Anaerobic digestion of thermo-oxidized excess municipal sludge.

The effect of a thermo-oxidative co-treatment placed between the two reactors of two-stage anaerobic digestion of excess municipal sludge was studied. The oxidant used was hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and moderate temperatures below the boiling point of water were considered. The first experiment was to elucidate the effect of two different temperatures (65 and 90 degrees C) of oxidation using a constant oxidant dose of 1.0 g H2O2/g influent volatile suspended solids (VSSinfluent). The use of thermo-oxidative co-treatment increased overall solids destruction by 24.9 and 33.5%, respectively, when operating at 65 and 90 degrees C, respectively. Because of this significant effect of temperature on the performance of the process, a second experiment was conducted using the higher temperature of 90 degrees C while decreasing the hydrogen peroxide dosage to 0.5, 0.25, and 0.1 g H2O2/g VSSinfluent. An increase in solids destruction of 13.9, 18.9, and 25.6% was observed when the thermo-oxidative co-treatment was used using oxidant dosages of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 g H2O2/g VSSinfluent, respectively.     

Steam-explosion pretreatment for enhancing anaerobic digestion of municipal wastewater sludge.

This study evaluated the use of steam explosion as a pretreatment for municipal wastewater treatment sludges and biosolids as a technique for enhancing biogas generation during anaerobic digestion. Samples of dewatered anaerobic digester effluent (biosolids) and a mixture of thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) and biosolids were steam-exploded under differing levels of intensity in this study. The results indicate that steam explosion can solublize components of these sludge streams. Increasing the intensity of the steam-explosion pressure and temperature resulted in increased solublization. The steam-explosion pretreatment also increased the bioavailability of sludge components under anaerobic digestion conditions. Increasing the steam-explosion intensity increased the ultimate yield of methane during anaerobic digestion. Batch anaerobic digestion tests suggested that pretreatment at 300 psi was the most optimal condition for enhanced biogas generation while minimizing energy input. Semicontinuous anaerobic digestion revealed that the results that were observed in the batch tests were sustainable in prolonged operation. Semicontinuous digestion of the TWAS/biosolids mixture that was pretreated at 300 psi generated approximately 50% more biogas than the controls. Semicontinuous digestion of the pretreated biosolids resulted in a 3-fold increase in biogas compared with the controls. Based on capillary suction test results, steam-explosion pretreatment at 300 psi improved the dewaterability of the final digested sludge by 32 and 45% for the TWAS/ biosolids mixture and biosolids, respectively, compared with controls. The energy requirements of the nonoptimized steam-explosion process were substantially higher than the additional energy produced from enhanced digestion of the pretreated sludge. Substantial improvements in energy efficiency will be required to make the process viable from an energy perspective.     

High-solids anaerobic digestion of municipal sludge pretreated by thermal hydrolysis

High-solids anaerobic digestion can consistently achieve 55 to 60% volatile solids destruction after thermal hydrolysis pretreatment, which reduces its viscosity and increases the fraction of soluble organic matter. For feed sludge with total solids concentrations between 6.8 and 8.2%, the process is stable at hydraulic retention times of 9 to 12 days, significantly increasing the treatment capacity of existing digesters or, in treatment plants without spare capacity, helping to postpone, reduce, or even avoid costly infrastructure investments. Process stability is related to the high concentration of soluble organic matter in the digesters. High-solids temperature-phased digestion appears to be superior to high-solids mesophilic digestion, with respect to process flexibility and stability, biosolids stabilization, and biogas generation, although ammonia inhibition may have occurred. Implementation of high-solids digestion could significantly reduce operation and maintenance costs of solids-handling operations.     

污泥投配率对污泥中温厌氧消化效果影响的试验研究

试验装置采用半连续流污泥中温厌氧消化反应器,污泥培养接近成熟后开始每天按不同污泥投配率加泥和排泥.结果表明:污泥投配率在3%～10%时,有机物分解率先增大后减小,去除率均在30%以上;污泥投配率在15%和20%时,污泥的有机物去除率非常小;污泥投配率在5%时,有机物分解率最大为41.2%;单位VSS产气量随污泥投配率的增大而呈先急剧上升后逐渐下降的趋势,当污泥投配率为5%时,单位VSS产气量为0.60 L/g,符合美国污水处理厂设计手册标准,其他污泥投配率下该指标均小于0.4 L/g.因此,认为实验用污泥中温消化的最佳污泥投配率为5%,这时污泥的可消化性较好.     

硝酸盐对富磷剩余污泥厌氧消化的影响试验

以某采用 A/O 生物除磷工艺水质净化厂排出的富磷剩余污泥为研究对象,利用棕色消化瓶设计了 4 组厌氧消化试验,通过向其中投加NaNO3,考察硝酸盐对污泥消化过程的影响.结果表明,硝酸盐的存在导致 VSS 平均变化速率比空白样快 28.09 mg/(L·d),并且对污泥消化过程中的产甲烷阶段有一定的抑制作用;当硝酸盐存在时,厌氧氨氧化作用的发生导致上清液中的 N-NH4 变化速率减慢,硝酸盐对污泥消化过程中磷的释放有明显的抑制作用,当硝酸盐浓度高于 60 mg/L时,抑制作用明显.     

剩余污泥热水解厌氧消化中试研究

针对糖纸厂污水活性污泥法处理后剩余污泥进行热水解厌氧消化中试研究,结果表明,热水解预处理工艺能够有效改善污泥性质,SCOD与VFA分别提高5.2和7.6倍,在厌氧消化过程中随着水力停留时间(HRT)缩短,消化罐有机负荷和比沼气产率提高,在2.5 kg VS/(m3·d)、HRT=12 d条件下达到28.1 Nm3/t。整个厌氧消化过程中无过度酸化现象发生,沼气甲烷含量稳定,平均达到60%。     

臭氧预处理—厌氧消化工艺促进剩余污泥减量化的研究

主要研究了臭氧氧化对剩余污泥的破解效果及污泥厌氧消化效率的影响.结果表明,随着臭氧投加量的增加,悬浮物(SS)、可挥发性悬浮物(VSS)逐步减少,而剩余污泥上清液中的溶解性COD(SCOD)、总有机碳(TOC)、蛋白质和多糖则明显增加.经臭氧预处理(臭氧投加量为0.050 g(以每克SS计))后,剩余污泥中温(35℃)厌氧消化效率明显提高,经65d稳定运行后,总挥发性固体(TVS)去除率为67.58％,与未经臭氧预处理的剩余污泥相比提高50.61％;甲烷平均产率为0.303 L(以每克TVS计),与未经臭氧预处理的剩余污泥相比提高54.59％.可见,臭氧预处理能有效促进污泥厌氧消化,从而达到污泥减量的目的.     

微好氧预处理对市政污泥厌氧消化产甲烷的影响

针对目前市政污泥处理资源化与减量化效率低的问题,利用微好氧预处理技术进行预处理,提高其甲烷产量。利用有机物溶出效率、VSS减量、甲烷产量3项指标对预处理效果进行了评价;研究了不同参数条件下微好氧预处理对市政污泥厌氧消化产甲烷的影响;探讨了微好氧预处理对污泥胞外聚合物的影响。结果表明,微好氧预处理可以促进污泥溶解性有机物释放、提高VSS去除率;在最佳反应条件下(曝气强度0.30 m³·(min·m³)⁻¹、预处理时间12 h),相对于未经过预处理的工况,甲烷产量可提高26.77%;微好氧预处理对剩余污泥活性细胞的影响主要发生在胞外聚合物部分,同时也存在对活性微生物的破解作用。市政污泥经过微好氧预处理后,可有效提升后续中温厌氧消化或高温厌氧消化的甲烷产量。     

耐酸厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾

采用耐酸驯化的厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾,在酸性条件下（pH=4．5）,对实验装置容积负荷从1．0kgVS／（m3·d）分9次逐级增加到5．0kgVS／（m3·d）的过程进行了跟踪监测,并较深入地研究了驯化污泥代谢活性和处理效果。实验结果表明,pH4．5的耐酸厌氧消化污泥,最佳投加负荷约为4．5kgVS／（m3·d）,此负荷下容积产气率,CH4含量平均值均达最大,分别为1．68m3／（m3·d）,75．0％。耐酸厌氧消化装置持续增料运行46d,产甲烷菌仍能保持较高的活性,其COD去除率范围为40．4％-75．0％,仍能保持pH7．2时处理效果的65．0％-91．8％,表明在低pH、低碱度下实现稳定的产甲烷过程是可行的。     

耐酸厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾简

采用耐酸驯化的厌氧消化污泥处理餐厨垃圾,在酸性条件下（pH=4.5）,对实验装置容积负荷从1.0 kg VS/（m³·d）分9次逐级增加到5.0 kg VS/（m³·d）的过程进行了跟踪监测,并较深入地研究了驯化污泥代谢活性和处理效果。实验结果表明,pH 4.5的耐酸厌氧消化污泥,最佳投加负荷约为4.5 kg VS/（m³·d）,此负荷下容积产气率,CH₄含量平均值均达最大,分别为1.68 m³/（m³·d）,75.0%。耐酸厌氧消化装置持续增料运行46 d,产甲烷菌仍能保持较高的活性,其COD去除率范围为40.4%~75.0%,仍能保持pH 7.2时处理效果的65.0%~91.8%,表明在低pH、低碱度下实现稳定的产甲烷过程是可行的。     

Oxidative degradation of p-toluenesulfonic acid using hydrogen peroxide

The oxidative degradation of p-toluenesulfonic acid using thermally activated hydrogen peroxide was investigated. The concentrations of all aromatic and aliphatic intermediates were determined by means of HPLC. From the identification of all intermediates, a detailed reaction mechanism for the oxidative degradation of p-toluenesulfonic acid is proposed. Experiments show that the oxidation with hydrogen peroxide is an effective process for the destruction of organic pollutants. Only substoichiometric amounts of hydrogen peroxide are required to convert this refractory model compound to easily biodegradable substances.     

利用白云石回收污泥厌氧消化液中的磷

为经济有效地从污泥厌氧消化液中回收磷,构建了以白云石提供钙镁源的磷回收方法,探讨了磷回收的工艺条件与效果。通过盐酸酸化厌氧消化液以降低其碳酸盐含量,同时利用白云石溶于冷稀盐酸的特性使其钙镁缓慢释放到酸化的厌氧消化液中形成第一步磷回收体系,考察体系酸化pH、白云石与厌氧消化液的固液比以及反应pH对白云石的钙镁释放和磷回收效果的影响;第一步磷回收后的上清液为第二步厌氧消化液磷回收提供钙镁源,研究投加钙磷摩尔比对磷回收效果的影响。实验结果表明,当固液比为5.0时,在酸化pH为4.0～4.5且酸化溶出时间为10 h以及反应pH为9.0的条件下,第一步磷回收产物以磷酸钙盐沉淀为主,厌氧消化液磷回收率及回收产物含磷率（以P2O5计）分别达到99.43%和38.49%;第一步磷回收后的上清液按一定的钙磷摩尔比投加到酸化后的厌氧消化液中进行第二步磷回收,当投加钙磷摩尔比为0.20时,在反应pH为9.0的条件下,回收产物同时含有磷酸钙盐和磷酸铵镁,厌氧消化液中氮、磷回收率分别达到13.19%和90.90%,回收产物氮、磷含量（以P2O5计）分别为0.26%和39.58%;经XRD、XRF、ICP及SEM等分析表征,2步磷回收的产物以磷酸钙盐和磷酸铵镁为主要成分,杂质少。研究表明,利用白云石为钙镁源,通过分别构建不同的磷回收体系可以分步从污泥厌氧消化液中经济有效地回收磷,且磷回收率和回收产物含磷率高。     

不同热处理温度对污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响

污水处理厂污泥产生量日益增加,对环境的影响倍受关注。污泥除了含有大量的葡萄糖、蛋白质等有机物外,还包括大量的微生物,具有厌氧发酵产氢的潜能。通过批式实验系统研究了热处理污泥厌氧发酵产氢情况。研究结果表明,经过适当热处理,可以抑制耗氢菌,同时能保持产氢菌的活性,另外,对污泥还有一定的融胞作用,使污泥中溶解性的糖和蛋白质的含量增加,提高预处理污泥的产氢效率;最佳的热处理温度为75℃,处理后污泥进行厌氧发酵产氢的最大累积产氢量为18.32 mL,比产氢率3.49 mL/g VS。     

纤维素酶添加时间对碱性双氧水预处理玉米秸秆高温厌氧消化的影响

研究了纤维素酶添加时间对玉米秸秆高温厌氧消化的影响。玉米秸秆首先进行碱性双氧水预处理,结果表明,预处理最佳条件为NaOH投加量4 g/L,H2O2投加量17 g/L,固液比1:40,预处理时间4 h。预处理后的玉米秸秆在50℃下进行序批式高温厌氧消化,分别在发酵前期(第1天)、发酵中期(第10天)和发酵后期(第20天)向系统中添加15 mL(20 FPU/g)纤维素酶液。结果表明,添加纤维素酶能有效促进厌氧发酵过程中的生物质水解,对随后产酸产甲烷过程的直接影响较小。和对照组相比,发酵前期、中期和后期添加纤维素酶时系统的累积产气量分别提高18.66%、10.39%和1.93%,VS转化率分别提高13.51%、8.00%和2.90%。前期、中期和后期添加纤维素酶均能提高厌氧消化产气,但厌氧消化前期添加纤维素酶效果更为明显。     

剩余污泥混合对絮凝污泥厌氧消化的强化

为了考察絮凝污泥与剩余活性污泥混合中温(35℃)厌氧消化效果,分析了不同混合比例、不同投配率下的总化学需氧量(TCOD)去除率、挥发性固体(VS)降解效果,通过pH值与氨氮浓度的变化来分析各反应器的稳定性。结果表明:污泥混合后消化效果明显得到提高,且污泥消化效率随着投配率的增加先提高后下降。5%投配率时,絮凝污泥/剩余污泥(VS比)为1:2时厌氧消化效果最好,TCOD去除率达到47.8%,VS降解率达到46.8%,分解单位VS产气量达到了435 mL/g,pH值与氨氮浓度分别保持在7.4和269 mg/L左右,混合污泥厌氧消化系统较稳定。这说明与剩余污泥的混合消化能有效提高絮凝污泥的厌氧消化性能。污泥絮体的显微分析表明:厌氧消化过程中絮体面积百分比逐步减小,污泥结构逐步解体,可以解释污泥消化的微观过程。     

接种厌氧消化污泥EGSB反应器的快速启动

对接种市政消化污泥的EGSB反应器的启动进行实验研究以寻求快速启动EGSB反应器的有效方法.接种厌氧消化污泥EGSB反应器的成功启动仅需要46 d.在整个启动期保持适当的液体上升流速是非常重要的.启动初期,高液体上升流速能够将悬浮污泥冲出反应器,使适合聚集的微生物留在反应器内.接下来需要降低进水流量和液体上升流速以利于构建稳定的微生态系统,使高活性颗粒污泥尽快形成.然后适当提高液体上升流速能保持污水与微生物的良好接触,促进颗粒污泥内外高效传质,形成更加稳定高效的微生物群落结构.为尽快形成高活性颗粒污泥,保证产甲烷菌的最佳营养需求是关键,可通过考虑进水基质、微量营养元素和硫化物来提高其活性.     

接种厌氧消化污泥EGSB反应器的快速启动

对接种市政消化污泥的EGSB反应器的启动进行实验研究以寻求快速启动EGSB反应器的有效方法。接种厌氧消化污泥EGSB反应器的成功启动仅需要46d。在整个启动期保持适当的液体上升流速是非常重要的。启动初期，高液体上升流速能够将悬浮污泥冲出反应器，使适合聚集的微生物留在反应器内。接下来需要降低进水流量和液体上升流速以利于构建稳定的微生态系统，使高活性颗粒污泥尽快形成。然后适当提高液体上升流速能保持污水与微生物的良好接触，促进颗粒污泥内外高效传质，形成更加稳定高效的微生物群落结构。为尽快形成高活性颗粒污泥，保证产甲烷菌的最佳营养需求是关键，可通过考虑进水基质、微量营养元素和硫化物来提高其活性。     

高含固厌氧消化污泥流变特性

采用完全混合式反应器R1、R2和R3(搅拌频率分别设为不搅拌、每10 min转动5 min和每10 min转动8min),在序批式运行的状态下,考察了不同搅拌频率对高含固厌氧消化过程中污泥流变特性的影响,探究了污泥表观黏度降低的主要原因以及污泥流变特性与各项物化指标的关系。结果表明,各个反应器消化污泥表观黏度μ值在发酵的前4天均出现大幅降低,下降幅度依次达到73.3%、77.8%和80.0%,从厌氧装置设计和运行的角度来看,脱水污泥高含固厌氧消化具有可行性。各反应器消化污泥的含固率(total solid,TS)以及挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)占TS的比例VS/TS与表观黏度μ值以及稠度系数K值呈现显著性的指数关系,而污泥颗粒中胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的含量与污泥表观黏度之间的相关关系则较弱。厌氧消化的初始阶段,微生物(主要是水解菌与产酸菌)的作用是污泥黏度急剧降低的主要原因。     

污泥厌氧消化的人工神经网络模型

基于污泥固体停留时间(SRT)为20 d的污泥中温厌氧消化实验,建立一个3层BP神经网络,以前1~20 d的进泥挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)、当天消化罐pH值和碱度共22个参数为输入,预测污泥消化系统日产气量,结果表明,网络具有良好的学习能力、泛化能力和辨识能力,能够较为准确地预测出系统日产气量。此外,根据进泥VSS不同,利用网络预测能力,调节pH值和碱度到合适的值,系统日产气量有明显提高,进一步证明了网络具有良好的预测能力和实用性。     

Comparative mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent using upflow anaerobic sludge blanket

The effects of organic loading rate and operating temperature on the microbial diversity and performances of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated. The following two UASB reactors were run in parallel for comparison: (1) under a mesophilic condition (37 degrees C) and (2) under a mesophilic condition in transition to a thermophilic condition (57 degrees C). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis showed that the microbial population profiles significantly changed with the organic loading rate (OLR) and the temperature transition from the mesophilic to the thermophilic condition. Significant biomass washout was observed for the mesophilic UASB when operating at a high organic loading rate (OLR) of 9.5 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L.d. In contrast, the thermophilic UASB can be operated at this OLR and at a temperature of 57 degrees C with satisfactory COD removal and biogas production. The PCR-based DGGE analysis suggested that the thermophilic temperature of 57 degrees C was suitable for a number of hydrolytic, acidogenic, and acetogenic bacteria.