安全性评价的地位与作用

1987年12月,机械电子工业部制定并颁发了《机械工厂安全性评价标准》,去年又颁发了《电子工厂安全性评价补充标准》。几年来,安全性评价工作已在全国机械电子工业系统普遍展开,还涌现了2个特级安全级企业和96个安全级企业。 实践证明,机械电子工业开展的安全性评价,是安全工作的一项重大改革。通过安全性评价,要求企业实行“分级管理,分线负责”的系统管理体系,较好地实现设备设施的本质安全,把对事故的预测预防提到一个重要的位置,推动和保证国家有关安全生产法令、标准、规程的执行。如哈尔滨锅炉厂在安全性评价中发现11000多个问题,常州…     

《化工厂危险程度分级》在大化肥厂的应用

评述１９９０ 年以后以天然气为原料的川化集团公司大化肥厂，利用化工部青岛劳保所开发的《化工厂危险程度分级》方法开展安全评价，并对评价出的潜在危险采取了安全措施，从而有效地提高了工厂的安全可靠性。在运用该评价方法时，一是将《分级》中安全管理等级的评定部分增加了评定内容，使之更符合工厂客观实际；二是将固有危险等级评价的手工处理和计算部分编制成计算机软件，提高了评价工效     

工厂安全性评价指标体系科学性的间接测定方法

工厂安全性评价指标体系是评价工厂安全性工作的测定标准，指标体系的科学性和合理性与工厂安全性评价工作密切相关。工厂安全性评价指标体系科学性的间接测定方法是，采用直接测定结果作为间接测定指标体系的样本，再利用各指标之间的相关量，求出间接测定结果，通过直接评价结果与间接评价结果的比较，检查直接评价结果的准确程度，以分析修正指标体系。     

企业安全评价应注意的问题

企业在开展安全评价工作中，要注意的问题很多。由于企业的生产特点、要评价对象和要达到预期目标的不同，安全评价工作重点和应注意的问题也有所不同。下面选择了一些重要的问题进行探讨。     

中国安全生产科学研究院安全评价中心简介

中国安全生产科学研究院安全评价中心是首批获得国家认可的具备劳动安全卫生评价资格的单位，也是国内第一家可在全国范围内开展所有行业类别劳动安全卫生评价工作的机构。安科院评价中心作为同时承担安全科学技术研究的评价机构，长期以来，把安全评价技术创新作为重点研究的方向之一，在具体的工作实践中不断创新和改进安全评价技术与方法，有效推动了我国安全评价事业的发展。     

安全现状评价的程序

安全评价过程本身是评价质量的具体体现，将安全评价工作程序化、标准化是提高安全评价质量的有效方法。陕西秦安煤矿安全评价事务有限公司通过对72个煤矿进行的安全现状综合评价，积累了宝贵的实践经验，形成了一套较科学的评价工作程序。该程序分为7个阶段(见图1)。     

《法佑平安》启事

今年上半年，吴江市开展了冶金行业安全现状评价。芦墟镇共有轧钢、冶金企业45家，因数量相对偏多，而成为全市安全现状评价工作的重点镇。但在安全现状评价工作中，该镇不但没有落在全市后面，反而跑在了前头。原来，镇安监办主任梅建明又使出了他的工作绝招，那就是“以点带面”促安全。     

浅谈安全评价

安全评价是实现安全生产的重要手段和基本程序.本文描述了安全评价的意义、类型、常用方法和评价基本程序,并且在回顾我国安全评价工作发展的基础上对我国安全评价工作存在的问题提出了一些建议.     

选择适当评价方法

安全评价方法是用来进行定性、定量安全评价的工具。在进行安全评价时，应该根据安全评价目的，对象和要实现的评价目标，选用适当的评价方法。目前，我国将安全评价分为安全预评价、安全验收评价、安全现状评价、安全专项评价，我们应根据不同的评价类别选用适宜的评价方法，以满足选择安全评价方法应遵循的充分性、适应性、系统性、针对性和合理性的原则。     

安全评价在我国的发展历程

随着安全生产监督管理工作的关口前移和安全生产许可证制度的全面实施，安全评价工作成为监管部门和企业的安全生产的基础工作。安全评价报告已成为生产企业安全生产和安全生产管理工作的重要组成部分。针对企业如何正确理解安全评价，如何对安全评价提出要求，如何配合评价机构进行评价和企业如何审核评价报告以及如何应用评价报告消除隐患等问题，本刊组织了本期安全评价专栏。专栏从安全评价的发展历程，政府对评价机构的监管，评价机构如何正确实施评价以及安全评价工作遇到的问题等几方面阐述了安全评价工作对企业的作用，也从煤矿、石油石化等几个高危行业的企业安全评价工作的实践，讲解了企业应如何正确实施安全评价。期望能给企业加强安全生产基础管理，加深对于安全评价工作理解提供一些帮助。     

对安全生产标准化建设的探讨

从安全生产标准化建设的内容、制定方法、体系及效果,结合实际经验进行了探讨.安全生产标准化建设的实施为职工创造了一个安全舒适的工作环境,制约了生产过程中的不安全因素,避免了因环境因素引起的违章作业,是传统安全管理迈向科学安全管理的必由之路.     

Exploring safety knowledge sharing among experienced and novice workers

Introduction: This paper investigates how members of a culinary and hospitality arts program generate, share, and learn safety knowledge via social and identity mechanisms. Method: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 participants of varying roles and experience (i.e., students, culinary instructors, and restaurant chefs) in the culinary and hospitality arts program at a large polytechnic in western Canada. Results: The emergent themes from these interviews indicated that the circulation of safety knowledge relied on the interaction among individuals with various levels of experience, such that those who were more experienced in the culinary arts were able to share safety knowledge with novices, who had less experience. Comparing safety knowledge gleaned from within the school against that gleaned from within the industry highlighted differences between the construction of safety in the two contexts. Notably, many aspects of safety knowledge are not learned in school and those that are may not apply in the industry context. We found that safety knowledge was shared through informal means such as storytelling, a process that allowed members to come to a deep, collective understanding of what safety meant, which they often labeled “common sense.” Conclusion: We found that safety knowledge was a currency through which participants achieved legitimacy, generated through continual practical accomplishment of the work in interaction with others. Practical Applications: Our findings provide novel insights into how safety knowledge is shared, and we discuss the implications of these findings for classroom, work-based learning, and other forms of curricula.     

Occupational safety and health in Spain

Occupational Health and Safety in Spain has improved considerably over the last decade, most likely due to a new concept where an overall concept of safety culture is defined. Important changes in industrial safety, hygiene, and psychosocial factors present an optimistic panorama for the future of Spain. Despite this general improvement, according to the European Convergence Program, Spanish statistics still offer far from good safety results. In fact, according to 1997 official statistics, Spain had the highest incidence rate for nonfatal occupational accidents of all European Union (EU) countries, and occupied third place for fatal accidents. This paper summarizes the organizational structure of the Spanish National System of Health & Safety at Work, its effective health and safety laws, and statistics on the Spanish work environment obtained from III Spanish National Survey on Work Conditions (1997). The researchers hope that the findings of this work will have an impact on Spanish industry that will subsequently bring about improvements in work conditions and develop assessment and intervention models in occupational health and safety, from a theoretical position integrating environmental, human, and organizational factors.     

Investigating factors that influence individual safety behavior at work

INTRODUCTION: A qualitative study was conducted to investigate the factors that influence individual safety behavior at work. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants from a variety of occupations. RESULTS: The analysis revealed several organizational and social factors that explain why individuals engage in unsafe work practices. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of organizational/social factors on safety behavior were discussed. The results suggest that important organizational factors, in addition to job design and engineering systems, may be overlooked when identifying the causes of workplace accidents. Such factors include early socialization, and the need to portray a positive image. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The implications for management and industry are discussed.     

Rate of occupational accidents in the mining industry since 1950--a successful approach to prevention policy

This paper deals with the decrease in the rate of accident insurance claims in the German mining industry over the last five decades. It intends to show that this process is above all the result of a prevention policy where companies and the body responsible for the legal accident insurance in the mining industry, the Bergbau-Berufsgenossenschaft (BBG), work hand in hand. A system like the German accident insurance scheme, combining prevention, rehabilitation, and compensation, enables successful and modern safety and health measures.     

香港特区建筑安全管理的探讨与借鉴

近年来 ,香港特区的建筑业安全状况有了长足进步 ,由于香港的发展既长期受到西方国家先进技术和知识的影响 ,同时又具有中国的传统文化背景 ,因此 ,研究其成功的经验对内地的建筑安全工作有着十分重要的借鉴意义。笔者主要从香港政府部门 (劳工处和环境运输工务局 )对建筑安全的管理和非政府机构 (职业安全健康局、绿十字会等 )对建筑安全的作用两方面进行探讨 ,总结香港特区在建筑安全方面的成功做法 ,最后对内地的建筑安全工作提出了一些建议。     

Safety in construction – a comprehensive description of the characteristics of high safety standards in construction work, from the combined perspective of supervisors and experienced workers

Introduction

The often applied engineering approach to safety management in the construction industry needs to be supplemented by organizational measures and measures based on how people conceive and react to their social environment. This requires in-depth knowledge of the broad preconditions for high safety standards in construction. The aim of the study was to comprehensively describe the preconditions and components of high safety standards in the construction industry from the perspective of both experienced construction workers and first-line managers.

Method

Five worker safety representatives and 19 first-line managers were interviewed, all strategically selected from within a large Swedish construction project. Phenomenographic methodology was used for data acquisition and analysis and to categorize the information. Nine informants verified the results.

Results

The study identified four main categories of work safety preconditions and components: (1) Project characteristics and nature of the work, which set the limits of safety management; (2) Organization and structures, with the subcategories planning, work roles, procedures, and resources; (3) Collective values, norms, and behaviors, with the subcategories climate and culture, and interaction and cooperation; and (4) Individual competence and attitudes, with the subcategories knowledge, ability and experience, and individual attitudes.

Discussion

The results comprehensively describe high safety standards in construction, incorporating organizational, group, individual, and technical aspects. High-quality interaction between different organizational functions and hierarchical levels stood out as important aspects of safety. The results are discussed in relation to previous research into safety and into the social-psychological preconditions for other desired outcomes in occupational settings.

Impact on Industry

The results can guide construction companies in planning and executing construction projects to a high safety standard.     

根据现代企业理论探讨煤炭企业安全管理问题

煤炭行业属于高危险性行业,降低其事故发生率,提高安全生产水平是煤炭工作者孜孜以求的目标。笔者应用委托——代理理论对煤炭安全管理问题进行探讨,分析了安全投入与安全水平、安全投入与安全报酬、事故赔偿与安全水平等之间的关系,提出了煤炭企业改善安全现状的管理对策及建议,并认为事故赔偿金过低,不足以对企业形成足够的压力,不利于企业主动提高安全水平,应加大惩罚力度,提高惩罚成本和惩处率。     

The role of safe work method statements in the Australian construction industry

The aim of this study was to determine how managers and workers interpret and use safe work method statements (SWMS) in the Australian construction industry in order to explore if there was a gap between work as imagined and work as performed. Despite recent improvements in its safety performance, the Australian construction industry continues to be among the top four most dangerous industries within which to work. SWMS are a key strategy relied upon by the construction industry to reduce this toll. However, few, if any studies have looked at the role of SWMS in creating a safe workplace. This ethnographic study focused on the role of SWMS at two commercial construction sites in Australia. The researcher spent 6 months ‘getting to know’ the organisation before conducting 18 semi-structured interviews spanning labourers, supervisors and managers. The researcher also collected examples of completed SWMS. This study found: (1) that SWMS are important for safety, particularly for tasks that are out of the ordinary; (2) that social interaction as well as SWMS are important for safety; (3) gaps do exist between work as imagined in a SWMS and work as performed in practice, but in the minds of those on site, there were no unresolved gaps; (4) therefore construction companies must identify and resolve the gaps between SWMS, practice and task demands to make construction sites a safer place to work.     

Evaluating the effectiveness of a logger safety training program

INTRODUCTION: Logger safety training programs are rarely, if ever, evaluated as to their effectiveness in reducing injuries. METHOD: Workers' compensation claim rates were used to evaluate the effectiveness of a logger safety training program, the West Virginia Loggers' Safety Initiative (LSI). RESULTS: There was no claim rate decline detected in the majority (67%) of companies that participated in all 4 years of the LSI. Furthermore, their rate did not differ from the rest of the WV logging industry that did not participate in the LSI. Worker turnover was significantly related to claim rates; companies with higher turnover of employees had higher claim rates. Companies using feller bunchers to harvest trees at least part of the time had a significantly lower claim rate than companies not using them. Companies that had more inspections per year had lower claim rates. CONCLUSIONS: High injury rates persist even in companies that receive safety training; high employee turnover may affect the efficacy of training programs. The logging industry should be encouraged to facilitate the mechanization of logging tasks, to address barriers to employee retention, and to increase the number of in-the-field performance monitoring inspections. Impact on industry There are many states whose logger safety programs include only about 4-8 hours of safe work practices training. These states may look to West Virginia's expanded training program (the LSI) as a model for their own programs. However, the LSI training may not be reaching loggers due to the delay in administering training to new employees and high levels of employee turnover. Regardless of training status, loggers' claim rates decline significantly the longer they work for a company. It may be that high injury rates in the state of West Virginia would be best addressed by finding ways to encourage and facilitate companies to become more mechanized in their harvesting practices, and to increase employee tenure. Increasing the number of yearly performance inspections may also be a venue to reduce claim rates. Future research could investigate in better detail the working conditions of West Virginia loggers and identify barriers to job tenure, particularly for workers whose primary job task is chainsaw operation. A larger-scale study of the effect of performance monitoring inspections on claim rates is also warranted.