by a Proteobacteria strain in a closed culture system

The contamination of methyl ten-butyl ether （MTBE） in underground waters has become a widely concerned problem all over the world. In this study, a novel dosed culture system with oxygen supplied by H2O2 was introduced for MTBE aerobic biodegradation. After 7 d, almost all MTBE was degraded by a pure culture, a member of β-Proteobacteria named as PMI, in a closed system with oxygen supply, while only 40% MTBE was degraded in one without oxygen supply. Dissolved oxygen （DO） levels of the broth in closed systems respectively with and without H2O2 were about 5-6 and 4 mg/L. Higher DO may improve the activity of monooxygemase, which is the key enzyme of metabolic pathway from MTBE to tert-butyl alcohol and finally to CO2, and may result in the increase of the degrading activity of PM1 cell. The purge and trap GC-MS result of the broth in closed systems showed that tea-butyl alcohol, isopronol and acetone were the main intermediate products.     

Effect of monotoxicity and mixtoxicity of nitroaromatics to the green algae, Scienedesmus obliquus

In general, many pollutants co-exist in natural aquatic ecosystems. They affect each other and occur different results, such as synergism, addition and antagonism. So the research at mixtoxicity of contaminants to aquatic organism is more important than monotoxicity. In this paper, 50％ effectual inhibition concentration 48h EC50 values of 6 kinds of nitroaromatic compounds to the green algae, Scenedesmus obliquus, were investigated. Mixtoxic experiments, in which any combination of 2,4-DNT and other 6kinds of compounds, indicate: (1) synergisms between 2,4-DNT and 4-NAn, as well as 4-NAnis, 1,4-DNB; (2) antagonisms between 2,4-DNT and 4-NT, as well as 4-NPh, 4-NCB.     

Effect of monotoxicity and mixtoxicity of nitroaromatics to the green algae, Scienedesmus obliquus

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基于聚合多巴胺的磁性碳材料的制备及其对甲基绿的吸附

以聚合多巴胺为碳源制备碳材料包覆的磁性纳米颗粒.通过多巴胺的自聚合反应将其包覆在Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒上,在氩气保护下高温灼烧得Fe_3O_4@C复合材料.包覆碳材料后,Fe_3O_4颗粒的稳定性和分散性提高.使用扫描电镜、透射电镜、红外光谱和振动磁强计对材料进行了表征.结果表明成功地制备了核壳结构的Fe_3O_4@C复合材料.用甲基绿来考察Fe_3O_4@C的吸附性能.研究表明,溶液pH对甲基绿的吸附有显著的影响,随溶液pH的升高,甲基绿的吸附容量显著增大.用朗格缪尔吸附等温模型拟合出在纯水、湖水和自来水中Fe_3O_4@C对甲基绿的最大吸附容量分别为490.1、442.5和389.1 mg·g~(-1).热力学研究计算出吸附的吉布斯自由能为负值,说明吸附是自发过程.动力学研究表明甲基绿在Fe_3O_4@C上的吸附过程符合拟二级反应动力学方程,吸附速率较快.     

铜与毒死蜱复合污染对淡水绿藻的毒性效应

重金属及农药残留在水环境中被频繁检测出,其复合污染对环境生物的联合毒性有别于单因子的生物效应.以淡水绿藻为受试生物,比较分析了有机磷农药毒死蜱（Chlorpyrifos）和重金属铜的单一及复合暴露对蛋白核小球藻急性毒性、细胞通透性及抗氧化应激的影响.铜、毒死蜱72小时单一暴露对小球藻的EC₅₀分别为0.68和12.71μmol/L,藻细胞叶绿素含量随污染物浓度的增大而降低,细胞通透性随污染物浓度的增大而增强,藻细胞活性氧和抗氧化酶被显著诱导.利用相加指数法（Additive Index,AI）确定铜、毒死蜱联合暴露对小球藻急性毒性的联合作用类型为拮抗作用,这与小球藻ROS产生量及抗氧化酶等指标的显著性水平分析结果一致.     

除草剂百草枯对蓝藻和绿藻的毒性

为评估除草剂百草枯对藻类生态系统的环境毒害效应,测定了百草枯对4株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa XW01,M.aeruginosa 7806)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)、集胞藻(Synechocystis PCC 6803),以及两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和绿球藻(Chlorococcum sp.472)的毒害效应,采用半效抑制浓度EC5o值、无观察效应浓度(NOEC)、最低观察效应浓度(LOEC)及慢性值(ChV)评价了百草枯对6株藻的毒性.结果表明:蓝藻对百草枯的敏感性显著大于绿藻,蛋白核小球藻的96 h-EC50值是铜绿微囊藻XW01的96 h-EC50值的7.4倍.百草枯毒害作用具有时间效应,暴露时间越长,毒害作用越强.     

丝状绿藻腐烂过程对水质和沉水植物黑藻生长的影响实验研究

从野外采集沉水植物黑藻种植于120L的塑料桶内,然后采集丝状绿藻放在培养黑藻的桶内.设种植黑藻而不放入丝状绿藻的桶为对照.由于夏季高温和强光,丝状绿藻在数天内会逐渐腐烂.研究发现,在丝状绿藻腐烂过程中,水体的溶解氧(DO)、pH值、水下光强度与水面光强度的比值均比对照组大大降低,尤其是溶解氧,有时甚至下降为零.而水体的温度、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸钾指数(CODMn)在丝状绿藻腐烂过程中则上升,后3个指标大大高于对照.有丝状绿藻处理的试验组,随着丝状绿藻的腐烂,沉水植物黑藻亦慢慢腐烂,最后消失.而对照组黑藻生长良好,生物量大大上升.因此,我们认为,丝状绿藻腐烂过程中引起的水质指标变化,尤其是降低溶解氧、降低水下光照强度、降低pH和使水体温度上升是沉水植物黑藻死亡的主要原因.这种现象在进行沉水植被恢复过程中值得注意,并应寻找对策.     

不同光强对阿特拉津和百草枯藻类毒性的影响

分别在20和50μmol·m-2·s-1光照强度下,研究了两种除草剂阿特拉津和百草枯对3株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806、M.aeruginosa XW01、集胞藻Synechocystis PCC6803和两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa、四尾柵藻Scenedesmus quadricauda的毒害效应.通过测定藻的生长,计算出了半效抑制浓度EC50值,结果表明:高光强下两种除草剂对5株藻的96 h-EC50值均明显低于低光强下的值,显示高光强有促进两种除草剂对藻类毒害的效应.高光强可促使阿特拉津显著提高藻细胞的丙二醛(MDA)含量,提示高光强促进阿特拉津产生更多的自由基破坏细胞膜脂.     

巢湖藻华暴发对沉积物典型重金属空间分布格局的影响

为探究湖泊富营养化过程对沉积物中重金属空间分异及生态风险的影响,本研究以大型浅水湖泊—巢湖为研究对象,剖析了藻类暴发前、后巢湖表层沉积物中典型重/类金属（Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb）含量及其赋存形态的空间分布特征,并采用次生相与原生相比值、潜在生态风险指数法评估了沉积物重/类金属的污染程度与生态风险的变化规律.结果表明：(1)藻类暴发前6种重/类金属含量空间分布特征均表现为西部湖区显著高于中部和东部湖区（p<0.05,p<0.01）,而暴发后沉积物中重金属含量均有所增加,且空间上呈现均一化趋势;(2)藻类暴发前Cr、Ni、Cu、As和Pb均以残渣态为主,Cd以弱酸提取态为主;藻类暴发后6种重/类金属的残渣态相对质量分数均有所降低,可氧化态相对质量分数均有所增加;(3)藻类暴发后沉积物重金属综合污染程度由暴发前的中等污染程度提升为较高污染程度,且单一重金属污染程度表现出空间分布均一化的趋势;(4)潜在生态风险指数结果表明藻类暴发增加了沉积物重金属污染（As除外）的生态风险.本研究阐明了藻类暴发对巢湖沉积物重金属空间分异及其生态风险的影响,可为大型浅水湖泊生态健康评估与...     

Effect of methyl tert-butyl ether on adipogenesis and glucose metabolism in vitro and in vivo

Methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE), as a widely used gasoline additive, is suspected of being environmentally toxic. MTBE accumulates mainly in adipose tissue, but its effect on obesity or obesity-related metabolic disorders has not been well understood yet. Therefore, we examined the effect of MTBE on the adipose function and the related metabolic processes with both 3T3-L1 cell line and C57 BL/6 J mice model. We found that exposure to MTBE at the environmental relevant concentration(100 μmol/L) could significantly induce differentiation of preadipocyte and disturb insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of mature adipocyte.The in vivo observation in male mice showed a positive correlation of visceral white adipose tissue(vWAT) expansion and cell size increase with MTBE treatment in 14 weeks. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests demonstrated that MTBE at 1000 μg/(kg·day)disturbed the systemic glucose metabolism in a gender-specific manner, which might be partly attributed to the alterations of gut microbiota community at genus level with respect to Akkermansia, Clostridium XlVb, and Megamonas. In summary, our study characterized the effect of MTBE on adipose tissue function and glucose homeostasis in vitro and in vivo, and revealed that systemic disorders of the glucose metabolism might be modulated by the related gut microbiota.     

An integrated approach to evaluation on ecological service functions for urban green space and its application

This methodological investigation deals with measurement and valuing of ecological service functions for urban green space. Social, economic and ecological dimensions for such types of function are analyzed and a concept " integrated ecological service functions"(IESF) is put forward for evaluation. Based upon this conceptual approach, an index system for measuring IESF for urban green space is established. With a methodological integration of fuzzy mathematics, decision-making analysis and Delphi method, an AHP fuzzy evaluation techniques for IESF for urban green space,called AFIFUG method, is developed. Such a method has beendirectly applied to the land use strategic planning of Tianjin out-ring green belt(TOGB), and its analysis results have been successfully put into operation.     

An integrated approach to evaluation on ecological service functions for urban green space and its application

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抗生素与杀菌剂顺序暴露对绿藻的联合毒性

本文选取常见的3种抗生素盐酸强力霉素(DOX)、红霉素(ERY)、土霉素(OXY)和3种三唑类杀菌剂腈菌唑(MYC)、丙环唑(PRO)、戊唑醇(TCZ)混合体系为研究对象,以生态系统中初级生产者绿藻(蛋白核小球藻)为受试生物,研究目标污染物顺序暴露的联合毒性.结果表明,6种单一目标污染物对蛋白核小球藻抑制毒性大小为:PRO>DOX>TCZ>ERY>MYC>OXY.抗生素-三唑类杀菌剂混合体系在50%效应浓度(EC₅₀)下同时暴露和顺序暴露的抑制率差异为0.38%~36.76%.DOX与PRO、TCZ、MYC任何一种三唑类杀菌剂顺序暴露于蛋白核小球藻,顺序相反后,对蛋白核小球藻的毒性作用均增强,最大可增强36.82%.在不同浓度与时间的影响下,PRO-DOX和TCZ-DOX顺序暴露毒性高于调整暴露顺序后的DOX-PRO和DOX-TCZ顺序暴露毒性,且浓度越高,抑制率差异越大.在96h~144h暴露时间下,暴露浓度EC₅₀/20的顺序暴露抑制率差异为0.65%~11.57%;暴露浓度EC₅₀的顺序暴露抑制率差异为0.15%~36.93%,顺序暴露的抑制率差异范围随浓度增加变大.在EC₅₀/20~EC₅₀暴露浓度下,暴露时间96h的顺序暴露抑制率差异为0.29%~36.93%,暴露时间144h的顺序暴露抑制率差异为0.215%~30.09%,顺序暴露的抑制率差异范围随时间增加变小.因此,顺序暴露会改变抗生素与三唑类杀菌剂对蛋白核小球藻联合毒性大小,且顺序暴露、暴露时间和暴露浓度是影响毒性作用大小的关键因素.     

Rush-hour aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons in selected subway stations of Shanghai, China

Air samples were collected simultaneously at platform, mezzanine and outdoor in five typical stations of subway system in Shanghai, China using stainless steel canisters and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) after cryogenic preconcentration. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) at the platforms and mezzanines inside the stations averaged (10.3 ± 2.1), (38.7 ± 9.0), (19.4 ± 10.1) and (30.0 ± 11.1) μg/m³, respectively; while trichloroethylene (TrCE), tetrachloroethylene (TeCE) and para-dichlorobenzene (pDCB), vinyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride were the most abundant chlorinated hydrocarbons inside the stations with average levels of (3.6 ± 1.3), (1.3 ± 0.5), (4.1 ± 1.1), (2.2 ± 1.1) and (1.2 ± 0.3) μg/m³, respectively. Mean levels of major aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons were higher indoor (platforms and mezzanines) than outdoor with average indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of 1.1-9.5, whereas no significant indoor/outdoor differences were found except for benzene and TrCE. The highly significant mutual correlations (p < 0.01) for BTEX between indoor and outdoor and their significant correlation (p < 0.05) with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a marker of traffic-related emission without other indoor and outdoor sources, indicated that BTEX were introduced into the subway stations from indoor/outdoor air exchange and traffic emission should be their dominant source. TrCE and pDCB were mainly from indoor emission and TeCE might have both indoor emission sources and contribution from outdoor air, especially in the mezzanines.     

潮白河北京段着生藻类群落结构及其优势种生态位特征

为明确北京市潮白河流域浮游植物群落变化特征,于2021年5月和9月对潮白河17个样点的着生藻类进行调查。应用着生藻类种类数和细胞密度对群落结构进行分析,计算优势种的优势度指数（Y） 、优势种更替率（R）,运用生态位宽度（B_i）、生态位重叠指数（O_ik）、总体相关性分析优势种的生态位特征。结果表明：2次调查共鉴定着生藻类109种,隶属4门41属,着生藻类优势种（Y>0.2）共8种,优势种的生态位宽度为0.140 6~0.420 9,优势种的生态位重叠指数为0.055 1~0.897 1,总体关联性测度结果均为显著正关联,优势种受季节更替的影响较大,优势种间对资源的利用共性较小,着生藻类群落结构趋于稳定,整体朝正向演替发展。研究表明,着生藻类作为一项生物指标对环境条件的变动能够进行较为敏感的响应,基于着生藻类优势种生态位特征,能够对着生藻类群落结构及其演替特征进行描述。

     

十溴二苯醚及其降解产物对浮游生物的毒性

十溴二苯醚(BDE-209)是我国环境中主要的多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)同系物.为研究BDE-209及其降解产物对水环境的影响,以初级消费者浮游动物大型蚤(Daphnia magna)和初级生产者浮游植物水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)为染毒对象,研究BDE-209及其降解不同阶段产物对浮游生物的毒性.结果表明,大型蚤方面,繁殖毒性大于生长毒性,48 h半数致死浓度(48h-LC50)大小为:还原降解中间产物(0.80 mg·L~(-1),高毒)BDE-209(8.74 mg·L~(-1),中毒)还原降解终产物(15.27 mg·L~(-1),低毒),还原-氧化降解终产物的死亡率与溶剂空白一致,表明其基本无毒.水华微囊藻方面,染毒物质的毒性大小顺序与大型蚤一致,1 mg·L~(-1)的BDE-209、还原中间产物、还原终产物及还原-氧化终产物对水华微囊藻的抑制率分别为15.7%、93.7%、6.6%和1.3%.BDE-209降解过程中易生成毒性较大的中间产物,彻底还原脱溴可降低其毒性,后续辅以氧化降解,可消除其环境毒性.     

有机碳与温度对土壤吸附乙基叔丁基醚的影响

作为具有很大市场潜力的汽油添加剂乙基叔丁基醚(ETBE),国内对其在地下水土中的污染风险评价与迁移归宿研究甚少.通过静态吸附实验研究了ETBE在我国六种不同有机碳含量的标准土壤样品中的吸附特性.研究表明,在1～143 mg/L的实验浓度范围内ETBE在土壤样品中的吸附行为均呈良好的线性关系.ETBE在各土壤样品中吸附分...     

辽东湾毒害微藻潜在风险分布及环境关联

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