我的家乡

正春,风尘扑扑地来了。她停在了我的家乡——张家峪,这个群山环抱的小山沟里的小村庄。绵绵的细雨飘飘洒洒,树变绿了,山也绿了。地里的小草像从花棉袄里怯怯地露出了头来。夏,飞快地来了。我们村的小河被暖洋洋的微风吹开了一道道波纹,微微地荡漾着。许多人都说:"小鸭子们下水了。小鸭子们在水里乐开了花。"可     

湿法除尘的发展及其效率的探讨

简要分析了除尘设备的发展现状；结合我国经济发展水平和以燃煤为主的能源结构，提出了湿法除尘是我国当前除尘设备发展的主要方向；总结了湿法除尘具有较高除尘效率的主要因素及其局限性；提出了以质量浓度百分比标示除尘效率出现的误区，同时对接近百分之百的除尘效率提出了质疑。     

农村的水污染

一、研究目的确 由于人类排放的污染物，使水的物理，化学性质发生变化或生物群落组成发生变化，从而降低了使用价值的现象叫做水污染。我的家乡在一个偏僻的小山村，本来这里是山清水秀，但近几年，随着经济的发展，偏僻的小山村也热闹起来，运木头的车子来来往往，采金的机器日夜轰鸣。农农的饭桌上丰富了，衣着光鲜了，笑容灿烂了。可是原本清澈见底的小河，变浑浊了，河水变小了，干涸了。     

新疆的生态安全及可持续发展的调控准则

本文阐述了生态安全的概念,分析了新疆生态安全存在的主要问题,提出了新疆可持续发展的临界调控准则。     

小鱼的不幸遭遇

从前有条小鱼和爸爸、妈妈快活地生活在小河边。它们那里的水清澈见底,水里有翠绿的水草,和一些光滑的小石头。后来河边建起了一个个大工厂,每天都有大量污水排入河里。河水一下就变黑了,小鱼被黑水冲晕了头,它游出水面,不料水上的天空也一样,一团团黑烟熏得它直咳嗽。它说:“天也黑了,水也黑了,难道世界上就没有清澈的小河,没有蔚蓝的天空了吗?”小鱼游到水里对爸爸、妈妈说:“我们搬家吧！”说着他们就向下游游去。 他们游了三天三夜,他们游累了停在一块被污水冲黑了的石头上,小鱼的爸爸、妈妈出去寻找食物去了。小鱼在那儿等着爸爸、妈妈回来。小鱼在这块石头上等了一天、二天、三天,小鱼都急哭了,小鱼自     

爱护我们的家园

东小区是一个美丽的小区。春天,小区四周的柳树发芽了,桃花、迎春花和玉兰花开了,松柏比冬天苍翠了,花坛里盛开着红的、黄的、白的、蓝的、紫的等颜色的小花。小草绿了,大雁也从南方飞回来了,整个小区像是一幅美丽的画卷。夏天,大树的枝叶长得郁郁葱葱,茂盛的枝叶挡住了人们的视线。花坛里茉莉花、丁香花、月季花开了,给小区增添了不少光彩。秋天,小草渐渐地黄了,树叶也慢     

中小企业群的成长与吉林省的经济发展

积极培育中小企业群是对吉林省老工业基地进行改造的一条重要途径.在密切结合吉林省企业组织结构与社会经济发展情况的基础上,客观分析了吉林省中小企业群成长的必要性,进一步分析了吉林省中小企业群发展的现状特征及存在问题,从吉林省企业组织结构优化与区域经济整体发展的视角,提出了吉林省中小企业群的发展目标,确定了中小企业群的产业发展战略重点,构筑了中小企业群发展的地域空间体系.     

试论GIS的城市污染物管理信息系统的建立

本文论述了利用GIS手段建立污染物基础数据库和专业属性数据库的具体过程，提出了城市污染物管理信息系统的主要功能及应用建议，并利用本系统在济南市进行了案例研究。     

垃圾的归宿

小记者证号:HJSX0006今天上学时,我看到垃圾箱满了。花花绿绿的袋子让人看来十分脏乱,香蕉皮、破纸箱、卫生纸、塑料袋……哎呀,路过的人们都嗤之以鼻,我也捂住了鼻子。中午了,垃圾被清理了。垃圾箱这时看起来干净极了,人们走过来,也没什么异常。我原来想:正好,弄干净了省得小区臭气熏天。可是,我发现:小区干净了,可是垃圾呢?它们将会移居到哪里呢?     

高原的倾诉

<正>山溪山水相因。当皑皑白雪凝固了群山的嵯峨跌宕,辽远的苍穹、漫无边际的草原,就有了分庭抗礼的风度与气场。一条翩跹的溪流,如灵动的锁链,以纤秀的澎湃,撩拨高原的虚寂,连接了雪山、天宇与草甸,贯通了天地磅礴之势,搁浅了苍茫岁月。远眺巍然的大山,千秋不化的冰雪砌筑琼楼玉宇,雕刻孤拔的峻洁。近处,葳蕤的灌木丛中,山溪潺潺的流水就有了冰晶碎裂、银瓶乍破的回响,有如轻叩庄严的青铜礼器。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.