洞庭湖地区不同生态类型区鼠类群落组成及其演替趋势

20 0 1年对洞庭湖地区 3种生态类型区鼠类群落结构的取样调查结果表明 ,黑线姬鼠和社鼠是洞庭湖地区 3种生态类型区的主要优势鼠种。黑线姬鼠以农田为主要栖息地 ,在不同作物地间进行季节性迁移 ,并侵入到丘陵山林之中 ;社鼠是林地内的优势种 ;山区和丘陵的林缘农田生境则以这 2种鼠为优势种。从洞庭湖区鼠类群落的历史资料看 ,曾经为农田生态系统优势鼠种之一的褐家鼠的比例已大大降低 ,形成了以黑线姬鼠占绝对地位的格局。在房舍 ,褐家鼠的优势地位已被小家鼠取代     

Modelling potential habitat for cougars in midwestern North America

Cougars (Puma concolor) are of considerable interest to wildlife biologists and the general public in midwestern North America, yet no researchers have modelled potential habitat in the region. We created a model of potential cougar habitat in 9 midwestern states using geospatial data, expert-opinion surveys, the analytical hierarchy process, and a GIS. About 8% of the study region contained highly favorable habitat (with favorability scores ≥75%) for cougars; the states of Arkansas (19%) and Missouri (16%) contained the highest proportions of potentially favorable habitat. We identified 6 large (≥2500 km² in size), contiguous areas of highly favorable habitat for cougars. Model testing procedures indicated a valid model when compared to an independent set of cougar locations, a null dataset, and similar studies. Our model is useful as a planning tool to proactively address future human-cougar conflicts should cougars re-colonize the Midwest via subadult dispersal.     

武汉月湖近代沉积物中的硅藻组合与环境关系研究

采集武汉月湖2处近代沉积物,分析了沉积硅藻组合与其环境关系,共发现24属83种硅藻。结果表明：2个柱状沉积物中硅藻优势属为小环藻属、直链藻属、舟形藻属、Cyclostephanos属。Z-1钻孔共有20属61种硅藻,Z-2钻孔共有24属68种硅藻。Z-1钻孔优势种为梅尼小环藻（Cyclotella meneghiniana）、颗粒直链藻（Aulacoseira granulata）、Navicula porifera、Cyclostephanos tholifomis。Z-2钻孔优势种为梅尼小环藻、颗粒直链藻、舟形藻（Navicula sp.）、Cyclostephanos invisitatus。就硅藻密度分布而言,总趋势上层最多,平均7.14×10^5～58.65×10^5 ind.g-1,中层其次,平均0.08×10^5～13.98×10^5 ind.g-1,下层最少,平均0.24×10^5～0.64×10^5 ind.g-1。硅藻种数最少的样品出现在沉积物中层,梅尼小环藻、颗粒直链藻、舟形藻、Navicula porifera、Cyclostephanos tholifomis、Cyclostephanos invisitatus的组合可以指示湖泊水体环境出现富营养化。通过探讨分析影响硅藻分布的环境因素,为恢复月湖近代水环境演化过程提供了依据。     

Refining logistic regression models for wildlife habitat suitability modeling—A case study with muntjak and goral in the Central Himalayas, India

High quality habitat suitability maps are indispensable for the management and planning of wildlife reserves. This is particularly important for megadiverse developing countries where shortages in skilled manpower and funding may preclude the use of mathematically complex modeling techniques and resource-intensive field surveys. In this study, we propose a simulation based k-fold partitioning and re-substitution approach to refine and update logistic regression models that are widely used for habitat suitability assessment and modeling. We test the modeling strategy using data from a rapid field survey conducted for habitat suitability assessment for muntjak (Muntiacus muntjak) and goral (Naemorrhaedus goral) in the central Himalayas, India. Results obtained from simulations match expectations in terms of model behavior and in terms of published habitat associations of the investigated species. Qualitative comparisons with predictions from the GARP, MaxEnt and Bioclimatic Envelopes modeling systems also show broad agreement with predictions obtained from the proposed technique. The proposed technique is suggested as a rapid-assessment precursor to detailed habitat studies such as patch occupancy modeling in situations where funds or trained manpower are not available.     

艾比湖湿地植物群落变化对盐分环境梯度的响应

土壤盐分是影响干旱区荒漠植物群落动态的决定因素之一。基于2012年5月和10月在艾比湿地调查的植物样方和实验得出的土壤表层盐分数据,利用聚类分析方法将39个土壤表层盐分数据划分为3个盐分梯度0.03%~0.73%（S1）、0.81%~1.73%（S2）和2.40%~3.12%（S3）,分析艾比湖湿地植物群落植物多样性变化对土壤盐分环境梯度的响应。结果表明,（1）距湖15 km和距湖5 km采样点大部分处于第1个盐分梯度,属于轻度盐渍化;鸟岛、博河、鸭子湾、奎屯河、和距湖10 km处均处于第2个盐分梯度,盐渍化程度达到中-重度;湖边采样点,在3个盐分梯度各有分布。（2）3个盐分梯度上的主要植被类型不同：S1以梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、白刺（Nitraria tangutorum Bobr）为主,并且出现的植被种类较多（37种）;S2以柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、盐节木（Haloenemum strobilaceum）为主,出现的植被种类相对较少（11种）;S3以盐节木（Haloenemum strobilaceum）、盐角草（Salicornia europaea）、芦苇（Phragmites australis）为主,出现的植被种类较少（7种）,随土壤盐含量的升高,植被种类减少、群落生活型结构有所改变,草本比例减少,灌木和乔木比例有所增加。（3）植物Simposon指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数在中盐梯度下达到最大,最大值分别为0.84、2.28、3.82。（4）Pielow 指数则是随着盐分梯度的上升呈下降趋势,在低盐梯度下达到最大值,最大值为1.26。（5）多样性指数在S3梯度下整体显著降低,即土壤盐分含量为2.40%~3.12%时对艾比湖湿地植物多样性的影响较大。     

程海藻类植物种群结构和数量的周年变化特征

2009年10月—2010年9月,在程海湖设置了3个断面9个采样点,对程海藻类植物进行了逐月采样调查。结果表明：程海藻类植物种类175种（变种）,种类组成结构特点以硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻为主;数量组成结构特点则是蓝藻占绝对优势,表现出典型的富营养化蓝藻型特征。细胞丰度为390.16×104~51 435.0×104个.L-1之间,年平均4 851.75×104个.L-1。年内时间分布呈现出3次波峰与3次波谷,每一次高峰的出现都伴随着不同种类为主的蓝藻水华暴发;水平分布在种类上无明显差异,数量上则表现出南部断面最低,中部断面次之,北部断面最高;垂直分布以表层最多,底层最低,5.0~20.0 m水柱中差异不明显。与1985年相比,种类组成中硅藻比重下降而蓝绿藻比重上升,一些对环境敏感的种类消失,优势种群发生演变,年内数量变动由单峰型发展为多峰型,湖泊富营养化进一步发展。提出了大力削减入湖污染物、增强湖泊生态系统的功能等控制富营养化的对策建议。     

A Numerical Study of the Dynamics of the Riverine Thermal Bar in a Deep Lake

A numerical model based on a Finite Volume formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations is used to simulate a range of scenarios leading to a thermal bar formed by a river inflow to an idealised deep lake. The results presented here show that small riverine salinity increases have a profound effect on the dynamics of the thermal bar, suppressing horizontal propagation of the plume and raising the possibility of a thermal bar which is capable of sinking to great depths. This finding is particularly relevant to Lake Baikal in Siberia, where the vigorous deep-water renewal is still not fully understood. An analysis of the buoyancy forces governing the depth of penetration of the thermal bar plume shows that realistic salinity gradients are an important factor in determining the circulation of Baikal waters. Observations of the saline curtailment of the thermal bar's horizontal propagation also reveal a potential for reduced productivity in the ecosystem of any temperate river delta during the Spring renewal period.     

Nest selection by snow petrels Pagodroma nivea in East Antarctica: Validating predictive habitat selection models at the continental scale

Little is known on the factors controlling distribution and abundance of snow petrels in Antarctica. Studying habitat selection through modeling may provide useful information on the relationships between this species and its environment, especially relevant in a climate change context, where habitat availability may change. Validating the predictive capability of habitat selection models with independent data is a vital step in assessing the performance of such models and their potential for predicting species’ distribution in poorly documented areas.From the results of ground surveys conducted in the Casey region (2002–2003, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica), habitat selection models based on a dataset of 4000 nests were created to predict the nesting distribution of snow petrels as a function of topography and substrate. In this study, the Casey models were tested at Mawson, 3800 km away from Casey. The location and characteristics of approximately 7700 snow petrel nests were collected during ground surveys (Summer 2004–2005). Using GIS, predictive maps of nest distribution were produced for the Mawson region with the models derived from the Casey datasets and predictions were compared to the observed data. Models performance was assessed using classification matrixes and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Overall correct classification rates for the Casey models varied from 57% to 90%. However, two geomorphologically different sub-regions (coastal islands and inland mountains) were clearly distinguished in terms of habitat selection by Casey model predictions but also by the specific variations in coefficients of terms in new models, derived from the Mawson data sets. Observed variations in the snow petrel aggregations were found to be related to local habitat availability.We discuss the applicability of various types of models (GLM, CT) and investigate the effect of scale on the prediction of snow petrel habitats. While the Casey models created with data collected at the nest scale did not perform well at Mawson due to regional variations in nest micro-characteristics, the predictive performance of models created with data compiled at a coarser scale (habitat units) was satisfactory. Substrate type was the most robust predictor of nest presence between Casey and Mawson. This study demonstrate that it is possible to predict at the large scale the presence of snow petrel nests based on simple predictors such as topography and substrate, which can be obtained from aerial photography. Such methodologies have valuable applications in the management and conservation of this top predator and associated resources and may be applied to other Antarctic, Sub-Antarctic and lower latitudes species and in a variety of habitats.     

环青海湖地区草地蝗虫发生的生态环境条件分析

为了有效地进行草地蝗虫的防治,必须摸清其生长和繁殖与生态环境条件的关系。研究表明,在环青海湖地区气温对草地蝗虫影响较为明显是在蝗卵越冬期和孵化期。降水量太多不利于草地蝗虫的发育,但降水适量因有利于蝗蝻出土可能会增加蝗虫基数。青海湖级湖成阶地和构造台地有利于蝗虫的繁育。土壤的温度、质地及水分和盐分含量对草地蝗虫的发生和繁育也有一定影响。     

太湖梅梁湾附生细菌和游离细菌群落结构分析

细菌是浮游藻类群落结构重要的生物调节因子之一.采用PCR-DGGE技术研究太湖梅梁湾水域的菌群结构,主要分析水华发展阶段和暴发阶段该水域附生细菌和游离细菌的群落结构,以获得富营养化水体更丰富的微生态信息,探讨附生细菌和游离细菌在水华过程中可能具有的重要生态功能.结果表明,附生菌群结构简单,具有较高的时空稳定性,是水华发展阶段的优势菌群,其优势种群主要为α-proteobacteria和γ-proteobacteria;比较而言,游离菌群具有明显的时间差异性,水华发展阶段的种群多样性非常低,水华暴发阶段的则相当高,从而成为这一时期的优势菌群,以Actinobacteria和α-proteobacteria为主.此外,在水华发展与暴发阶段均发现淡水水体中较为罕见的SAR11种群,且这类细菌在附生菌群和游离菌群中均可检测到.     

Review and comparison of methods to study the contribution of variables in artificial neural network models

Convinced by the predictive quality of artificial neural network (ANN) models in ecology, we have turned our interests to their explanatory capacities. Seven methods which can give the relative contribution and/or the contribution profile of the input factors were compared: (i) the ‘PaD’ (for Partial Derivatives) method consists in a calculation of the partial derivatives of the output according to the input variables; (ii) the ‘Weights’ method is a computation using the connection weights; (iii) the ‘Perturb’ method corresponds to a perturbation of the input variables; (iv) the ‘Profile’ method is a successive variation of one input variable while the others are kept constant at a fixed value; (v) the ‘classical stepwise’ method is an observation of the change in the error value when an adding (forward) or an elimination (backward) step of the input variables is operated; (vi) ‘Improved stepwise a’ uses the same principle as the classical stepwise, but the elimination of the input occurs when the network is trained, the connection weights corresponding to the input variable studied is also eliminated; (vii) ‘Improved stepwise b’ involves the network being trained and fixed step by step, one input variable at its mean value to note the consequences on the error. The data tested in this study concerns the prediction of the density of brown trout spawning redds using habitat characteristics. The PaD method was found to be the most useful as it gave the most complete results, followed by the Profile method that gave the contribution profile of the input variables. The Perturb method allowed a good classification of the input parameters as well as the Weights method that has been simplified but these two methods lack stability. Next came the two improved stepwise methods (a and b) that both gave exactly the same result but the contributions were not sufficiently expressed. Finally, the classical stepwise methods gave the poorest results.     

鄱阳湖湿地水体与底泥重金属污染及其对沉水植物群落的影响

对鄱阳湖南矶山湿地、吴城自然保护区、白沙洲国家湿地公园及鄱阳湖龙口等典型湿地进行沉水植物群落的调查与采样,并测定各样点水样及底泥重金属含量,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对底泥重金属污染进行评价,采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数等方法对研究区沉水植物群落结构进行评价,对水体、底泥重金属含量与沉水植物的生物量、物种多样性等进行Pearson相关性分析,评价鄱阳湖湿地水土环境重金属污染现状,探讨水体与底泥重金属Cu、Pb、Cd等污染物对其水体沉水植物群落的影响。结果表明：各采样点水体与底泥中Cu、Pb、Cd等3种重金属元素中含量最高的为Pb;各样点水体（除白沙洲水体ρ(Pb)外）ρ(Cu)、ρ(Pb)和ρ(Cd)等均未超出地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准限值,水体重金属含量最高的区域为鄱阳湖东部的白沙洲（ρ(Cu)为50.826μg·L-1,ρ(Pb)为68.660μg·L-1,ρ(Cd)为0.337μg·L-1）,最低的区域为鄱阳湖西南部的南矶山湿地（ρ(Cu)为4.316μg·L-1,ρ(Pb)为7.301μg·L-1,ρ(Cd)为0.167μg·L-1）。两种重金属污染评价方法的结果均表明,受纳乐安河下游来水的龙口区域为底泥重金属污染最严重区域;但两种评价方法的结果存在一定差异,地累积指数法评价龙口区域的结果为偏中度或轻度污染,潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果为轻度污染。研究区野外调查中共发现11种沉水植物,隶属7科9属,其中南矶山湿地的沉水植物物种多样性较丰富,但其物种分布的均匀度较低,水体与底泥重金属含量与其水体中沉水植物的生物量或物种多样性间无显著相关性。     

Waterfowls habitat modeling: Simulation of nest site selection for the migratory Little Tern (Sterna albifrons) in the Nakdong estuary

This paper aims to find patterns in nest site selection by Little Terns Sterna albifrons, in the Nakdong estuary in South Korea. This estuary is important waterfowl stopover and breeding habitat, located in the middle of the East Asia-Australasian Flyway. The Little Tern is a common species easily observed near the seashore but their number is gradually declining around the world. We investigated their nests and eggs on a barrier islet in the Nakdong estuary during the breeding season (May to June, 2007), and a pattern for the nest site selection was identified using genetic programming (GP). The GP generated a predictive rule-set model for the number of Little Tern nests (training: R² = 0.48 and test: 0.46). The physical features of average elevation, variation of elevation, plant coverage, and average plant height were estimated to determine the influence on nest numbers for Little Tern. A series of sensitivity analyses stressed that mean elevation and vegetation played an important role in nest distribution for Little Tern. The influence of these two variables could be maximized when elevation changed moderately within the sampled quadrats. The study results are regarded as a good example of applying GP to vertebrate distribution patterning and prediction with several important advantages compared to conventional modeling techniques, and can help establish a management or restoration strategy for the species.     

Impact of the quality of climate models for modelling species occurrences in countries with poor climatic documentation: a case study from Bolivia

The quality of climate models has largely been overlooked as a possible source of uncertainty that may affect the outcomes of species distribution models, especially in the tropics, where comparatively few climatic stations are available. We compared the geographical discrepancies and potential conservation implications of using two different climate models (Saga and Worldclim) in combination with the species modelling approach Maxent in Bolivia. We estimated ranges of selected bird and fern species biogeographically restricted to either humid montane forest of the northern Bolivian Andes or seasonal dry tropical forests (in the Andes and southern lowlands). Saga and Worldclim predicted roughly similar climate patterns of temperature that were significantly correlated. Precipitation layers of both climate models were also roughly similar, but showed important differences. Species ranges estimated with Worldclim and Saga likewise produced different results. Ranges of species endemic to humid montane forests estimated with Saga had higher AUC (Area under the curve) values than those estimated with Worldclim, which for example predicted the occurrence of humid montane forest bird species near Lake Titicaca, an area that is clearly unsuitable for these species. Likewise, Worldclim overpredicted the occurrence of fern and bird species in the lowlands of the Chapare region and well south of the Andean Elbow, where more seasonal biomes occur. By contrast, Saga predictions were coherent with the known distribution of humid montane forests in the northern Bolivian Andes. Estimated ranges of species endemic to seasonal dry tropical forests predicted with Saga and Worldclim were not statistically different in most cases. However, detailed comparisons revealed that Saga was able to distinguish fragments of seasonal dry tropical forests in rain-shadow valleys of the northern Bolivian Andes, whereas Worldclim was not. These differences highlight the neglected influence of climate layers on modelling results and the importance of using the most accurate climate data available when modelling species distributions.     

Foodweb modeling for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Twelvemile Creek Arm of Lake Hartwell,South Carolina,USA

PCBs from the Sangamo-Weston Superfund Site near Clemson, South Carolina, USA, were released into the Twelvemile Creek Arm of Lake Hartwell until the early 1990s. Monitoring data have shown that while PCB concentration in sediments declined since 1995, PCB concentrations in fish have remained elevated, e.g., largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) concentrations have ranged from 5 to 10 ppm. The EPA aquatic ecosystem model AQUATOX was applied to this system to better characterize foodweb dynamics that lead to biomagnification of PCBs. The model was calibrated with observed fish biomass data. Simulated PCB loading over a 12-year period provided a reasonable fit to observed PCB data in fish. The model demonstrated that contaminated labile detritus loaded to the system was incorporated into the foodweb rather than deposited, thereby maintaining the PCB concentrations in fish while concentrations in the sediment declined. A dominant PCB pathway was from detritus to daphnia to shad to largemouth bass. Fish PCB concentrations showed moderate sensitivity to toxicant parameters; model runs incorporating uncertainty in these parameters predicted recovery (<2 ppm PCB) for all species in the range of years from 2008 to 2013. The high sensitivity of the model to parameters related to growth strongly affected PCB concentrations in fish and should be considered in future AQUATOX applications.     

Use of genetic algorithms to select input variables in decision tree models for the prediction of benthic macroinvertebrates

Predicting freshwater organisms based on machine learning is becoming more and more reliable due to the availability of appropriate datasets, advanced modelling techniques and the continuously increasing capacity of computers. A database consisting of measurements collected at 360 sampling sites in non-navigable watercourses in Flanders was applied to predict the absence/presence of benthic macroinvertebrate taxa by means of decision trees. The measured variables were a combination of physical–chemical (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, conductivity, total organic carbon, Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus), structural (granulometric analysis of the sediment, width, depth and flow velocity of the river) and two ecotoxicological variables. The predictive power of decision trees was assessed on the basis of the number of Correctly Classified Instances (CCI). A genetic algorithm was introduced to compare the predictive power of different sets of input variables for the decision trees. The number of input variables was reduced from 15 to 2–8 variables without affecting the predictive power of the decision trees significantly. Furthermore, reducing the number of input variables allowed to ease the identification of general data trends.     

Effects of salinity on soil bacterial and archaeal community in estuarine wetlands and its implications for carbon sequestration: verification in the Yellow River Delta

Soils from two typical tidal salt marshes with varied salinity in the Yellow River Delta wetland were analysed to determine possible effects of salinity on soil carbon sequestration through changes in soil microbiology. The mean soil respiration (SR) of the salt water–fresh water mixing zone (MZ) was 2.89 times higher than that of the coastal zone (CZ) (4.73 and 1.63?μmol?m^?2?s^?1, respectively, p?Pseudomonas sp. and Limnobacter sp. that might have led to its higher dehydrogenase activity and respiratory rates. Additionally, the CZ possessed more Halobacteria and Thaumarchaeota with the ability to fix CO₂ than the MZ. Significantly lower soil salinity in MZ (4.25?g?kg^?1) was suitable for β-Proteobacteria, but detrimental for Halobacteria compared with CZ (7.09?g?kg^?1, p?相似文献   

Equation for isotope accumulation in products and biomass as a way to reveal the pathways in mesophilic methanol methanization by microbial community

Isotope-labelling of substrate is used to reveal the methabolic pathways of substrate transformation by microbial community. In this paper, in order to describe the batch mesophilic anaerobic methanization of ¹³C-labelled methanol and microbial ecology analysis (Li et al., 2008), an equation for the isotope accumulation in products and biomass was included into the basic mathematical model based on stoichiometric chemical reactions. The higher was the isotope level in substrate, the larger fraction of ¹³C accumulated in products and biomass. Acetate, total organic and inorganic carbon (TOC, TIC) concentrations and methane production were used for the model calibration, whereas ¹³C enrichment of acetate, TIC and biomass were used for model validation. In the model, chemical transformations including methanol and acetate oxidation, homoacetogenesis, hydrogenotrophic and aceticlastic methanogenesis were considered. The rate-limiting reactions were methanol and acetate consumption. According to the model, homoacetogens performing acetate formation and oxidation were competed with hydrogenotrophic methanogens for hydrogen. Biphasic methane production was due to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in the first phase and due to acetiticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis following acetate oxidation in the second phase.