Cu2O光催化降解水中对硝基苯酚的研究

用CuCl水解法制备Cu2O粉末,用透射电镜(TEM)和X衍射(XRD)对Cu2O粒子进行了表征.在仿太阳光源的照射下,研究了Cu2O对水中难降解有机污染物对硝基苯酚的光催化降解效果.结果表明,在8 h内,对硝基苯酚几乎完全降解.在催化剂用量为0.2 g时,对浓度为22.4 mg/L的200mL对硝基苯酚溶液有良好的降解效果.降解反应符合一级反应动力学.     

紫外光助O3、H2O2氧化降解炼油废碱水的可行性实验

炼油高浓度有机废碱水是石化行业中很难降解的废水。本实验用光化学氧化技术对其进行了降解研究，比较了紫外光／空气、紫外光／O3、紫外光／空气／H2O2系统的处理效果。结果表明，光化学氧化技术降解此废水是可行的，紫外光可使废水中COD、油、酚的降解率明显提高。当废水中O3的投加量每小时为22mg／L，或H2O2投加量为1％／L时，UV／O3法与UV／空气／H2O2法的降解效果相近。同时，通过控制O，浓度或H2O2的投加量等条件，可使废水中COD、油、酚和硫化物降解到地方污染物二级排放标准。     

有机污染物的超声波降解技术

论述了超声波降解有机污染物技术的原理和效果，指出超声波的空化作用是其主要的作用机制，超声波与其它(H2O2、O2、紫外光以及磁场等)的联合运用，可以大大加速有机污染物的降解速度。     

Cu2O光催化降解水中对硝基苯酚的研究

用CuCl水解法制备Cu2O粉末，用透射电镜(TEM)和X衍射(XRD)对Cu2O粒子进行了表征。在仿太阳光源的照射下，研究了Cu2O对水中难降解有机污染物对硝基苯酚的光催化降解效果。结果表明，在8h内，对硝基苯酚几乎完全降解。在催化剂用量为0．2g时，对浓度为22．4mg／L的200mL对硝基苯酚溶液有良好的降解效果。降解反应符合一级反应动力学。     

O3、H2O2／O3及UV／O3在焦化废水深度处理中的应用

采用O3、H2O2／O3及UV／O3等高级氧化技术（AOPs）对某焦化公司的生化出水进行深度处理,考察了O3与废水的接触时间、溶液pH、反应温度等因素对废水COD去除率的影响,确定出O3氧化反应的最佳工艺参数为：接触时间40min,溶液pH8．5,反应温度25℃,此条件下废水COD及UV254的去除率最高可达47．14％和73．47％;H2O2／O3及UV／O3两种组合工艺对焦化废水COD及UV254的去除率均有一定程度的提高,但H2O2／O3系统的运行效果取决于H2O2的投加量。研究结论表明,单纯采用COD作为评价指标,并不能准确反映出O3系列AOPs对焦化废水中有机污染物的降解作用。     

O3/H2O2/UV降解1,2,4-三氯苯的研究

采用O3/H2O2/UV工艺处理1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)模拟废水,考察了TCB初始浓度、pH、H2O2投加量及O3转化率等因素对O3/H2O2/UV降解TCB的影响,推断了TCB可能的降解途径。结果表明:(1)H2O2、O3、UV、O3/H2O2、O3/H2O2/UV 5种体系对TCB的降解效果为H2O2相似文献   

Tween-80和H2O2对Burkholderia cepacia降解油脂的影响

油脂废水是一种重要的水污染源.研究了表面活性剂和H2O2对洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia)降解油脂的影响.结果表明:适量的表面活性剂和H2O2促进油脂的降解.表面活性剂可以增强油脂在水相中的溶解度,提高油脂在水中的乳化程度从而增加其生物可利用性.当Tween-80浓度600mg/L时,油脂降解率达到91%.低浓度H2O2不仅能刺激微生物生长,而且使培养液中的pH值保持相对稳定,提高了微生物对油脂的降解率.H2O2在浓度为400mg/L时,能使油脂降解率达到90%.     

UV/H2O2工艺降解环丙沙星的研究

采用UV/H2O2工艺去除水体中的喹诺酮类抗生素环丙沙星（CIP）。考察了溶液pH值、H2O2投加量以及水体基质对环丙沙星降解效率的影响,分析了降解产物的生成情况。研究表明,环丙沙星的降解符合拟一级反应动力学模型。降解速率受溶液pH值的影响,酸性及中性条件,有利于环丙沙星的降解。H2O2投加量的增大,使得降解速率逐渐增大,但速率增幅逐渐变缓;最佳H2O2/环丙沙星摩尔比为2 000。实际水体中存在的NOM、NO3-,促进了单独UV作用下,环丙沙星的降解。水体中的.OH焠灭剂,抑制了UV/H2O2联合作用下,环丙沙星的降解;实际水体中的光解速率常数低于超纯水中的光解速率常数。GC-MS分析表明,UV/H2O2工艺,使环丙沙星氧化降解生成氨基乙酸、丙二酸、丙三醇和对苯二甲酸等小分子有机物。     

UV/H2O2工艺降解水中双酚A影响因素的研究

研究了UV/H2O2工艺对双酚A(BPA)的降解效果及影响田素.结果表明,UV/H2O2工艺可以有效降解水体中BPA,降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型;紫外光强对BPA的降解速度影响较小;H2O2浓度对BPA的降解具有促进和抑制的双重作用;BPA初始浓度对BPA降解没有影响;在酸性条件下,有利于BPA降解;NO-3、Cl-、HCO-3对BPA降解有抑制作用;当HCO-3、NO-3、Cl-摩尔浓度均为5mmol/L时,对BPA降解的抑制程度为HCO-3>NO-3>Cl-.腐殖酸在低浓度时,促进BPA降解反应进行;在高浓度时,BPA的降解受到抑制.     

臭氧/紫外光法处理炼油厂汽提污水的静态实验

用O3／UV法对炼油厂汽提污水中高浓度的COD、Oil、Ar-OH、S^2-进行降解研究,通过控制O3浓度、反应时间,可使各污染物降解达到较高的去除率。近一年的实验表明,与单独用O3法相比,UV使COD、Oil、Ar-OH的降解率,平均分别提高了16％、18％、26％。同时用GX-94测爆仪对反应过程中的尾气进行检测分析,表明O3／UV使废水中各污染物的降解过程是,S^2-类污染物最先被O3／UV氧化降解,其次是含C类有机物的氧化降解,降解的终产物是CO、小分子CH类物质等。本方法也使原废水的可生化性得到显著提高。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.