2017年厦门金砖会晤期间人为减排和气象条件变化对臭氧污染特征的影响

针对厦门"金砖会晤"空气质量保障活动，本研究选取2017年8月10日—9月10日的O₃、NO₂和挥发性有机物（VOCs），以及气象因子等在线观测数据，开展人为减排、副热带高压、台风等对东南沿海城市大气O₃污染特征的影响研究.结果表明，研究期间厦门大气O₃-8 h平均浓度为（110.0±40.6）μg·m^-3.与管控前相比，无台风影响的管控I期的O₃-8 h浓度上升了19.9 μg·m^-3，而管控II期的O₃-8 h浓度下降了27.9 μg·m^-3.对于管控I期和II期，台风影响下O₃-8 h浓度较无台风时段分别下降85.2 μg·m^-3和8.9 μg·m^-3.在排放控制和台风的共同作用下，峰会期间厦门大气O₃浓度的日变化显现出"削峰填谷"的特征.另外，与管控I期相比，管控II期O₃前体物VOCs浓度显著下降，其臭氧生成潜势（OFP）下降了44.6%.总之，运用区域联防联控策略，对臭氧前体物（NO_x和VOCs）实施针对性减排，可有效地降低沿海城市大气O₃日间最高浓度.     

2006~2015年北京市不同地区O3浓度变化

对2006~2015年北京市定陵、官园、琉璃河和前门这4个站点的O₃连续监测数据进行分析,探讨其浓度水平、变化趋势、时间变化规律以及和前体物、气象要素的关系.结果表明,定陵站十年平均浓度水平最高（65.2 μg·m^-3）,其次为琉璃河（53.4 μg·m^-3）、官园（49.6 μg·m^-3）和前门（40.4 μg·m^-3）.定陵O₃浓度呈下降趋势［0.5 μg·（m³·a）^-1］,而官园［0.9 μg·（m³·a）^-1］、琉璃河［0.3 μg·（m³·a）^-1］和前门［0.3 μg·（m³·a）^-1］均呈上升趋势.从月变化来看,各站点O₃浓度最高值均出现在6~8月,出现频次最高的为7月（17次）,平均月均浓度为99.8 μg·m^-3;最低值均出现在11、12月和1、2月,出现频次最高的为1月（14次）,平均月均浓度为16.6 μg·m^-3.从日变化来看,近年来O₃浓度峰值出现的时间明显提前,近3年峰值均在15：00~16：00出现,提前了1~2 h.2015年定陵站O₃重污染天数达到11 d,比2013年增加了10 d,表明近年来夏季北京下风向山区的O₃重污染状况愈发严重.与前体物的相关性分析表明,定陵站O₃浓度与NO₂浓度呈正相关,其余站点两者浓度均呈负相关,暗示定陵站O₃生成的前体物控制区可能为NO₂控制区,而其他站点为VOCs控制区.与气象要素的相关性分析表明,O₃浓度与温度呈正相关关系,与湿度和气压呈负相关关系,温度对O₃浓度的影响最大,其次是气压和湿度.当日最高温度超过30℃,相对湿度介于30%至70%之间时,北京市O₃日最大8 h滑动平均浓度超过200 μg·m^-3的概率较高,空气质量级别会达到轻度至中度污染的级别.     

成渝地区典型城市O3污染对人为源前体物排放敏感性模拟研究

以2019年3—4月臭氧（O₃）污染小高峰为例，应用空气质量模型CAMx-DDM法分析了成渝地区O₃浓度对人为源前体物排放敏感性，并用2020年"新冠"疫情防控及生产恢复导致的污染排放同比变化情景进行模拟验证.模拟结果表明成渝地区O₃对NO_x的敏感性为负、对VOCs的敏感性为正，其中，重庆市主城区、主城区以西地区、川南城市群和成都平原西部地区敏感性较高，与其自身污染排放源分布密集有关.以典型城市重庆市主城区为例，2019年3—4月O₃小时浓度对NO_x和VOCs的敏感性平均值分别为-19.14 μg·m^-3和7.25 μg·m^-3，两者表现出相反的日变化规律，且主要受到本地及周边区域的影响，模拟结果显示在所有区域VOCs排放均削减25%的情况下，3月和4月月均O₃日最大8 h浓度分别下降2.62 μg·m^-3和3.59 μg·m^-3.敏感性模拟得到2020年3月四川省和重庆市NO_x排放量同比下降8.00%和22.40%，VOCs同比下降1.00%和7.92%；4月NO_x排放量同比上升5.00%和9.50%，四川省VOCs同比持平，重庆市上升3.63%，与同期"新冠"疫情防控及生产恢复导致的实际排放情况非常一致.     

珠江三角洲大气光化学氧化剂(Ox)与PM2.5复合超标污染特征及气象影响因素

基于粤港澳珠江三角洲区域空气监测网络12个监测子站的大气污染物数据,梳理2013~2017年大气光化学氧化剂O_x（NO₂+O₃）与PM_2.5质量浓度的变化趋势.O_x+PM_2.5复合超标污染定义为NO₂和PM_2.5质量浓度日平均值以及O₃浓度日最大8 h平均值（O₃ MDA8）同时超过二级浓度限值,分析了不同类型站点复合超标污染的时空分布特征以及气象因素影响.结果表明,2013~2017年珠三角PM_2.5年均质量浓度由（44±7）μg·m^-3下降至（32±4）μg·m^-3,实现PM_2.5连续3 a达标.O_x年均质量浓度由2013年（127±14）μg·m^-3下降至2016年（114±12）μg·m^-3,2017年反弹至（129±13）μg·m^-3,O₃浓度上升明显（10 μg·m^-3）.以O₃为首要污染物的污染过程占比由2013年33%增多至2017年78%,多个城市同时发生污染的区域特征明显.研究时段内O_x+PM_2.5复合超标污染事件共发生60次,主要在城区站点（78%）和郊区站点（22%）.秋季发生复合超标污染天数最多（52%）,是因为强太阳辐射有利于臭氧生成,大气氧化性增加,进而促进了PM_2.5二次生成.造成珠三角复合超标污染的天气形势主要为高压出海型（43%）、高压控制型（30%）和热带低压型（27%）.就具体气象因素而言,气温在20~25℃且相对湿度在60%~75%的范围内时,复合超标污染事件发生占比最高（22%）.在O₃重污染过程中,夜间高湿和低风速使得NO₂和PM_2.5浓度显著上升,日间高温加剧了复合超标污染.     

“一带一路”沿线国家PM2.5污染与人口暴露风险的时空分布特征

使用1999—2016年0.01°×0.01°高空间分辨率的卫星反演PM_2.5浓度数据集，结合精度为1 km×1 km的人口栅格数据，分析了"一带一路"沿线65个国家PM_2.5污染与暴露风险的时空变化特征.结果表明：①PM_2.5浓度存在着明显的区域分布差异，PM_2.5浓度高值区（>35 μg·m^-3）主要分布在地形平坦、人口密集的恒河平原、华北平原和中南半岛等区域，中值区（10~35 μg·m^-3）主要集中在俄罗斯西部、中东欧、沙特东部和缅甸等区域，而低值区（<10 μg·m^-3）主要分布在高海拔、高纬度与荒漠化地区，如青藏高原、西伯利亚、西亚卢特沙漠等区域；②65国年均PM_2.5浓度从1999年的12.0 μg·m^-3上升到2016年的14.1 μg·m^-3，年均增长超过0.1 μg·m^-3，累计有22.5%的区域有显著的增加趋势，仅有5.2%的区域呈显著下降趋势；③2000—2016年，PM_2.5浓度在35 μg·m^-3以上的区域面积比重从2.2%上升到7.2%，暴露人口占比从18.9%增加至41.9%；④人口暴露风险平均值从2000年的665.2增加至2016年的1140.4，Hurst总体均值为0.59，其中大于0.5的持续性区域占82.3%，持续性特征以弱持续性为主.     

2015~2021年青藏高原地表臭氧时空变化及驱动因素分析

基于青藏高原12个城市2015~2021年的大气污染监测数据和气象数据,分析了青藏高原地表臭氧（O₃）时空分布格局. 采用KZ滤波将O₃-8h原始序列分解为不同时间尺度的分量,并利用气象变量的多元线性回归定量地分离出气象和排放的影响. 结果表明,2015~2021年青藏高原12个城市地表ρ（O₃-8h）均值为78.7~156.7 μg·m^-3,O₃浓度超标率（国家二级标准）为0.7%~1.5%. O₃-8h月浓度变化呈单峰倒“V”型和多峰“M”型,浓度峰值出现在4~7月,谷值多出现在7月、 9月和12月. 经KZ滤波分解的O₃-8h短期、季节和长期分量对12个城市O₃-8h原始序列总方差的贡献率分别为29.6%、 51.4%和9.1%. 从整个区域看,2015~2017年气象条件对青藏高原O₃降低不利,使得O₃-8h长期分量升高0.2~2.1 μg·m^-3. 2018~2021年气象有利于O₃浓度降低,导致O₃-8h长期分量降低0.4~1.1 μg·m^-3. 气象条件增加了阿里、拉萨、那曲、林芝、昌都、海西和西宁的O₃-8h长期分量,其平均贡献率为30.1%. 气象条件降低了日喀则和果洛的O₃-8h长期分量,贡献率分别为359.0%和56.5%. 阿里、日喀则、那曲、海西和西宁O₃-8h长期分量的上升可能是由于PM_2.5长期分量快速下降[4.04 μg·（m³·a）^-1]导致.     

2004~2015年北京市清洁点臭氧浓度变化特征

利用2004~2015年北京市自动监测网络O₃浓度数据,综合探讨了北京市清洁点定陵站O₃浓度的变化特征,结果表明,定陵站2004~2015年O₃1h浓度整体呈上升的趋势,年均浓度增长率为4.40 μg·m^-3,定陵站O₃8h浓度整体呈下降的趋势,年均浓度增长率为-1.0 μg·m^-3,5~9月O₃8h平均浓度增长率为-1.5 μg·m^-3. 近3年来定陵站O₃8h重度污染天数增加明显,O₃污染形势严峻. 定陵站每年6月左右O₃浓度达到一年中的峰值,日变化上15：00~18：00左右出现小时浓度峰值且O₃日峰值浓度是中心城区的1.01~1.56倍;不同年份5~9月定陵站O₃日峰值浓度与城区站明显存在1 h滞后的现象,定陵站峰值浓度与城区峰值浓度之差近年来明显缩小,这可能一方面与O₃区域污染输送有关,另一方面可能与北京市城镇化扩张有关.     

2019年秋季海南省4次臭氧污染过程特征及潜在源区分析

基于2019年秋季海南省空气质量和气象监测数据,结合相关分析、HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型、PSCF （潜在源贡献因子）和CWT （浓度权重轨迹）等分析方法对海南省4次O₃污染过程特征及潜在源区进行深入分析.结果表明：①过程1和过程3分别发生在9月21~30日和11月3~11日,持续时间达到了10 d和9 d,ρ（O₃-8h）（最大8 h平均）分别为145.52 μg ·m^-3和143.55 μg ·m^-3.过程2和过程4出现在10月18~21日和11月20~25日,持续时间为4 d和6 d,ρ（O₃-8h）分别为130.79 μg ·m^-3和115.46 μg ·m^-3.②气压偏高,降水偏少,相对湿度偏低,日照时数偏长和太阳辐射偏强,是造成海南省出现O₃污染天气的有利气象条件.偏北风风场控制下有利于O₃-8h浓度上升,不同风速大小会影响海南省O₃-8h浓度高值区分布.③ O₃污染较为严重的过程1和过程3的影响气流发散度较大,有来自内陆地区和东南沿海地区两支气流,而O₃污染较轻的过程2和过程4的影响气流较为集中,多为东南沿海气流.④潜在贡献源区分析表明,浙江省、江西省、福建省和广东省等地是2019年秋季海南省O₃污染外源输送的主要源区,其中珠三角地区和广东省西部WPSCF值和WCWT值分别为大于0.36和大于90 μg ·m^-3.     

气象条件对珠三角秋季地表臭氧年变化及趋势的影响

基于2015~2022年珠三角O₃监测数据以及再分析气象资料,利用多元线性回归（MLR）和LMG方法量化了气象条件对臭氧（O₃）日最大8 h浓度平均值（MDA8-O₃）年变化和趋势的影响. 结果表明,基于关键气象参数建立的MLR模型性能良好,同时基于秋季各月参数建立的MLR模型模拟的MDA8-O₃变化会比基于整个秋季气象参数建立的MLR模型更准确. 总云量、相对湿度、 2 m最高温度和850 hPa经向风的共同作用导致了2020年MDA8-O₃相对于2019年减少了34.1 μg·m^-3,贡献率分别为31.3%、 45.2%、 15.8%和6.7%. 珠三角2015~2022年的9月、 10月、 11月和秋季观测的MDA8-O₃变化率分别为7.3、 5.2、 4.8和5.8 μg·（m³·a）^-1,其中由气象驱动的趋势分别为3.6、 2.4、 2.4和3.1 μg·（m³·a）^-1,整体而言,气象条件对2015~2022年珠三角秋季MAD8-O₃变化的贡献率为53.4%.     

河北南部城市臭氧和VOCs的污染特征及传输贡献

“十四五”时期是河北南部城市（石家庄、邢台和邯郸）退出空气质量综合指数排名后10位的关键阶段.基于2020年4~10月南部城市的15个国家环境质量监测站臭氧（O₃）逐时数据和3个挥发性有机物（VOCs）组分监测站的逐时数据及同期气象资料,采用时空演替、O₃生成潜势（OFP）、后向轨迹模式和空间统计模型进行分析.结果表明：①南部城市4~10月O₃变化呈倒"U"型分布,空间呈南高北低的格局,6月O₃污染最重,其ρ（O₃）依次为：邢台（233.8 μg ·m^-3）>邯郸（225.2 μg ·m^-3）>石家庄（224.8 μg ·m^-3）,O₃与温度和风速呈正相关、与湿度和VOCs呈反相关;②4~10月ρ（TVOC）依次为：邢台（274 μg ·m^-3）>石家庄（266 μg ·m^-3）>邯郸（218 μg ·m^-3）,烯烃和芳香烃的总OFP占比均超过一半;③南部城市O₃污染轨迹具有空间方向性和关联性,经过石家庄到邢台的轨迹ρ（O₃）均值（198.92 μg ·m^-3）最高,经过邯郸到达邢台的O₃污染轨迹频数最多;④南部城市传输贡献上,邢台对石家庄的O₃传输贡献率最高（27.39%）,邯郸对邢台的VOCs传输贡献率最高（32.76%）.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.