Studies on metabolic extract of Altemaria alternata and toxicity

Altemaria alternata were isolated from wheat seeds collected from villages in Tianshui area of Gansu Province where Kaschin-Beck disease is prevalent. TLC, IR and UV analyses of metabolic extract of A. alternata show that A. alternata produce main secondary metabolites, including alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, and tenuazonic acid.There was a significant decrease in Se-GSH-Px and SOD activities, and an acceleration in lipid peroxidation in rats fed with a diet containing metabolites produced by A. alternata.     

Effect of methylmercury on some neurotransmitters and oxidative damage of rats

IntroductionMercury(Hg), as one of the priority pollutant and hottopic in environmental research, has been paid higherattention in the world since the middle of last century.Mercury plays an important role in our daily life such a…     

四氯乙烯胁迫对草鱼抗氧化酶活性的影响及其机理

研究了四氯乙烯(PCE)对草鱼的肝胰脏、肾脏和鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的影响.结果表明:草鱼肝胰脏SOD活性,在PCE低浓度胁迫时其SOD活性“先升后降”[72h SOD是(6665.84±106.87)U/g·FW,168h SOD是(3021.26±16.96)U/g·FW],高浓度胁迫时“先降后升再降”[24h SOD是(2175.16±185.14)U/g·FW, 96h SOD是(5692.19±44.17)U/g·FW,168h SOD是(1297.70±11.52)U/g·FW];草鱼肾脏SOD活性在PCE所有浓度组胁迫均是“先降后升再降”的趋势;草鱼鳃组织SOD酶活性只有在PCE较低浓度短时间内没有显著变化,其它情况始终降低.在PCE低浓度和中等浓度胁迫时,草鱼肝胰脏POD活性始终降低,较低浓度和高浓度胁迫时肝胰脏POD活性“先降后升再降”;草鱼肾脏POD活性在PCE低浓度胁迫时“先升后降再升又降”的趋势,而高浓度胁迫时“先降后升又降”;PCE对草鱼鳃组织POD活性“先升后降”的趋势.但是草鱼鳃组织的SOD和POD活性明显低于肝胰脏和肾脏组织的SOD和POD活性.     

联苯胺对线粒体抗氧化酶活性及同工酶的影响

不同浓度联苯胺(0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0mg/mL),以体外染毒方式作用于武昌鱼-团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)肝脏线粒体,研究了武昌鱼肝脏线粒体两种主要抗氧化酶[谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]活性的变化,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析了其同工酶谱.结果显示0.5,1.0mg/mL联苯胺激活GSH-Px, 0.5mg/mL联苯胺激活SOD,而1.5, 2.0mg/mL联苯胺抑制这两种酶的活性;另外,在GSH-Px同工酶谱中呈现出特异性标志酶gsh4.     

六氯苯对离体鱼肝线粒体抗氧化酶的作用

采用差速离心法从鲫鱼肝脏中提取线粒体,用不同浓度(0,2,4,8,16,32mg/L)六氯苯对其体外染毒30min.测定线粒体超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析其同工酶谱,并检测线粒体中丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果显示,SOD和GSH-Px活性及其同工酶的活性表达均呈现出低浓度六氯苯作用下被激活,高浓度六氯苯作用下被抑制的变化趋势.在高浓度六氯苯(32mg/L)作用下线粒体中MDA含量显著增加.说明六氯苯的毒性作用可能为一种自由基机制,即低浓度的六氯苯导致线粒体内活性氧自由基(ROS)生成量少量增加,SOD和GSH-Px及其同工酶活性由于氧化应激的诱导被激活;随着六氯苯浓度增加,线粒体内ROS生成量大量增加,并破坏了SOD和GSH-Px的抗氧化活性,导致其活力下降或丧失,自由基含量增加,线粒体脂质过氧化加剧.     

稀土元素在鱼体内脏中的富集及对肝脏中酶活性的影响

以鲫鱼为研究对象,研究了稀土元素（Gd和Y）在鱼体内脏各器官中的富集及其对肝脏过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶水平的影响。研究结果表明,Y在鱼体各内脏器官中的富集顺序为：肝＞胆＞肾＞卵＞脾;Gd在鱼体各内脏器官中的富集顺序为：卵＞肝＞胆＞脾＞肾。二者在肝脏中的富集值均较高,在实验浓度范围中,稀士元素（Gd,Y）对鱼体肝中过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性均有明显的抑制作用。     

氯代硝基苯胺对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)血清抗氧化酶的影响

研究了2-氯-4-硝基苯胺、4-氯-3-硝基苯胺，2-氯-5-硝基苯胺对斑马鱼的急性毒性，96hLC50分别为6.99,2.58,8.63mg/L，为阐明氯化硝基苯胺类化合物对水生生物抗氧化酶的早期影响，将鲫鱼暴露于梯度浓度的2-氯-4-硝基苯胺，4-氯-3-硝基苯胺，2-氯-5-硝基苯胺中，研究鲫鱼血清SOD和GSH-PX活性短期（48h)内的变化，研究结果表明，在实验设置浓度下，随着暴露浓度升高，与空白对照组相比，3种化合物对SOD活性表现为先轻微激活后抑制，对GSH-PX活性先激活再抑制后有所回升，表明3种化合物对鲫鱼血清SOD和GSH-PX活性有显著影响，与3种化合物96hLC50相比，引起生化效应的暴露浓度明显降低，且反应快速，可考虑SOD和GSH-PX酶活性相结合作为该类化合物对水环境污染胁迫的敏感生物指示物。     

Cd、Cu和Pb复合污染对蚯蚓抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用蚯蚓毒性试验和均匀组合设计(Cd:0~15 mg·kg-1,Cu:0~175 mg·kg-1,Pb:0~600 mg·kg-1)方法,以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)为试验蚓种,研究了土壤中重金属Cd、Cu、Pb复合污染对蚯蚓体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和酸性磷酸酶(AP)活性的影响,为重金属污染土壤的生物学诊断和风险评价提供科学依据.结果表明,Cd、Cu、Pb复合胁迫对蚯蚓SOD、GST和AP活性产生显著的诱导效应,酶活性与重金属含量及其持续时间密切相关:蚯蚓SOD活性在暴露前8 d因受重金属胁迫比第0 d增加了7.4%~240.5%,之后因胁迫过强被抑制,比第8 d下降了19.4%~69.7%.GST活性则在暴露前16 d持续增加了104.3%~217.3%,之后受抑制比第16 d下降了1.2%~40.3%.AP活性随时间呈"促进-抑制-促进-抑制"变化,在第8 d受胁迫比第0 d下降了9.2%~37.8%,至第16 d产生适应比第8 d增加了37.2%~117.2%,但最终因胁迫过强比第16 d下降了24.3%~34.0%.回归分析表明,Pb和Cd-Cu-Pb对SOD活性的产生影响最为显著,Cd和Cu则显著影响了GST和AP活性.     

性畸变疣荔枝螺体内保护酶系统活力的研究

以疣荔枝螺（Thais clavigera）为研究材料,取不同程度性畸变雌性个体,以生存于同一生境中的雄性个体为对照,检测了性畸变个体与正常雌性和雄性超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、脂质过氧化物（LPO）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的差异,探讨TBT对性畸变个体SOD、LPO及CAT活性的影响。结果表明,疣荔枝螺性畸变程度愈严重,以上生化指标的差异愈明显,并呈现一定的规律性。     

太湖营养状态对沉积物中总汞和甲基汞分布特征的影响

为探讨营养状态对太湖沉积物汞的分布及其甲基化的影响,以太湖不同营养水平的湖区为研究对象,采用PSA和GC-CVAFS方法,分别测定了沉积物总汞(THg)、甲基汞(MeHg)含量;另测定了沉积物有机质含量和水体总氮、总磷浓度.结果显示,太湖表层沉积物THg含量为32.30~150.28ng/g,均值为62.94ng/g,含量高低与营养化程度一致,其垂向分布主要受到人为活动和有机质的影响;MeHg含量为0.32~1.01ng/g,均值为0.51ng/g,不同营养水平的湖湾区MeHg含量差别不大,其分布受有机质的影响,高含量富集在表层,随深度的增加逐渐降低并趋于稳定;甲基化比率比较低主要是太湖水体溶解氧含量高抑制了甲基化过程.     

NH4-N对牙鲆幼鱼肝中超氧化物歧化酶活性及脂质过氧化物含量的影响

本实验研究了短期内不同NH4-N浓度(1～4 mg/L)暴露对牙鲆幼鱼肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明,在本实验剂量及实验时间范围内,牙鲆肝组织中SOD活性随暴露浓度的增加及时间的延长而升高,表现为明显的诱导效应;NH4-N对牙鲆肝组织中MDA含量变化没有明显的影响.     

高浓度铬对凤眼莲的伤害及膜脂过氧化作用的影响

为了初步探讨在高浓度重金属胁迫下凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)的生理变化,通过急性实验法从活性氧伤害角度探讨铬伤害凤眼莲的机理.结果表明,在高浓度(50ppm)铬污染下,凤眼莲叶片中SOD和CAT活性以及叶绿索α的含量明显下降,组织电解质外渗率和MDA含量明显升高,与对照值之间的差异达显著水平(P<0.05);叶片中H_2O_2含量无明显变化.     

Cd-Zn对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的联合毒性及对肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响

以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)为实验材料,研究并比较了重金属镉(Cd)与锌(Zn)对草鱼的单一与联合毒性.在此基础上,根据水生毒理联合效应指数相加法原理,利用生物测定计数型机值分析得到毒性单位浓度LC50值进行判断.结果表明,Cd对草鱼的毒性大于Zn.Cd、Zn对草鱼96h的半致死浓度分别为26.87和33.14mg·L-1;Cd与Zn对草鱼的联合毒性在48h为拮抗作用,在96h表现为协同作用.以草鱼肝脏组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性影响为指标,Cd与Zn的联合作用与Cd、Zn的暴露剂量和暴露时间都有密切关系:草鱼肝脏SOD活性应激反应对低浓度Zn(0.4TU)暴露较敏感,对高浓度Cd(0.8TU)的暴露较敏感,SOD活性能迅速产生应激性升高;48h时Cd与Zn的联合毒性显示为拮抗作用,96h时Cd与Zn的联合毒性显示为协同作用.     

铝胁迫下外源钙对外生菌根真菌抗氧化保护酶活性的影响

采用液体培养方法,研究了4个不同菌株(Bo 02、Bo 15、Pt 715和Sl 08)的抗铝性及其在铝胁迫下加入0、0.25、0.5、1.0 mmol.-1L-1Ca2+处理后抗氧化保护酶活性的变化,旨在了解钙在缓解外生菌根真菌铝毒方面的作用.结果表明,不同菌株抗铝性不同,Pt 715和Sl 08的抗铝性强于Bo 02和Bo 15.铝胁迫可显著提高外生菌根真菌Bo 02 CAT和SOD活性、Bo 15SOD活性、Sl 08 CAT和POD活性,说明外生菌根真菌中这几种酶活性的提高与铝毒胁迫密切相关.4个菌株中,Bo 02酶活性对外源钙最敏感,外源钙对Bo 02铝胁迫的缓解作用最好.较高浓度的钙(≥0.5 mmol.L-1)可缓解或消除Sl 08铝胁迫造成的抗氧化酶活性上升.     

Effect of Cd on GSH and GSH-related enzymes of Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L existing in Antarctic ice

Glutathione(GSH) and GSH-related enzymes play a great role in protecting organisms from oxidative damage. The GSH level and GSH-related enzymes activities were investigated as well as the growth yield and malonyldialdehyde(MDA) content in the Antarctic ice microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L exposure to the different cadmium concentration in this paper. The results showed that the higher concentration Cd inhibited the growth of ICE-L significantly and Cd would induce formation of MDA. At the same time, it is clear that GSH level, glutathione peroxidases(GPx) activity and glutathione S-transferases(GST), activity were higher in ICE-L exposed to Cd than the control. But GR activity dropped notably when ICE-L were cultured in the medium containing Cd. Increase of GSH level, GPx and GST activities acclimate to oxidative stress induced by Cd and protect Antarctic ice microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L from toxicity caused by Cd exposure. These parameters may be used to assess the biological impact of Cd in the Antarctic pole region environment.     

苯并(a)芘和芘暴露对梭鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

在实验生态条件下，浓度范围0．1－0．5ug/L的苯并（a)芘和芘的短期暴露（7d),50ug/L浓度组造成梭鱼肝脏SOD活性先抑制后诱导的效应，5ug/L浓度在7d的暴露中，SOD活性未出现诱导而是抑制。同样在50ug/L浓度下，苯并（a)芘暴露4d后SOD活性出现诱导，而芘在暴露7d后才出现诱导，这间接反映了苯并（a)芘和芘的毒性大小。这些结果说明梭鱼肝脏SOD活性与苯并（a)芘和芘暴露有一定的相关性，可以作为海洋环境多环芳烃污染监测的一种生物标志物。     

Cobalt and manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis （Prymnesiophyceae）： Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

Pollution of marine environment has become an issue of major concern in recent years.Serious environmental pollution by heavy metals results from their increasing utilization in industrial processes and because most heavy metals are transported into the marine environment and accumulated without decomposition.The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects on growth,pigments, lipid peroxidation,and some antioxidant enzyme activities of marine microalga Pavlova viridis,in response to elevated concentrations of cobalt(Co)and manganese(Mn),especially with regard to the involvement of antioxidative defences against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress.In response to Co~(2 ),lipid peroxidation was enhanced compared to the control,as an indication of the oxidative damage caused by metal concentration assayed in the microalgal cells but not Mn~(2 ).Exposure of Pavlova viridis to the two metals caused changes in enzyme activities in a different manner,depending on the metal assayed:after Co~(2 )treatments,total superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity was irregular,although it was not significantly affected by Mn~(2 )exposure.Co~(2 )and Mn~(2 )stimulated the activities of catalase(CAT)and glutathione(GSH),whereas,ghitathione peroxidase(GPX)showed a remarkable increase in activity in response to Co~(2 )treatments and decreased gradually with Mn~(2 )concentration,up to 50μmol/L,and then rose very rapidly,reaching to about 38.98% at 200μmol/L Mn~(2 ).These results suggest that an activation of some antioxidant enzymes was enhanced,to counteract the oxidative stress induced by the two metals at higher concentration.     

Effects of insoluble Zn, Cd, and EDTA on the growth, activities of antioxidant enzymes and uptake of Zn and Cd in Vetiveria zizanioides

A root-bag experiment was conducted to study the effects of insoluble Zn, Cd and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the plant growth, activities of antioxidant enzymes, proline, glutathione (GSH), water-soluble proteins and malondialdehyde (MDA) of Vetiveria zizanioides, and its uptake capacity of Zn and Cd.The results showed that plant growth of V.zizanioides was inhibited by Zn and Cd.The shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) decrease by 0.3%, 8.0%, 9.4% and 10.4%, 15.1%, 24.2% compared to the control without EDTA addition, respectively.After adding EDTA, shoot and root dry weight decreased over 10% and 15% compared to results in the absence of EDTA, respectively.The toxicity from insoluble Zn and Cd in soil on SDW and RDW of V.zizanioides was in order: Zn+Cd > Cd > Zn.The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and contents of MDA and proline significantly increased, while the contents of GSH and water-soluble proteins markedly decreased with increasing Zn and Cd toxicity.With EDTA, shoot and root Zn concentrations increased in the Zn treatment by 7.3% and 37.4% compared to the plants grown in absence of EDTA.Shoot and root Cd concentrations in the combined Zn and Cd treatment with EDTA increased by 18.6% and 391.9% compared to the treatment without EDTA.However, Zn and Cd concentrations in shoot and roots decreased in the Cd treatment compared to the plants grown in absence of EDTA, with exception of root Cd concentration in the presence of EDTA).     

The effects of exogenous salicylic acid on growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress

Salicylic acid （SA） was an essential component of the plant resistance to pathogens and also plays an important role in mediating plant response to some abiotic stress. The possible effects of SA on the growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress were studied. When rice seedlings grown in nutrient solution containing Pb^2＋ （0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 mmol/L） for 18 d, the plant biomass as well as the chlorophyll content of leaves decreased with increasing Pb concentration. The pre-treatment with SA （treated with 0.1 mmol/L SA for 48 h before Pb stress） partially protected seedlings from Pb toxicity. The chlorophyll contents were significant higher in leaves of Pb-exposed with SA pre-treatment seedlings than in Pb-exposed plants at the same Pb intensity. SA pre-treated alone could significantly increase the length of shoot and root of seedlings but the vigour difference was not marked under long-term exposure to Pb toxicity. SA pre-treated influence the H2O2 level in leaves of seedlings by up-regulating the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, repressing the activity of catalase （CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） depending on the concentrations of Pb^2＋ in the growth medium. The results supported the conclusion that SA played a positive role in rice seedlings against Pb toxicity.     

2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)污染沉积物对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏的SOD、CAT和EROD活性的影响

以实验室培养的铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeroginosa)为受试生物,研究了2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)污染沉积物对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和7-乙氧基-3-异吩唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响,以揭示BDE-47与这些酶活性之间的剂量-效应和时间-效应关系.结果表明,不同水平BDE-47污染沉积物暴露后,铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏SOD和CAT活性表现出较为明显的剂量或时间依赖性效应,BDE-47可引起铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏的氧化应激,高剂量(≥160ng.g-1)BDE-47的长时间暴露可导致SOD和CAT活性显著下降,提示细胞出现氧化损伤.SOD对BDE-47胁迫的敏感性高于CAT.铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏中SOD和CAT可以作为指示低水平BDE-47污染沉积物胁迫的生物标志物.BDE-47不能诱导铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏EROD活性,但高剂量(≥160ng.g-1)或长时间BDE-47暴露则导致EROD活性显著降低.