闽东某钼矿周边农田土壤钼和重金属的污染状况

调查了闽东某钼矿周边农田土壤和稻米钼及重金属的污染状况,对土壤钼的人体健康风险进行了评价,探讨了土壤钼的安全阈值。结果表明,部分土壤遭受了铜和镉的污染,以轻度污染为主;部分稻米出现镍和镉的污染,以轻度污染为主;土壤全钼含量为3.30~325.6 mg/kg,最高值高出福建省土壤中钼的环境背景值87倍,说明该区土壤已遭受严重的钼污染。稻米钼含量为0.58~12.04 mg/kg,对人体具有很高的健康风险;根据稻米钼含量与土壤钼含量之间的关系和人体健康风险评价结果,推算出土壤中钼(全钼)的安全阈值不高于4.51 mg/kg。     

污灌农田土壤镉污染状况及分布特征研究

对沈阳郊区某河沿岸部分乡镇的污灌农田土壤中重金属全镉含量进行了分析,评价了土壤镉污染状况,并探讨了该河沿岸土壤中镉的沿程分布特征、横向分布特征和垂向分布特征.结果表明,农田土壤重金属镉含量范围为0.15～8.23mg/kg,均值为1.75mg/kg.用土壤环境质量标准二级标准值对土壤中的全镉含量进行评价,平均镉污染指数为5.95,为重度污染;用土壤背景值标准评价,平均镉污染指数为5.95,超过当地背景值水平8.39倍,污灌已造成该地区重金属镉污染,且污染程度十分严重.该河渠从上游到下游,沿岸土壤镉含量呈降低趋势;横向分布上,距离该河渠越远,镉含量有逐渐减少的趋势;垂向分布上,表层土壤镉含量最高.     

TCLP法对天津市农田重金属生态风险评价

TCLP法是用缓冲剂提取重金属的一种方法,该法评价重金属生态风险在美国已开展多年。利用TCLP法对天津市某农田土壤重金属进行生态风险评价,结果表明,在采集的23个样品中有效态铜、铅、锌、镉的含量范围为1.13~5.26、2.11~5.22、2.60~30.6、1.09×10-3~77.9×10-3mg/kg,普遍低于铜、铅、锌、镉在土壤中的总量(22.1~66.8、21.2~50.6、56.8~445、0.04~0.20 mg/kg)。镉的TCLP有效态与总量的差别最大。锌、铅存在轻微污染,污染率分别为21.7%、4.3%。     

北江底泥中重金属污染特征及生态危害评价

测定了北江五个监测断面的底泥中重金属镉、铬、铜、铅、锌的含量,镉含量在11.7-76.0mg/ks之间,铬含量在46.5-112.3mg/kg之间,铜含量在62.0～173.7mg/kg之间,铅含量在148.7-491.0mg/kg之间,锌含量在303.3-1453.0mg/kg之间,这五种重金属含量均超出广东省土壤背景值和我国湖泊底泥中重金属的平均值.经计算,北江底泥中这五种重金属具有较强的相关性(相关系数在0.89～0.99之间),表明其具有同源性.采用瑞典学者Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对北江五个底泥监测断面的镉、铬、铜、铅、锌进行了潜在生态危害评价,其潜在生态危害指数均大于600,表明北江五个底泥采样断面的重金属潜在生态危害均为很强.     

某灌区土壤中重金属镉污染调查

对沈阳市郊某污灌区土壤中重金属镉的污染状况进行了调查.结果表明,2000年土壤中镉质量比为0.23 mg/kg～5.55 mg/kg,最高值超标17.5倍;平均值为2.02 mg/kg,属严重污染,污染程度仍处在停耕前水平;污灌区土壤镉含量与土壤深度有关,深度为16 cm～30 cm污染最重,51 cm～80 cm污染最轻.     

德阳市农用地土壤中镉的分布特征及异常来源分析

通过龙门山区域的德阳市6个县市农用地土壤中镉的采样监测,分析了该区域镉的分布特征及区域分异原因,并对其环境生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,德阳市农用地土壤中镉含量总体水平为0.11~4.68 mg/kg,呈现西北到东南逐渐降低的分布特征;西北部绵竹和什邡市农用地土壤中镉出现超标的范围较广,2个城市约62.5%的监测点土壤中镉出现超标,且绵竹市农用地土壤中镉超标程度和生态风险程度最重,绵竹地区约25%的监测点土壤中镉出现了轻中度超标;监测区域土壤中镉出现较重生态风险点共有4个,均出现在绵竹;但较高含量的镉在该区域并非大范围连片存在;区域农用地土壤中镉异常的来源主要为龙门山中段的地质背景和部分以矿石为原料企业的综合影响。     

重庆市清水溪底泥中镉污染的潜在生态风险评价

采用地累积指数和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,通过分析清水溪18个采样点底泥中典型重金属镉的含量,定量确定了清水溪底泥中重金属镉的污染程度和潜在生态风险程度。结果表明,清水溪流域镉污染比较严重,上游比下游污染严重,而且在新桥到高滩岩段受到重金属镉的中强度污染,对周围环境存在极高的镉生态风险。在清水溪干流上采样点底泥中镉的质量浓度范围在0.38~1.48mg/kg之间,平均值0.88mg/kg,各支流底泥中镉的质量浓度范围为0.51~1.08mg/kg。对于清水溪各支流镉的污染程度与潜在生态风险程度由高到低的排序为杨家沟>金竹沟>芭蕉沟>关井沟>石碾盘沟。     

油菜对铅镉污染土壤的修复效果研究

文章通过盆栽实验分析油菜在不同浓度下对土壤中铅、镉的富集能力,分别配制Pb+Cd浓度为0mg/kg+0mg/kg、200mg/kg+5mg/kg、500mg/kg+10mg/kg、1000mg/kg+15mg/kg、1500mg/kg+20mg/kg的5种模拟污染土壤,种植油菜5个月后收获,通过测定土壤中Pb、Cd的浓度,油菜地上部分、地下部分Pb、Cd的含量,油菜各部位的转运系数和富集系数,结果表明:油菜对土壤Pb、Cd污染具有一定的耐性,在土壤Pb浓度0~200mg/kg、Cd浓度0~5mg/kg范围内,对油菜的生长有促进作用。在土壤Pb浓度200~1500mg/kg、Cd浓度5~20mg/kg范围内,对油菜的生长有抑制作用。油菜根部、茎叶中和籽粒中对Pb的富集系数分别为8.92、11.19和7.66,对Cd的富集系数分别为59.01、80.44和52.42,油菜茎叶对Pb、Cd的富集能力最强。     

贵州省部分地区土壤中酞酸酯类污染现状调查

对贵州省部分地区表层土壤中酞酸酯类的污染状况进行了调查。分别在遵义地区、黔南地区、黔东南地区和毕节地区采集483个土壤样品分析,结果表明,样品中酞酸酯总质量比(ΣPAEs)为未检出~8.22 mg/kg,均值为0.63 mg/kg。其中DEHP和DBP为主要污染物,均值分别为0.32 mg/kg和0.24 mg/kg,检出率分别为90.89%和97.10%。     

江苏中部农业园小麦和土壤镉元素含量关系研究

为研究江苏中部农业园土壤和小麦镉元素含量［ω(Cd_soil)和ω（Cd_wheat）］关系,采集了土壤和小麦样品40组,采用多元线性回归分析方法建立ω(Cd_wheat)的预测模型。结果表明：（1）研究区表层土壤呈中性偏弱酸性,ω(Cd_soil)含量范围为0.083~0.239 mg/kg,平均值为0.152 mg/kg,均低于《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB 15618—2018）中农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,属于优先保护类土壤;（2）依据《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》（GB 2762—2017）中ω(Cd_wheat)限定值(0.1 mg/kg),小麦籽实Cd超标率为10%;（3）ω(Cd_wheat)主要受表层ω(Cd_soil)控制,同时受到土壤钼（Mo）、铅（Pb）、砷（As）、钙（Ca）和镉（Cd）等元素有效态影响,另外,还受土壤理化性质（pH值和有机质）的影响。     

Risk assessment and distribution of soil Pb in Guangdong, China

In this study, the spatial distributions of soil lead (Pb) concentration in three horizontal soils in Guangdong, China, were surveyed and analyzed using geostatistics and geography information systems (GIS). Findings indicated that the Pb geometric mean concentration of 23.3 mg/kg in surface soils was found to be higher than those in global soils, which ranged from 2.3–235 mg/kg. In addition, the Pb geometric mean concentrations from A- to C-horizon were found to be 23.3, 27.2, and 28.6 mg/kg, respectively. The classification of a soil Pb environmental risk in an area was likewise presented based on the different levels of environmental quality of Pb and was done by GIS technology. Accordingly, there is a higher local concentration of Pb in the surrounding areas of Guangzhou where there is higher population density and in the north of Guangdong, which is a historic mining area. The results obtained by the environmental risk assessment reveal that about 46% of total surveyed area was above the background value, that is, 2.7% of the total area was at risk of pollution.     

Monitoring of copper,arsenic and antimony levels in agricultural soils impacted and non-impacted by mining activities,from three regions in Chile

This paper reports a comparative study of the concentration of three important environmental elements that are often found together in mineral deposits and then associated with mining activities; copper, arsenic and antimony. These elements were determined in 26 different agricultural soils from regions I, II and V in Chile, zones where the most important and biggest copper industries of this country are located. As background levels of these elements in soils have not been well established, in this study, both, impacted and non-impacted agricultural soils from different regions were considered. The relationships between the concentrations of these elements in soils were also examined. The concentration ranges for copper, arsenic and antimony were 11-530; 2.7-202 and 0.42-11 mg kg(-1) respectively. The copper concentrations in non-polluted soils from the north and central zone of Chile were similar. However, three sites from the north region have copper concentration as higher as 100 mg kg(-1), values that exceed the critical concentration for copper in soils. The concentration of arsenic and antimony in the north soils were higher than in non-impacted ones and, in the case of arsenic, greatly exceeded the world average concentration reported for this element in soils. The highest arsenic and antimony concentrations were found in Calama and Quillagua soils, two different sites in the Loa valley. The arsenic/antimony concentration ratio was higher in Quillagua soil. The high concentrations of three elements determined in impacted soils from region V (Puchuncaví and Catemu valleys) clearly shows the impact produced in this zone by the industrial and mining activities developed in their proximities. At Puchuncaví valley a clear decrease was observed in copper, arsenic and antimony concentrations in soils on the function of the distance from the industrial complex "Las Ventanas", and all concentrations exceeded the reported critical values for this matrix. Instead at Catemu valley, only the copper concentration was higher than this value. Statistically significant correlation was found for Cu-Sb in all soils; more significant Cu-As, Cu-Sb and Sb-As correlations were evaluated for soils from Puchuncaví and Catemu valleys, corroborating that high concentrations of copper, arsenic and antimony in these soils coming from the same pollution sources, the copper industry and the thermoelectric power plant.     

Distribution and sources of mercury in soils from former industrialized urban areas of Beijing, China

Fifty-seven typical surface soils and 108 deeper soils were collected from five former industrial sites in Beijing and concentrations of total Hg (SigmaHg) as well as pH, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulfur, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations determined. The mean concentration of SigmaHg in surface soils was significantly greater than background concentrations in the vicinity of Beijing. Forty-eight percent of the samples exceeded the "critical" concentration of 1.0 mg Hg/kg, dry weight in soils, which has been established by the Chinese government. At depths of 0-80 cm in the soil, profile concentrations of SigmaHg also exceeded the background value. There were significant correlations between concentrations of SigmaHg, TC, and TN in the industrial soils. The greater concentration of SigmaHg in most soils could have been due in part to combustion of coal and leakage from industrial processes.     

Variation of heavy metal and micro and macro element concentrations of bread and durum wheats and their relationship in grain of Turkish wheat cultivars

The 64 varieties displayed a large variation for all mineral elements, investigated Fe, Mn and Zn, ranging from 24.2 to 43.1 mg/kg, 27.6 to 64.8 mg/kg and 10.4 to 38.2 mg/kg, respectively. The mean Ca, K, Mg, Na, P and S concentrations in wheat rain varieties amounted to 378, 4,266, 1,183, 317, 3,513 and 1,542 mg/kg, respectively. Ca, K, Mg, Na, P and S contents of wheat varieties changed at the levels between 266 and 531 mg/kg, 3,029 and 5,566 mg/kg, 972 and 1,525 mg/kg, 277 and 368 mg/kg, 2,422 and 4,610 mg/kg and 1,241 to 2,052 mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of Al, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn of durum wheat samples were found at high levels. The mean Al, Cr, Mo, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations in durum wheat varieties amounted to 10.93, 0.47, 0.72, 0.72, 5.37, 34.9, 37.28 and 20.88 mg/kg, respectively.     

Levels of PAHs in the soils of Belgrade and its environs

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed in 39 soil samples (0–10 cm upper layer) collected in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. The sampling sites were randomly selected from urban, urban/recreational and rural areas; the samples were collected in April and December 2003 and July and October 2004. The sum of the 16 PAHs corresponding to the recreational zone (298 μg/kg) was close to the urban zone (375 μg/kg). Mean soil ΣPAH concentration from rural areas was 18 μg/kg dry weight. Comparing to values observed in the urbanized locations around the world, the overall levels of PAHs in this study are low. The PAH ratios obtained pointed to a domination of pyrogenically formed PAHs in the examined soils. The dominant PAHs in soil samples in urban zones were fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene, mostly emitted from noncatalyst vehicles which are still in use in Serbia. The total carcinogenic potency for each sampling site was calculated. Regardless of the used carcinogenic activity factors, carcinogenic potency of 7 sites were 3–9 times higher than the reference ones indicating the increased carcinogenic burden of soils from these sites.     

Arsenic and heavy metal concentrations in surface soils and vegetables of Feni district in Bangladesh

An investigation of various heavy metals including the arsenic (As) poisoning in soils and vegetables in five upazillas under Feni district of Bangladesh was performed by neutron activation technique using the neutron irradiation facilities of TRIGA MARK II research reactor at Bangladesh Atomic Energy Research Establishment (BAERE), Savar, Dhaka. A total of 30 samples (15 surface soils and 15 foodstuffs) were studied in five Upazillas namely as, Sonagazi, Dagan Bhuiya, Feni Sadar, Fulgazi and Parsuram of Feni district taking three samples of each kind from each upazilla. Samples of each kind together with the standard reference material (SRM) were irradiated in the same neutron flux and the gamma-rays of nuclides from the irradiated samples were assessed and screened for As, Br, U, Th, Cr, Sc, Fe, Zn and Co in soils and As, Br, Na, K, Cr, Sc, Fe, Zn and Co in vegetables (i.e; eddoe, taro, green papaya, plantain, potato, callaloo, bottle ground and carambola). The measurement of gamma-rays was carried out by means of a calibrated high resolution HPGe detector. The concentration of product nuclides containing in the irradiated samples was determined from the peak count-rates of prominent gamma-lines for the corresponding nuclides. Among all contaminants, only As, Zn and Cr for both samples were focused because of their higher values compared with the local as well as the world typical values. The present results revealed that the mean levels of As in Parsuram, Feni Sadar and Pulgazi upazillas are higher than the world typical value of 2 mg/kg. The mean values of Zn and Cr for all upazillas are higher than the world typical values 32 and 27.9 mg/kg, respectively. For the case of vegetables, the mean concentration of As is found only in Eddoe (5.33 ppm) and Taro (1.46 ppm) collected from Sonagazi and Feni Sadar upazilla; which are higher than the values in Samta (0.1 ppm for eddoe and 0.44 ppm for taro) under Jessore district of Bangladesh. The mean concentrations of Zn and Cr in all kinds of vegetables are higher compared with the existing local values as well as the world typical values. The mean estimated daily dietary intake of As, Zn and Cr from vegetables are found to be 0.105, 12.47 and 3.53 mg respectively, which are higher than the recommended values of some countries. The consumption of toxic metals in vegetables is a risk for public health in the studied area.     

Speciation of mercury in mine waste: case study of abandoned and active gold mine sites at the Bibiani–Anwiaso–Bekwai area of South Western Ghana

Speciation determines toxicity, transport pathways and residence time of a metal in different compartments of the environment. This study investigated the speciation of mercury in soils, derived from sites known for dumping of mine wastes in the Bibiani–Anwiaso–Bekwai district, a gold mining community of the Western Region of Ghana. Soil samples were taken from the surface; depths of 20, 40 and 60?cm from mine waste at both abandoned and active mine sites. Each sample was analysed for total mercury, organic mercury and elemental mercury. After sample treatment, digestion and reduction with stannous chloride (SnCl₂), total mercury content was determined using the Inductively Coupled Plasma—Optical Emissions Spectrometer (ICP–OES). Organic mercury content was determined employing a differential technique after disposing of elemental mercury by heating. Total mercury content in samples ranged from 0.067 to 0.876?mg/kg for surface soils. The same soil of depths 20, 40 and 60?cm had total mercury from 0.102 to 1.066, 0.037 to 4.037 and 0.191 to 4.998?mg/kg, respectively. For organic mercury, concentrations range from 0.012 to 0.260?mg/kg for surface soil. Soil depths of 20, 40 and 60?cm had organic mercury concentrations from 0.016 to 0.653, 0.041 to 1.093 and 0.101 to 2.546?mg/kg respectively. Elemental mercury concentrations in surface soils, soils at depths of 20, 40 and 60 cm ranged from 0.043 to 0.780; 0.017 to 0.749; 0.014 to 2.944 and 0.009 to 2.452 mg/kg respectively. Among the sites studied, only galamsey tailings (GM) showed a trend of increasing total mercury level with increasing depth. For the other sites, trends were not defined. There has been no defined trend for elemental mercury with depth at any of the sampling sites. Just as with total mercury, it was only GM that showed an increasing trend of organic mercury concentration with depth.     

Soil Contamination Due to Heavy Metals from an Industrial Area of Surat, Gujarat, Western India

The pollution of soil is a source of danger to the health of people, even to those living in cities. The anthropogenic pollution caused by heavy industries enters plants then goes through the food chain and ultimately endangers human health. In the context, the knowledge of the regional variability, the background values and anthropogenic vs. natural origin of potentially harmful elements in soils is of critical importance to assess human impact. The present study was undertaken on soil contamination in Surat, Gujarat (India). The aims of the study were: i) to determine extent and distribution of heavy metals (Ba, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, Sr, V and Zn) ii) to find out the large scale variability, iii) to delineate the source as geogenic or anthropogenic based on the distribution maps and correlation of metals in soils. Soil samples were collected from the industrial area of Surat from top 10 cm layer of the soil. These samples were analysed for heavy metals by using Philips PW 2440 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The data reveal that soils in the area are significantly contaminated, showing higher levels of toxic elements than normal distribution. The heavy metal loads of the soils in the study area are 471.7 mg/kg for Ba, 137.5 mg/kg for Cu, 305.2 mg/kg for Cr, 51.3 mg/kg for Co, 79.0 mg/kg for Ni, 317.9 mg/kg for Sr, 380.6 mg/kg for V and 139.0 mg/kg for Zn. The higher concentrations of these toxic metals in soils need to be monitored regularly for heavy metal enrichment.     

Analysis of Lead Levels in Local Jordanian and Imported Sheep Meat and Organs Using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A total of two hundred and forty random samples were collected equally from mutton, liver and kidney of 40 local (Jordanian) and 40 imported Australian sheep (40 each sub sample). Fresh samples were collected from 12–18 m old sheep slaughtered in abattoirs in Jordan in 2002. Besides, 40 fresh mutton samples of imported Chinese sheep were collected from different markets. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to estimate the lead (Pb) content of the samples. Results indicated that Australian mutton had significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean of lead pollution than that of the local and Chinese muttons. The mean concentration of lead (mg/kg) in Australian, local and Chinese muttons was 4.30, 3.15 and 2.17, respectively. The mean concentration of lead in Australian sheep liver was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that recorded in the local sheep liver. The mean concentration of Pb in Australian and local sheep liver was 5.69 and 4.52 mg/kg, respectively. The mean concentrations of Pb in the kidney of the Australian and local sheep were not significantly different (p > 0.05). They were 4.59 and 3.87 mg/kg, respectively.On the basis of the samples lead level, 85, 92 and 87.5% of local, Australian and Chinese mutton respectively, exceeded the international safe permissible limit of 1.0 mg/kg. Furthermore, the effect of Pb on animal and human health was discussed.     

宽甸土壤及部分农作物中硼的分布及污染分析

用ICP-MS测定了辽宁宽甸23个土壤样品中的硼。背景地区和污染地区的土壤硼含量分别在 39.2～82.4mg/kg和133～1195mg/kg之间。其中硼矿开采区的土壤硼含量高达1195mg/kg。还用同样的方法分析了背景地区和污染地区几种农作物中硼的含量,结果表明,背景地区的大豆、土豆、玉米和豆角的硼含量(干基)分别为:37.4～47.9、5.8～6.3、24.4～25.5和1.24～2.74mg/kg,而污染地区相应农作物的硼含量分别为:34.0、12.0～12.8、40.7和2.48～2.64mg/kg。