协同-络合萃取法回收含酚废水中的酚类

在现有的各种回收处理高浓度含酚废水的方法中,溶剂萃取法最为有效.但现有常用脱酚萃取剂分别存在着萃取效能低等诸多缺点,萃残液中一般尚存有几十至几百mg·l~(-1)的酚类,本文提出了协同-络合萃取法,并按该法原理研制了HC-1—HC-4四类新型协同-络合萃取剂.其中HC-3和HC-4对苯酚稀溶液的萃取平衡常数分别为K_((?)C-3)=612.4和K_((?)C-4)=483.7,单级萃取可将两组中高浓度的含酚废水中酚浓度降至10mg·l~(-1)以厂,脱酚率>99%.该法为一步脱酚达标提供了可能性.     

电化学法同时测定水样中的间硝基酚和对硝基酚

用微分脉冲伏安法同时测定了水样中含间硝基酚和对硝基酚的混合体系 ,在 0 1mol·l- 1 乙二胺 0 5mol·l- 1 氯化铵 (pH =8 5 0 )底液中于 - 0 5 0V和 - 0 69V (vsAg/AgCl)处出现两个灵敏度高且互不干扰的吸附波 .间硝基酚和对硝基酚分别在 4 0× 1 0 - 7— 8 0×1 0 - 5mol·l- 1 和 2 0× 1 0 - 7— 4 0× 1 0 - 5mol·l- 1 范围内与峰电流ip 呈良好的线性关系 .检测限分别为 8 0× 1 0 - 8mol·l- 1 和 6 0× 1 0 - 8mol·l- 1 .本法可用于环境废水中微量间硝基酚和对硝基酚的同时测定 .另外 ,对双组分体系的吸附性质和电极反应机理作了研究 .     

壳聚糖改性沸石吸附废水中的苯酚

开发新型低成本苯酚吸附剂是含酚废水处理技术的重点.采用90%脱乙酰度壳聚糖制备改性沸石,在与天然沸石对比的基础上,研究了改性沸石去除废水中的效果.并对影响去除率的主要因素,包括壳聚糖与斜发沸石质量比、废水pH值,吸附时间,改性沸石用量,苯酚的质量浓度等进行研究.通过正交试验确定吸附废水中苯酚最佳工艺条件是:壳聚糖与沸石质量比为1∶20.沸石-壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂用量为12 g·L-1,废水中苯酚质量浓度不大于40mg·L-1,pH值为4～6,吸附平衡时间为35 min,苯酚去除率为90%;吸附适合用Langmuir吸附等温方程来模拟.     

高效液相/四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱法分析活性污泥中的全氟辛烷磺酸及全氟辛酸

采用固相萃取/高效液相/四极杆飞行时间串联质谱检测活性污泥中的全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)及全氟辛酸(PFOA).以甲醇-水(含5mmol·l-1醋酸铵,体积比60∶ 40-80∶ 20)为流动相,经高效液相分离,四极杆-飞行时间质谱检测PFOS m/z 499→80,PFOA m/z 369→169.方法的检出限:PFOS 1.0ngm·l-1;PFOA 2.0 ngm·l-1,方法的线性范围:PFOS 6-150 ngm·l-1;PFOA 10-180 ngm·l-1,方法回收率:PFOS 87%-105%,PFOA 81%-90%.用此方法分析了我国4个城市和地区活性污泥中的PFOS和PFOA.     

钽铌冶炼铁泥制备聚硅酸硫酸铁絮凝剂及其应用

本文以Fenton试剂法处理钽铌冶炼废水产生铁泥作为聚硅酸硫酸铁制备铁源,在不同的ω(SiO_2)、pH值、n(Fe)/n(Si)条件下优化制备了聚硅酸硫酸铁絮凝剂,并进行钨铋多金属矿选矿废水及高浊度模拟废水处理.研究结果表明:在ω(SiO_2)=1.00%、pH=3.00、n(Fe)∶n(Si)=1∶1的适宜条件下制得的聚硅酸硫酸铁絮凝剂效果最佳.在0.10%(体积分数)投加量下搅拌2 min,钨铋选矿废水浊度去除率达99.9%,COD去除率达76.8%,废水中Pb和As去除率分别达98.8%和97.2%,Be去除率几乎达100%,处理后废水浊度由319 NTU降至0.32 NTU、COD含量由322 mg·L~(-1)降至74.7 mg·L~(-1),废水中Pb和As质量浓度分别由7.89、1.03 mg·L-1降至0.09、0.03 mg·L~(-1),未检出Be;高浊度模拟废水浊度去除率达98.5%,浊度由716 NTU降至10.7 NTU.处理后废水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8979—1996)一级标准.     

固相萃取-羟基衍生化-气相色谱/质谱联用测定滇池水体中酚类内分泌干扰物

采用PTA-OH为衍生化试剂,对酚类内分泌干扰物的衍生化条件进行了优化,并在优化条件下,利用固相萃取-羟基衍生化-气相色谱/质谱法检测了滇池水体中酚类内分泌干扰物的浓度.结果表明,目标物PTA-OH衍生化在乙酸乙酯中、20℃条件下衍生化5min可达到最佳衍生化效果,衍生化后酚类内分泌干扰物的GC/MS检测限达到0.1 pg·μl-1,检测范围为20-1000pg·μl-1;滇池水体中的辛基酚的浓度为ND-56.5 ng·μl-1;枯烯基酚的浓度为23.5-48.5 ng·μl-1;壬基酚的浓度为13.6-141.6 ng·μl-1;双酚A的浓度为N D-4713.6 ng·μl-1.滇池水体中4种酚类内分泌干扰物普遍存在,其中双酚A的污染较严重.     

水热合成silicalite-2分子筛及对对硝基苯酚的吸附与脱附性能

以硅溶胶为硅源、四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAOH)为模板剂,按1SiO2∶0.35TBAOH∶25H2O的物质的量之比,170℃下水热晶化48 h合成silicalite-2分子筛,并用XRD、SEM等方法对其进行了表征.考察了pH、温度、投加量、NaCl浓度对模拟的对硝基苯酚废水吸附效果的影响.结果表明,在对硝基苯酚废水浓度为20 mg·L-1,pH=4,投加量为0.3g·L-1,温度25℃,NaCl浓度580 mg·L-1时,吸附量为98.4 mg·g-1.采用1.44%氢氧化钠脱附剂对吸附饱和的silicalite-2分子筛进行脱附110 min,脱附率达到85%以上.     

响应面法优化酸性玫瑰红B光催化氧化的影响参数

利用中心组合设计和响应面分析方法对影响UV/TiO2光催化降解酸性玫瑰红B的主要因素(初始pH值、K2S2O8浓度、TiO2浓度)进行分析.其中初始pH值、K2S2O8浓度和TiO2浓度的高、低水平分别为4-5.6,26-36mg·l-1和0.53-1.87mg·l-1,分析参数为脱色率的变化.通过使用Design-Expert 5软件可得到1个2次响应曲面模型,最佳的初始pH值、K2S2O8浓度和TiO2浓度分别为4.69,29.73mg·l-1和1.18 mg·l-1,脱色率达到最大(94.21%).     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中硝基苯含量

环境水中硝基苯主要来自染料、香料、炸药等有机合成工业废水.本文探讨了固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中硝基苯的分析方法,方法在30.0μg·l-1-30mg·l-1范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.99984),回收率为89.5%-92.3%,RSD《1.5%,方法检出限为0.02μg·l-1.用本法测定污染水体中硝基苯的含量,结果令人满意.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法分析蔬菜中四环素类抗生素

建立了蔬菜中四环素类抗生素(TCs)的固相萃取-高效液相色谱-荧光检测(HPLC-FLD)分析方法.蔬菜样品以(乙腈+ Na_2SO_4+CH_3COONa=Na_2EDTA+CaCl_2)溶液超声提取,提取液再用正己烷进行液-液萃取去脂,以HLB柱净化富集.利用HPLC-FLD,以缓冲液[0.35mol·l-1CaCl_2+0.025mol·l-1Na_2EDTA+0.075mol·l-1CH_3COONa(Ph=7.3)]-乙腈(82.5:17.5,V/V)为流动相,于激发波长390nm、发射波长512nm处进行检测.蔬菜样品中土霉素(OTC)和四环素(TC)的定量限分别为0.471μg·kg-1和0.532μg ·kg-1,加标回收率为68.61%-114.12%.利用该方法对不同蔬菜样品的分析结果表明,OTC和TC的含量分别在0.041--0.174mg·kg-1(鲜重)和0-0.048mg·kg-1(鲜重)之间,部分蔬菜中 OTC的含量高于我国农业部动物性食品中控制标准.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.